CIESZKOWSKI. 744 CILICIA. and repeatedly, but vainly, endeavored to secure the establishment of a university in that city. His works, written in German, French, and Polish, include the following: Prolegomena zur U istoriosophie (1838); Gott iind Palingene- sie (1842); Du credit et de la circulation (2d cd., 1847) ; Ojcze-yass (1848), a philosoph- ical exposition of the Lord's Prayer. CIEZA, th;--a'thu. A town of Spain, in the Province of Murcia, situated on the left bank of the Segura. 2(i miles northwest of Murcia (.Map: Spain, E 3). Tt lies in a fertile region, amid olive-groves, and contains a large number of churches and monasteries. In its vicinity are the ruins of an old Roman fortress. Popula- tion, in lOno, 13.5it(). CIEZA DE liEON, th«-a'tha da 14'on', Pedbo de (1518-00). A Spanish soldier and historian, born in Llerena. He accompanied Pizarro, and up to 1552 fought much and trav- eled widely. He wrote a Croniea del I'cru (in four parts), a valuable authority on the geography and early history of Peru, as well as on Peruvian civilization under the Tncas. Parts 1. and 11. of his narrative luive been translated into English by Sir Clements R. Markhani for the Hakluyt Society. CIGAR, CIGARETTE. See Tobacco. CIGARETTE-BEETLE. A small ptinid l)eeth! {Lasiodcniiii srrricorne) , closely related to the death-watch, which attacks stored tobacco. It is a great pest in tobacco warehouses in both Europe and America. See ToD.cco Pests. CIGAR-FISH. See Scad. CIGNANI, chc-nyli'nf, C'aklo, Count (1628- ITl'J). All Italian painter, born in Bologna. He was the pupil of Francesco Albani, and. m the eyes of many critics, his equal. His first important works were two large paintings in the Palazzo Pubblico, representing "The Entrance ot Pope Paul III. into Bologna and the passage of Francis I. through the city. These were exe- cuted luider the direction of Cardinal Farnese. But Cignani's masterpiece is the painting of the interior of the dome of the Chapel of the Ma- donna del Fuoco in the cathedral at Fori!, w-ith the assumption of the Virgin as the subject. This is said to have taken him twenty years. He has been compared to Guido Reni and Carracci; and while he is not really the ccpial of these artists, his work is always rich in color and satisfactory in design. The women and children in his pic- ture-f arc particularly charming. CIGNAROLI, ch6'ny:i-ro'le, Giambettino (17(K>-70). An Italian i)aintcr, born in Verona. He was a pupil of Balestra and Santo Prunati at Verona, and pursiu'd further studies at Venice. His works, including altar-pieces at Pisa, Parma, and Verona, and "Jladonna Enthroned, with Saints" (Museum of the Prado. Madrid), place him among the minor Veronese artists. He is better known as the founder of the Academy of Painting at Verona. CIGOLI, ch*-go'lf, LuDOVieo Cardi da (1559- 1(>13). An Italiiui painter and architect. He was born in Cigoli, and was a pujul of Allessan- dro Allori and of Santo di Titi, but in style imitated Correggio, and is sometimes called the Correggio of Tuscany. He was em[)loyed by Pope Paul V. in .various works in Rome, and painted for Saint Peter's a fresco which is now destroyed, but which was considered to compare with those of Raphael. Cigoli was painter, sculptor, poet, musician, and architect. He decorated the city of Florence for the marriage of Henry I'. of France and Maria de" Medici. Some of his Ijest works are: "Martvrdoni of Saint Stephen," lUizi tiallcry: "Saint Francis." Pitti Gallen,-; "Flight into Egjpt;" "David with the Head of Goliath;" "Tobias;" and "The ^larriage of Saint Cath- arine," in the Hermitage in Saint Petersburg. CILIA OF PLANTS ( Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Eat. cilium, eyelid). The cilia of plant-cells are exceedingly delicate protoplasmic fibrils, whose rapid vibratile movement in the water propels the body. Some of the lowest unicellular algie are provided with cilia, generally a pair for each cell, throughout the entire vegetative life of the organism. Hut in the higher alga' and some fungi this motile condition is only present dur- ing the reproductive perioils, when asexual swarm-spores ( zoospores, q.v. ) are to be formed, or motile sex-cells (gametes) are developed. The ciliated cell is represented in groups above the alg.'C and fungi (thallophytes) only by the motile sperms, characteristic of the mosses and ferns. It makes its last appearance in the cycads and certain other primitive gv-mnosperms. Cilia are developed from cyto])lasmie elements in the protoplasm (see Celt,), and in some types are known to be formed by a definite proto- plasmic body termed a 'blcpharoplast' (q.v.), which is probably related to the structure gen- erally callel a 'eentrosphere.' a. Sperm of .lgn; b. sperm of Cliara; c, sperm of Marstlea; d, spore of CEUogonium; e, sperra or fern; f, male cell of cycad. CILICIA, sMish'I-ii (Lat., from Gk. Kiik(o, Kilikiu, Assyr. Khilakku) . An ancient country occupying the southeastern portion of Asia Minor. The Taurus range, which separated it from Cappadoeia and Lycacmia, bovuuled it on the north, the Gulf of Issus and the Cilician Sea (be- tween it and Cyprus) on the south, while the /Vmanus Mountains and Pamjihylia bounded it respectively on the east and west. It was watered by the Pyramus, Sarus. and Calycadnus. The eastern portion of Cilicia was fertile in grain, wine, etc.: while the western ami more mountainous portion furnished inexhaustible sup- lilies of tindicr to the ancients. The passes into Syria are easy of access, but those through the Taurus are very difficult, the easiest being the 'Cilician Gates,' through which Cyrus the Younger
