EMOTION. 4!> EMPEDOCLES. emotion that are too often overlooked, and so in- creases the accuracy of' our descriptions; it warns us against an undue 1 intellectualism, an over- estimation of idea as compared with bare sen- tieney; and it suggests a means of settling, or at least helping to settle, the old and vexed ques- tion of the classification of the emotions. If we could make a list of the typical situations which the adult man is called upon to face, and could tabulate in detail the bodily sets and braces, the quivers and chokings, wherewith he faces them, we should gain, not a new bask; of classi- fication, for that would imply acceptance o_' the theory, but at any rate a valuable group of fails to assist us in classification. As for the at- tempts that have already been made, their name is legion. Emotions have been classed "as sad or joyous, sthenic or asthenic, natural or acquired, inspired by animate or inanimate things, formal or material, sensuous or ideal, direct or reflective, egoistic or non - egoistic, retrospective, prospec- tive, or immediate, organismally or environment- ally initiated" (James). It is clear that many of these divisions rest upon a non-psychological (i.e. upon a biological, logical, or ethical) basis, and must therefore be rejected by psychology. The best mode of classification at the present time is perhaps that which distinguishes pri- marily between qualitative emotions, conditioned upon the quality or character of the emotive situation, and temporal emotions, conditioned upon the temporal aspects of the stimuli compos- ing the situation. Joy and sorrow, like and dis- like, are emotions of quality; hope and fear, and pleasant and unpleasant surprise, are emotions of time. Within each of these main groups we may further distinguish between objective and subjective forms of a given emotion, the former characterized by emphasis upon the objective situation, the latter by emphasis upon our sub- jective attitude to it. Thus, joy and sorrow are subjective, while like and dislike, sympathy and antipathy, attraction and repulsion, are objec- tive. Finally, we may mark off various degrees of intensity of a typical emotion, as melancholy and wretchedness, or friendliness, affection, and love. Bibliography. James. Principles of Psychol- ogy (New York, 1800) ; Wundt, Outlines of Psy- chology, trans, by Judd (London, 1898) : Human and Animal Psychology, trans. l>v Creighton and Titchener (London. 1896) : Lange, Ueber Ge- muthsoewegungen (1887): Titejiener, Outline of Psychology (New York. 1899). See Affec- tion; Anger; Fear; Feeling; Mood; Senti- ment. EMPANEL, or IMPANEL. To place names of jurors on a list. Formerly a little pane or oblong piece of pavement was used for this pur- pose, and the list is still called a panel (q.v. ). In England the term is applied generally to the act of the sheriff in making the list of jurors who have been summoned for a designated term of court. While used in this sense in the United States, it is more frequently employed to denote the selection of a jury for the trial of a partic- ular ease. Tims, a jury is said to be impaneled when its membership has been determined and it has been sworn to try the case. Consult the authorities referred to under Jury. EMPECINADO, em-pa'the-nii'Dd. Don .Tian Martin Diaz, el (1775-1825). A Spanish pa- triot, a leader of guerrillas. He was born al Cis- tr'illo del Duoso, in the Province of Valladolid, and at I lie age of seventeen joined the army. At the head of 5000 or 6000 men, he carried on a fierce and successful warfare again I the I rench (lining the Peninsular struggle. In 1 s 14 he was appointed colonel in the regular army, and the King himself created him field-marshal; but in consequence of his petitioning Ferdinand VII., in IS 15, to reinstitute the Cortes, be was imprisoned and afterwards banished to Valladolid. On the outbreak of the insurrection in 1820, he took a prominent part on the side of the Constitutional i-ts, and on several occasions exhibited great courage. He was taken prisoner in 1823, and on the restoration of Ferdinand El Empecinado was exposed in an iron cage, and after a miserable im- prisonment of two years was sentenced to be hanged. Resisting his executioners he was stabbed to death. The name El Empecinado, by which this guerrilla hero was popularly known, was a nickname, meaning 'the man covered with pitch.' EMPED'OCLES (Lat., from Gk. 'E/MreSoicXi/s, Empedokles) (c.429 B.C.-?). A Greek philoso- pher. He was born of a distinguished family at Agrigentum in Sicily, and was held in high esteem by his fellow citizens for his skill in medi- cine and rhetoric, as well as for his ability as a philosopher. He used his influence to help establish a democracy in his native city. After his death marvelous tales were current of his powers as a magician which enabled him to turn away pestilential winds, to recall to life a girl thought to have been long dead, and to perform similar miracles. Indeed, it would seem from his own verses, preserved by Diogenes Laertius 8, 62, that he claimed to be immortal and accepted as his right all the honors shown him by his con- temporaries. Of his death various traditions were current in later antiquity. The most famil- iar of these said that he leaped into the crater of Etna; another that he was translated while his companions slept; but a third said that he died a natural death in the Peloponnesus. Empedocles was possessed of considerable poetic gifts and left behind him two poems, One on Na- ture (Ylepl 4>iVews), which set forth his theory of the universe; the other, entitled KaOappol, of ethical import, in which he exhorted his fellow citizens to lives of purity. In this latter poem he seems to have adopted the Pythagorean doc- trine that some souls at least must migrate through many bodies to be purified. Of these poems large fragments have been preserved. In philosophy Empedocles was an eclectic, at- tempting a combination of the teachings of the Eleatic School (q.v.) as to 'being" with Hera- clitus's doctrine of 'becoming.' Following the teaching of the Eleatics that 'being' is Menial and imperishable, he assumed four elements, earth, air. fire, and water, mutually inderivative, inde- pendent principles, which, however,are capable of being divided. That these four elements differ qualitatively, and therefore cannot consist of pure being, was a difficulty which did not occur to him. To account for the changing phenomena of the visible world, he employed the principle of 'becoming' enunciated by Heraclitus, but postu- lated as the two primal dynamic causes of change. 'Friendship' ( </>iX6rj)si and 'Strife' ( ceiVcos), of which the first is the uniting, the second the separating, principle. In the beginning, accord- ing to Empedocles, the four elements existed to-
