EMPEDOCLES. 50 gether immovable in the Sphere (acpaTpos), the perfect primitive world, where they were main- ! by Friendship, until Strife, which orig- inally was outside, gradually made its way into the Sphere and separated the elements and gave rise to individual and contrary phenomena. The rinciples, Friendship and Strife, by action and interaction produce constant change, and ultimately the world must again return to its original unity, only to give birth to a new sys- tem, and 30 on indefinitely. By attributing to bis four elements immutable being, so that they can- ise out of each other or be changed one into another, Kmpedocles made an advance over the early Physicists, and by recognizing in contrast to the Eleaties that change actually exists, and by adopting primal causes, he places in a new light the distinction between matter and its in- forming principles. On many points Empedoeles'a views are not clear; but his theory of knowledge is of especial interest, for he was the first to state clearly the doctrine that like is known by like, i.e. 1 liit the mind perceives only that wnicb is by nature cognate "r analogous to it. that we our- selves are composed of the same elements which up all things of which we can have any knowledge. Empedoclea was greatlj admired in antiquity, especially by Aristotle and Lucretius. The latter chose him a- his model, although lie criticised his phy. The fragments of his work have been published by Peyron (Leipzig, 1810): Karstei (Amsterdam, 1838); Stein (Bonn, 1852); Bergk (Leipzig, L866) ; Mullach. Frag. Phil. Orcec, vol. i. (Paris, 1860); Hitter and Preller, Hist. Phil. Qrac. (Gotha, 18S8). Consult also; Gladisch, Empedokles >nnl die i.egypter (Leipzig, isr.s); Loi atzsch, Die WeisheH des ,.t,-. (Berlin, 1830) ; Ritter, I b< i •■'■■ philosophische Lehn dee Empedokles (Berlin, 1820) ; Baltzer, Empedokles i Leipzig. 1879) ; Zel- ler, Philosophic tier (Irirrheit; i. (Leipzig. |ss| l; Ueberweg, History of Philosophy, i.. trans. (New York. 1872); Erdmann, History of Philosophy , i., trans. (London. 1889). EMPEDOCLES ON ETNA. A poem by Matthew Arnold, hr-t describe*, as a dramatic monologue, interspersed with songs after the manner of the Greek chorus. Empedocles, about to plunge into the crater, reasons as to the ad- ii of the art from the -tandpoint of ninc- teenth-centurj German transcendentalism. The poem with other- was ftrsi published in 1853; l.iit tl lition was later withdrawn. It finally appeared in 1867. EMPEROR (OP. empereor, Lat. imp OLat, induperator, from impera immand, i parare, to prepare). The original cation of this, which in the modern ""rid ecome the highest title of sovereignty, can be understood onlj when it Is taken in conjunc ich hi i he Roman pol it tea I pi culiar and sum™ hat technical mean in PI imperium of a magistrate was d of bringing pi force Into opei n for the fulnllroenl of his i erred by a lea i i ion to enl 1 1 1 ■ . .on nl . ( hi mm. 'I- 1 i in i he case of t he I Ini I he im periun Implied in th.ir election, but parate act of the EMPEROR-FISH. national will. Now, it was in virtue of this imperium that the title imperator was given to its possessor. Far from being an emperor in the modern sense, he might be a consul or a pro- consul; and there were, in fact, many impera- tores, even after the title had been assumed as a pranomen by Julius Ca-sar. It was this assump- tion which gradually gave to the title its modern signification. In republican times, it had fol- lowed the name, and indicated simply that its possessor was an imperator. or one possessed of the imperium; now it preceded it, and signified that he who arrogated it to himself was tlir em- peror. In this form it appears on the coins of the sucessors of Julius. After the times of the Antoiiines, the title grew into use as expressing the possessor of the sovereignty of the Roman world, in which sense prvneeps also was fre- quently employed. The title of Emperor was used by the rulers of the Byzantine realm down to its extinction in 1453. From the emperors of the West, the title passed to Charlemagne, the founder of the German Empire. When the Caro- lingian family expired in the German branch, the imperial crown became elective, and continued to be so till the Holy Roman Empire came to an end — Francis II., who in 1804 had de- clared himself hereditary Emperor of Austria, having laid it down in ISOli. in addition to the Emperor of Austria, there are in Europe the Emperor of Russia and Emperor of Germany. In 1876 the Queen of England assumed the title of Empress of India, in addition to those which she bore previously. See Empire. EMPEROR BOA. See Boa. EMPEROR BUTTERFLY ami MOTH. ( 1 ) A group of butterflies of the southern United Slates. The best-known species is the goatweed butterfly [Pyrrhanoea andria), dark brown and orange in colors, which occurs from Illinois to Texas, the larva of which feed on the goatweed (Crotoni. i J ) A large British moth (Batumi* purii minor) of the family Saturniida about two and one half inches across the expanded wings, which are gray in the female, and in the male are reddish brown on the fore wings and rusty yellow on the hinder win,"s; each wing is ornamented with a large eye-like glassy and transparent spot. It is the largest. British moth, but is much exceeded in size by the congeneric peacock-moth (Saturnia pavo-major) of the Con- tinent, of Europe and Asia. Both are closely allied to the silkworm, EMPEROR-FISH. One of the largesl and most gaudy of the coral -lishes (q.v.), character- istic of the genus Holacanthus, which differs from other chatodonts in having the gill-cover armed with a stout, backward pointing spine. The emperor-fish [Holacanthus imperator) is found from East Africa to Malaya, reaches a length of 16 inches, and is deep blue, marked with many golden-yellow stripes running from head to tail, while the head is richly ornamented with black and gold. Hence the name 'emperor of Japan,' applied by the Dutch of the Easi Indies, seems appropriate, lis flesh is regarded as superior to thai of almost inn other Ea I Indian fish, re- sembling ITi is genus contains some 40 idelj i!i bributed in tropical seas, some. ..f » hich, n i lie I: beaut iful, and tooth-.. .me lita oi .hi". I ii h [Holacanthus ciliaris) and the i.l i. I angel ash ( Holacanthus tricolor), illus-
