GRAGNANO. 106 GRAHAM. known for red wine and macaroni. Population of commune, in 1881, 13,902; in 1901, 14,099. GRAHAM, grfi'dm, Chakles Kinnaird (1824-89). An American civil engineer and sol- dier. He was born in New York City, entered the United States Navy as a midsliipman in 1841, and served in the Mexican War. In 1848 he retired for a time to study engineering, and was for several years after 1857 constructing engi- neer of the Brooklyn Navy Yard. The dry dock and landing ways of that establishment were constructed under his supervision. At tlie out- break of the Civil War he entered the Army of the Potomac as major of the so-called 'Excelsior Brigade,' and in November, 1862, he was raised from the rarilc of colonel to that of brigadier- general. He was severely wounded in the battle of Gettysburg, and upon his reeoverv was as- signed by General Butler to the command of a gunboat flotilla on the James River. In March, 1 865, he was brevetted major-general of volun- teers. After the close of the war lie returned to New Y'ork, and resumed the practice of his profession. From 1S78 to 1883 he was Surveyor of the Port in New York. GRAHAM, Douglas (1724-79). The dwarf chap-book writer and bellman of Glasgow, born at Raploch, near vStirling. He joined Prince Charles's army as sutler, and was present at the battle of Culloden, of which he published "a full particular and true account" in a kind of doggerel five months afterwards. About 1770 he became the bellman or town crier of Glasgow. His chap-books, often published anonymously, are very rare, and were very popular. They are not in any sense literary, but have a certain coarse humor, and are interesting as a chronicle of the common events of the town. A complete edition of his writings, with a biographical intro- duction, was edited by George MacGregor ( 1883) . GRAHAM, George Rex (1813-94). An American journalist, born in Philadelphia. In 1832 he apprenticed himself to a cabinet-maker in that city. ^Tiile working at this business, he studied law, and in 1839 was admitted to the bar. He had also found time to write a series of articles for the Philadelphia papers, and these led to his becoming editor of the Satur- day Evening Post. Aftenvards he became editor of AtJdnsotj's CasJiPf, Graham's Magazine, and the Philadelphia North American, in all of which he was financially interested. Unfortunate stock speculations swept away most of his fortune, however, and he was compelled to support him- self by writing until in 1887 cataracts on both eyes forced him to retire. He was operated on successfully, but from that time until his death did no active work. GRAHAM, Sir Gerald (1831-99). An Eng- lish soldier. He was born at Acton. Middlesex, and after a course at Wimbledon, visited Dresden, and upon his return was admitted to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He served in the Crimean War, participating in the battle of the Alma, at Inkerman, and in the siege of Sebas- topol. where, by his intrepidity, he became the central figure in the assault on the Redan, .June 18, 1855. During the campaign in China, he again displayed great courage and skill, and although seriously wounded in the storming of the Taku forts (August 21, 1860), subsequently entered Peking with the victors. After acting as commander of the engineering corps at Brigh- ton and Aldershot, he held the same position at Montreal (1866-69). In 1882 he accompanied Sir Garnet Wolseley to Egypt as brigadier-gen- eral, and his forces had a great share in the vic- torious campaign against Arabi Pasha. In 1884 he took the field against Osman Digna, whose army lie defeated at Tokar and Tamanieb. In the meantime he had urged a plan for the assistance of Gordon, which, however, was not accepted. He published a number of scientific papers, and a contribution to the Fortnightly Review, entitled "Last Words with Gordon" (1887), and prepared a translation of Goetze's Operations of the Ger- man Engineers and Technical Troops During the Franco-German War of 1870-71 (1875). GRAHAM, Isabella Marshall (1742-1814). An American philanthropist, born in Lanark- shire, Scotland. She married John Graham, a British army surgeon, in 1705, and after his death at Antigua in 1774, returned to Scotland and taught a number of j-ears. In 1789 she came to New York, and opened a girls' school. The philanthropic work she had begun in her own country was there continued on a larger scale. She organized a number of charitable societies, and the first Sunday school for ignorant adults. Consult Mason, Memoir of Isabella Graham (New Y'ork, 1816). GRAHAM, Jajies. Fifth Earl and first Mar- quis of ilontrose. See Montrose. GRAHAM, James Duncan (1799-1865). An American soldier and engineer, born in Prince William County, Va., and educated at West Point. He entered the army as third lieutenant of artillery, and served as adjutant at the Mili- tary Academy until 1819, when he went with STajor Long on his trip through the West. After seven j'ears' service in the topographical de- partment, he was assistant topographical engi- neer (1829-38) : then was promoted to be major, and appointed to settle the line between Mexico and the L'nited States. He surveyed the north- eastern boundary, and was principal astronomer on the commission to fix the northwestern boun- dary. He became colonel of engineers in 1863, and spent his last years in coast survey. GRAHAM, Sir James Robert George (1792- 1861). An English statesman. The eldest son of Sir James, the first baronet, and of Lady Catha- rine Stewart, eldest daughter of John, seventh Ilarl of Galloway. He was bom at Netherby, Cumberland, June 1, 1792. He was educated at Westminster School, and in 1810 entered Christ Church, Oxford. At twenty-one years of age he became private secretary to Lord Montgomerie, the British Minister to Sicily, and the entire management of the mission devolved upon him during the most critical period of the war, in consequence of the illness of his chief. On the arrival of Lord William Bentinck, he retained his position, and afterwards accepted a military situation attached to the person of Lord William, who was Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterra- nean. In this capacity at Naples he negotiated the armistice with Murat which separated that general from Napoleon. In 1818 he was returned for 'Hull on Whig principles; but in 1820 lost his seat. In 1824 he succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his father. In 1826 he was re- turned for Carlisle as a Whig, and a warm sup- porter of Catholic emancipation. In 1830 he be-
