GREEN. 244 GREENBACK PARTY. ISGG, and Whyte professor of moral philosophy in 1878. A disciple of Wordsworth, Kant, and Hegel, he turned his critical powers upon their opponents, the empiricists. He maintained that empiricism disintegrates all experience into iso- lated sensations, and fails to explain how sucii sensations can constitute a knowledge of an ordered objective vorld. Tliis knowledge, he maintained, presupposes the existence of a time- less intelligence as the essential principle of all cognitive beings. This eternal principle, as it appears in finite beings, is a 'reproduction' of the one timeless omniscience which is the indis- pensable condition of the existence of the world of nature. -Aind not only human knowledge, but also human volition, points to this eternal spirit, for a timeless principle is necessary to change a natural animal want into such motives as deter- mine the will. So influential has Green's teach- ing been that there has growii up a body of thinkers, first at Oxford, then elsewhere, who are united in maintaining Green's fundamental doc- trine of the eternal consciousness as the postulate of experience. These thinkers form what is sometimes called the Xeo-Hegelian School. Ed- ward Caird. F. H. Bradley, B. Bosanquet. .John Watson. D. G. Ritchie, A. Seth, Pringle-Pattison. John De^vey. and veiy many other English and American philosophers have been profoundly in- Uuenced by Green's views, however far they may be from subscribing to them. He is supposed to be the original of "Jlr. Grey" in Mrs. Ward's Robert Elsmere. Green's works include an Intro- duction to Hume's Treatise of Human Nature (1874) ; Prolegomena to Ethics (188.3) ; and lec- tures on various subjects, posthumously published imder the editorial supei-vision of Nettleship (1885-83). Consult the biographical sketch con- tained in vol. iii. of these collected w-orks; also Fairbrnther, The Philosophy of T. H. Green (London. 189G) : A. Seth, Hegelianism and Per- scnaliti/ (Edinburgh, 1887) ; Ritchie. "The Polit- ical Philosophy of T. H. Green," in The Prin- ciples of State Interference (London. 1891); Sidg^vick. '"Green's Ethics." in Mind, ix. (ib., 1884) : Upton. "The Theoloaical Aspects of the Phllosophv of T. H. Green." in The -Teic World, i. (Boston, 1892). GREEN, V.LENTINE (1739-1813). An Eng- lish engraver, bom at Salford in Oxfordshire. He studied tnider Robert Hancock at Worcester, and then went to London in 176.5, where he devoted his attention to engraving in mezzotint. His large plates after West's "The Return of Regulus to Carthage," and "Hannibal Swearing Eternal Enmity to the Romans," attracted much atten- tion. In 1775 he was appointed mezzotint en- graver to the King, and afterwards obtained the privilege of engraving the pictures in the Diissel- dorf Gallery, the siege of that city by the French twenty years later put a stop to this work, but he had already executed twenty-two plates. A de- scriptive catalogue of these ^vas published in 1793. His four hundred or more plates include many after Revnnlds. Romney, Gainsborough, and Italian and Ihitch artists. He was also an author. His son Rupert (c. 1768-1804) . an en- graver, assisted him in much of his work. GREEN. WiLiJ.M Henry (1825-1900). An American Presbyterian theologian. He was born in Groveville. X. J., graduated at Lafayette Col- lege in 1840, and in 1846 at Princeton Theological Seminary, where he was appointed instructor in Hebrew. From 1849 to 1851 he was pastor of llie Central Presbjterian Church of Philadelphia. He then became professor of biblical and Orien- tal literature in Princeton Seminary. He was the oliicial head of the seminary, and in 1868 declined the presidencj- of Princeton College. He was the most distinguished scholar in this coun- try among tho.se who hold the traditional ortho- dox view of inspiration, and was chairman of the American Old Testament Revision Company. He published A Grammar of the Hebrew Language (1861); The Pentateuch V indicated from the Aspersions of Bishop Colenso (1863) ; A Hebrew Chrestomathy (1865); The Argument of the Book of Job Unfolded (1874); Moses and the Prophets (1883); Hebrew Feasts (1885); The Higher Criticism of the Pentateuch (1895); The Unity of the Book of Genesis (1895) ; and .4 General introduction to the Old Testament (2 vols., 1898-99). GREEN'AWAY, Ivate (1846-1901). .
English artist, born in London. She received her first instruction from her father, John Green- away, a well-known wood-engraver and designer. Afterwards she went to Heatherley's Art School and studied at South Kensington and in the London Slade School. Her first work was ex- hibited at the Dudley Gallery in 1868. She con- tintied to exhibit for many years, both at the Academy and the Water-Color Society, and her designs and illustrations became very popular on the Continent and in America, as well as in Eng- land. In her special field, the delineation of child life, her only rivals are Randolph Calde- cott, Walter Crane, and Boutet de Monvel. Her drawings are distinctive for their individual charm and quaint humor. Her draughtsman- ship and color are skillful and delicate, and her work possesses a grace and freshness that won immediate recognition. Of late years other in- fluences have superseded hers, but she retains a imique place among English artists. Her best- known works are: Kate Grcenoicay Little Folks' Painting Book (1879), which had an enormous sale; Kate Greenauay Birthday Book (1880); Mother Goose, and .1 Day in a Child's Life (1881) ; Language of Floicers (1885) ; and the Christmas almanacs that appeared for a num- ber of years. She' also illustrated Jane and Ann Taylor's Original Poems, and other books for children. GREENBACK PARTY. In American politi- cal liistoi'V, a party organized to further the increased use of a 'greenback' currency, and a completer recognition of such currency as a legal tender. After the close of the Civil War the rise in the gold value of United States notes, or 'greenbacks' (see Monet), occasioned much dis- tress in the States of the Middle West, where business operations had become adjusted to the high scale of prices prevailing during the war. An act of 1866 which aimed gradually to retire the greenbacks awakened a great deal of opposi- tion; and when it was proposed, in 1868. to make the bonds not specifying the medium of payment payable in coin, what was denominated the 'Ohio idea' — a demand that all such bonds should be paid in greenbacks — gained vosue. controlling the Democratic National Convention, although Sey- mour, who was opposed to it, received the Presi- dential nomination. The discussion of the Re-
