GUERRINI. 345 GUEVARA. universities of Turin and Bologna, but never priK-ticed. In 18(i8 he began to ourupy himself with literature, and research, and he was ap- pointed librarian of the University Library at Bologna. His publications include: I'ostumu. Canzoniere di Lorenzo Stecchctii (1877) ; Polemi- ca (1878); Canti popoluri rumaynoli (1880); Iximc di tre gentildoiiiie del sccolo XVI. (1882) ; BrandelU (1884); and II libro dei colori (with Eicci, 1887). He is the chief representative of the so-called 'verism' in modern Italian lyric poetry. GTTESCLIN, ga'klfiN", Bertr.^nd Df. See Du GuEscLix, Bertrand. GUESS, ges. George. See Sequot.. GUESS WARP. A hawser paid from a ship by rough estimate of its sufficiency. In carrj'- ing out a hawser in a boat from a ship to a distant object, if the boat is small, or if in haste, only part of the hawser is put in the boat, which drags the hawser from the ship until, in the judgment of the officer or petty officer in charge of the boat, he can reach his destination with what he has in the boat. GUEST (in law). "See Inn, Innkeeper. GUEST, gest, Edwin (1800-80). An English scholar. He graduated at Cambridge, where he became fellow of C'aiiis College in 1824 and vice- chancellor in 1854. He was one of the founders of the Philological Society (1842), to which he contributed numerous papers. His work in phi- lology has been largely superseded, but his His- tory of English Rhythms (2 vols., 1838; ed. by Skeat, 1882) is still valuable. He was a pio- neer in the study of ancient Britain. Some of his investigations in the field were collected by W. Stubbs under the title Origines Celticw (1883). GUEST, John ( 1821-79 ) . An American naval officer, born in Missouri. He entered the navy in 1837, and in 1866 rose to be captain. During the Mexican War he served along the coast of Mexico, and in 1854, while at Shanghai in com- mand of the seamen and marines of the steamer Plymouth, won a decisive victory over a force of Chinese rebels who were seeking to plunder foreign residents. In the Civil War he command- ed the Oirasco in the passage of Forts Jackson and Saint Philip, and the Lehigh and Itasca in the battles of Fort Fisher. He was promoted in 1873 to be commodorCj and was in command of the Portsmouth Xay Yard at the time of his death. GUEUX, Les, la ge (Fr., beggars). The name assumed by the confederated nobles who opposed the tyrannical policy of Philip II. of Spain in the Low Countries, and brought about the revolt which separated the Northern Prov- inces from Spain. Philip having followed up his previous policy of severity and persecution by sending inquisitors to the Low Countries to put into execution the decrees of the Council of Trent, provoked b.v this act the bitter resent- ment of the patriotic party, who saw in it an attempt to curtail their ancient liberties. An opposition was thus formed, which, headed by Count Louis of Nassau and Count Hendrik van Brederode, declared in an act called the 'Com- promise' (April 5, 1566) their fixed deter- mination to ignore the authority of the in- quisitors. On one occasion, after listening to a deputation from the liberal party, the Regent, Jlargaret of Parma, it is said, seemed in- clined to yield to their demands, when one of her council approached her and whispered tluit she "need not be afraid of these gatherings of beg- gars." The remark having been overheard by some of the deputation, the ej)ilhet was soon after- wards assumed as the title of the patriotic league. The 'beggars' maintained a long and vigorous contest against the despotic ))roceedings of Philip ami his advisers. A branch of them, the 'sea beggars,' under the bold leadership of Count de la Jlarck. initiated the long struggle for inde- pendence by the capture of Briel, A])ril 1, 1572. The record of their struggles is a glorious one. After many reverses and few successes, the tide turned in their favor. From the date of the L'nion of Ghent (1576) the history of the Gueux is merged in that of the Netherlands. Consult: Kervyn de Lettenhove, Les huguenots et les gueux (Brussels, 1883-86) ; Renon de France, Histoire dcs troubles dcs Pays-Bas ( Brussels, 1889) ; De la Gravi^re, "Les gueu.x de mer," in Re-rue des Deux Mondes (Paris, 181J2) ; also the general works of Motley, Blok, and others, men- tioned in the article on the Netherlands. GUEVARA, ga-va'rj, Antonio de (cW490- 1545). A Spanish writer. He was attached to the Court of Isabella I. for a part of his early life, entered the Franciscan Order in 1.528, and became Court preacher and historiographer of Charles V. He enjoyed great favor in his own time, both at home and abroad, for the peculiarly artificial style of his didactic and political trea- tises, which are marked also by decidedly moraliz- ing tendencies. This rhetorical manner of Gue- vara prevailed in his Mareo Atirelio eon el relojT de prineipes (1529), which, translated into Eng- lish — The Golden Book of Marcus Aurelius, Em- peror and Eloquent Orator, translated from the French by Lord Berners (London, 1532); and again. The Diall of Princes. Englysshed oute of the Frenche, by Thomas North (London, 1557; cf. a later ed., London, 1019) — first made known in England the literary mannerisms and affecta- tion which in Lyly's hands became euphuism. Like the other productions of Guevara, this work was frequently translated into French, and from it, through an interesting French translation, La Fontaine derived the subject-matter for his fable- Le paysan du Danube (libre xi., fable 7). When publishing the Relax, Guevara pretended that it was a genuine aiitobiography of Marcus Aurelius, and that the original manuscript was to be found at Florence. This fraud was detected and made known in 1540, by Pedro de Una, a professor at Soria. and Guevara had to admit his authorship. The proceeding was the occasion of undue stric- tures upon him on the part of several critics. His other productions comprise a volume (Valla- dolid. 1539) containing the Dccada de las ridus de los X. Cesare.% emperadores romanos, the De menosprecio de la corte, the Ai-iso de privadox y doetrina de cortesdnos, and the De los inren- tores del marear : the Epistolns familiares (also published at Valladolid in 1539) : and two devout treatises, the Monte Calrnrio (1.542) and the Oratdrio de religidsos (1543). Of these the Epistolas familiares became the most famous, and were widely read for the sake of their refined diction, which for us is overwrought and absurd- ly pompous, .mong the English translations of the Episitolas — called generally the 'Golden Epis- tles,' so great was their vogue — may be noted
