HAWKINS. 651 HAWKS. HAWKINS, or HAWKYNS, Sir Richard (0.1562-1022). An English naval hero, only son of the more famous Sir .John llawUins (q.v. ). He went to the West Indies for the first time in 15S2 with an expedition commanded by his uncle, William Hawkins. In the tiglit against the Invincible Armada (1.588) lie commanded the Queen's ship Siralloic; and in 1.51>3 lie started on a voyage around the world, which was to eclipse the achievements of all previous circum- navigators, as he meditated making a thorough investigation of the lands at which he might toucli ; their geography*, their cities and peoples, and the prevailing conditions of trade. An ac- count of the early part of this voyage was writ- ten by himself many years afterwards, and is therefore not to be too greatly relied upon. He touched at various places on the east coast of South America, passed through the Straits of Magellan, and then sailed northward to Val- paraiso, which he captured and plundered; but on June IS, 1594, almost exactly a year after he had left England, he was attacked in the Bay of San Mateo by two Spanish ships under the command of Don Beltran de Castro, a brother-in- law of the Viceroy. The English numbered only about 75 men at this time, while the Spaniards are said to have been at least ten times as numerous. After three days of fighting. Hawkins surren- dered on condition that the prisoners' lives should be spared, and that they should be sent back to England as soon as possible. In spite of this he was kept in Lima until 1597, and then sent to Spain, where he was imprisoned for a number of years. When at last released he re- turned to England, where he was knighted, elected a member of Parliament, and made Vice- Admiral of Devon. In 1620-21 he was vice- admiral under Sir Robert Mansell of the unsuc- cessful expedition against the pirates of Algiers. Consult JIarkham, The Hawkins's Voyages (Lon- don, 1878). HAWKINSVILLE, ha'kinz-vil. A town and the counts-seat of Pulaski County, Ga., 40 miles south of Macon; on the Ocmulgee River, at the head of navigation, and on the Southern and other railroads (Map: Georgia, C 3). It is the centre of a region which ships agricultural prod- uce, melons, lumber, naval stores, and cotton, and has a cotton-mill, cotton gins and compresses, cottonseed-oil miUs, carriage and wagon shops, barrel factories, etc. Population, in 1890. 1755; in 1900. 210.3. HAWK-MOTH. A moth of the family Sphin- gidic. These mollis have very stout bodies and long, narrow wings. The sucking-tube is usually verv long, and when not in use is coiled spirally under the head. Most of the hawk-moths are large, strong on the wing, and fly at dusk. The larger species are not infrequently called 'hum- ming-bird moths,' becau.se while sipping nectar they have the same poised attitude of the body as the humming-birds, maintained by a rapid wing movement. They are all Iwautiful moths, but in quiet hues — olive, gray, or brown lieing the prevailing colors, with a bit of yellow or pink in some species. The larvie have given the name Sphinx to the type genus of the family, be- cause of the stiff, erect poise assumed by them when disturbed. Near the posterior end of the body a dorsal horn, tubercle, or knob is usually present. About 100 North American species Vol. IX.-4-2. liave been described. The most common species are the tomato-worm, and the toliaceo or 'horn' worm (qq.v.). Consult Beutenmiiller, Descrip five Catalogue of tlic Spliingida- Found Within Fifty ililes of New York City," in Bulletin of the Amrrirnn Musriim of Xalural History, vol. vii. I Xew York, 1898). HAWK-OWL. (1) A large and remarkable owl [,Si(niiii iilula) of the subarctic region of both continents, occasionally seen in Central Europe and the Northern United States in mid- winter. It is about 16 inches long, and mottled brown in color, the American specimens being darker as a rule than those of the Old World. There are no ear-tufts, the top of the head seems Hat, and the face very hawk-like; it is also hawklike in its manner of flight, and is often seen abroad in full daylight. It feeds ii|)on birds and small mammals, and always appears in large numbers when the lemmings become plentiful and take to migrating. It usually nests in the hollow of a broken tree-top, and defends its five to eight white eggs or young with great courage. In Alaska it is not uncommon, and destroys many ptarmigan. See Plate of Owls. (2) Any of the owls of the genus Ninox in- habiting Southeastern Asia and Australia, and also Madagascar, often distinguished as "Oriental hawk-owls.' Their small heads, long tails, and hard plumage give them a very falconine appear- ance, and the Australian species (Xiiiox strenua) reaches a length of 24 inches. HAWKS. Francis Llster (1798-1866). An American clergyman, born at New Berne, N. C. He graduated at the University of North Caro- lina (Chajiel Hill) in 1815; studied law under Judge William Gaston of New Berne; was ad- mitted to the bar; and was elected from New Berne to the Slate Legislature. He studied the- ology under the direction of the Rev. W. M. Green (later Bishop of Missis.sippi) ; was or- dained to the diaconate in 1827; in 18.30 was elected professor of divinity in Washington Col- lege (now Trinity, Hartford. Conn.) ; and in 1831 was Instituted rector of Saint Stephen's Church, New Y'ork City; later in 1831 he was elected to the rectorship of Saint Thomas's parish. New Y'ork City, in which office he continued until 1843. He was appointed professor of ecclesiasti- cal history in the Cieneral Theological Seminary in 1833; 'in 1835 and in 1830 visited England for the ])urpose of making copies of documents pertaining to the early history of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America. From the eigh- teen large folio volumes of manuscripts he pre- pared two works — on Virginia (1830) and Mary- land (1839) respectively. Because of criticism
- of these, he then withdrew from the undertaking.
A school, Saint Thomas Hall, established I)y him at Flushing, L. I., in 1839. became involved in finan- cial embarrassments, and failed in 1843. Upon the establishment of the University of Louisiana, he was elected its first president. In 1849 he returned to Xew Y'ork City as rector of the Church of the Mediator, later merged with Calvary Parish, the rectorship of which he assumed. In 1862, cwing to difference of opinion between his parish- ioners and himself regarding the Civil War, he resigned, and until 1805 he was rector of Christ Church. Baltimore. Sid. He beeaiue rector of the newly organized parish of the Holy Saviour in New Y'ork Citv. in 1805. He was a scholar
