HAWKS. 652 HAWKWEED. of high attainment, particularly in ecclesiastical history, and an eloquent preacher. The Ions list of works written or edited by him furtlicr in- cludes: Coriiincnidnj on. the Constitutiun and Canons of the I'roiestant Episcopal Church in the United States (1841) ; Egypt and Its Monu- ments (1840); A History of North Carolina (1857) ; Narrative of Commodore Perry's Expe- dition, Compiled from Perry's Original Notes and Journal (1856); and (with W. S. Perry) Documentary History of the Protestant Episco- pal Church i)i the United States of America (vols. i. and ii., 1803-64). Consult the sketch by Kiehardson (reprinted from the American Quarlerhi Church Review for April, 1807) in a memorial volume (New York, 1867) ; also the commemorative discourse by Morgan (New York, 1807). HAWKS'BEE, Francis. The name of two English physicists. See Hauksbfe. HAWKSBLLL TURTIiE, or Caret. A large carnivorous sea-turtle (Eretmochelys imbrieata) , so named on account of the shape of its bill, which is a formidable weapon. Its flesh is not good food, but its eggs are sweet. The species is valuable for the plates of its shell, which over- lap each other, and furnish the 'tortoise - sliell' of commerce. This turtle is common in tropical seas, especially the West Indies, the South Sea Islands, and in the Indian Ocean. HAWKSHAW, hak'sha. Sir John (1811- 91). An English civil engineer, born in York- shire, England. After a common-school educa- tion in Leeds, he turned to the practical study of engineering, went to Ireland in 1831 to serve under Alexander Nimmo, and in 1832 engaged in mining engineering in Venezuela. He re- turned in 1834, was connected with various English and German railroads, and settled in London in 1850 as a consulting engineer. His subsequent professional work was concerned with many branches of engineering, in all of which he displayed intimate knowledge and sound judgment; .ind he was consulted regarding almost all the great engineering projects of his time in Europe. He constructed the Charing Cross, East London, and Cannon Street railroads ; a tunnel under the Severn River ; the Clifton sus- pension bridge,, the Londonderry bridge in Ire- land, and the Nerbudda bridge in India; and the Amsterdam Ship Canal. He was often the Gov- ernment commissioner in investigating sanitary and military matters, and was the engineer sum- moned to report finally upon the plans and site for the Suez Canal. In 1873 he was knighted. He became a member of the Royal Society in 1855, was president of the Institution of Civil Engineers from 1802 to 1804, was made president of the British Association in 1875, and was an honorary member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. His published works include: Keminisccnces of South America (1838), .and a large number of reports dealing with his varied professional labors. HAWKSI-EY, Thomas (1807-93). An Eng- lish civil engineer, born at Arnold, near Notting- ham. He was educated at the Nottingham gram- mar school, .and in 1822 began an apprenticeship to an architect and surveyor named Stavely, by whom he was finally admitted to partnership. His first important engineering work was the de- velopment of an increased water-supply for Not- tingham in 1830. In 1847, with Lord Armstrong, he invented the well-known self-acting valve designed to close a pipe automatically when the velocity of the water reaches a certain limit. In 1852 he removed to London, where his fame and reputation grew rapidly, until he was rec- ognized as the greatest authority on water-works engineering in England, and one of the foremost engineers in that branch in the nineteenth cen- tury. At one time or another he was engaged in some capacit}', either as a consulting or con- structing engineer, bj' almost every large city in the United Kingdom. His greatest achievements were in connection with the ShefTield water-works, the construction of the Thornton Park and Brad- gate reservoirs at Leicester, the planning and construction of the Vyrnwy Valley dam and lake, for supplying water to the city of Liver- pool — one of the most remarkable and impor- tant pieces of water-works engineering ever at- tempted. He was president of the Institute of Civil Engineers in 1872-73, president of the Institution of IMechanical Engineers in 1876-77, and was elected a fellow of the Roval Society in 1S78. HA WKS'MOOR, Nicholas (1061-1736). An English architect. He was born in Nottingham- shire, and at eighteen j'ears of age began his professional studies under Sir Christopher Wren. L'nusual aptitude in his profession procured him steady employment from the outset of his career, and under Wren's supervision he built several important structures. He became deputy sur- veyor .at Chelsea Hospital (1082-90); clerk of the works of Greenwich Hospital in 1698, and deputy surveyor in 1705. Although at first working under the superintendence of Wren, he afterwards was associated on more equal terms with his former master and with Sir John Van- hrugh and Inigo Jones. He assisted Wren in building Saint Paul's Cathedral from 1075 to 1710, was associated with Sir John Vanbrugh at Castle Howard. Yorkshire, and also at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, At Oxford he designed the library and the south quadrangle of Queen's College and also the north quadrangle (with the exception of the library) of All Souls' College. A scheme of building fifty new London churches at the close of Queen Anne's reign engaged a large share of Hawksmoor's attention. He was appointed one of the surveyors for that purpose, and designed six of the new churches, the best being that of Saint Mary Woolnoth, with a very- fine interior, and Saint George's, Bloomsbury, noted for its portico. After the death of Wren in 1723. Hawksmoor was appointed surveyor-general of Westminster Abbey, and continued the works of the two western towers after his former mas- ter's designs. He also drew designs for monu- ments and bridges. He was not remarkable for creative genius, his chief excellence being a mas- tery of details and construction ; but on the other hand, some of the buildings attributed to his more eminent associates, notably Sir .John Van- brugh, are believed to have been designed by him. HAWKWEED (Eieracium). A genus of plants of the natural order Composit.-r. The species are annual or perennial, with leafless scapes or leafy stems, one-flowered, or many-flow- ered; the leaves, stems, and involucres in many species are hairy. The hawkweeds are very nu- merous, natives of the temperate and colder
