HIKSCH. 99 was in 1863 made professor at Berlin. In 1873 lie was a member of the Ueriuan Cholera Com- niission, studied the conditions of Posen and West I'russia, and published a valuable report (1874). He studied the plague in Astrakhan in 1879 and 1880, and in the latter year wrote a report to his Government. His more important writings are: Die Meningitis Cerehro-spimilin Kpidemica (1800) ; Oeschichte der Augcniicillcunde (1877) ; (Jeschichte der medizinischen 11 isscnschaften in Dcutschlnnd (1893) : a rev=«ion of Heeker's col- lected writings, under the title Vie grossen Volks- krankheilen des Miltelalters (18(i5). He eilited Jiiographisches Lexikon der hervorragenden Aerzte aller Zeiten tind Volker (1884-88); and with 'irchow the Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte und Leistxingen der Medizin (18G6 et seq. ). HIRSCH, Cari, (1858—). A German com- j)ipscr. liorn at Wcmding, Bavaria. When only eighteen he became a teacher in the Violin- Makers' School at Mittenwald, and from that time on held many important positions, among them: church music-director at Munich (1885- 87) ; music-director at Mannheim (1887-92) ; at Cologne (1892-9.3); at Elberfeld (1893—): and director of the Gesangschule, the Liedertafel. the Philharmonic concerts at Elberfeld. But it is as a composer that Hirsch is best known, his a-cappella choruses, which are very numerous, and his can- tatas being widely known and used. Of the latter Die Krone im Rliein and Landsknechtsle- ben are representative. His songs and ballads are scarcely inferior to his male choruses. HIRSCH, Emil GcsTAV (18.52—). An Ameri- can rabbi, born in Luxemburg, the son of a prom- inent .Jewish theologian who in 18G6 became minister of the Reformed Congregation in Phila- delphia. He studied at the University of Penn- sylvania, and in 1872 went to Berlin for post- graduate work. He was rabbi in Baltimore (1877), and in Louisville, Ky. (1878-80), but did his greatest work in Chicago, whither he went in 1880 as minister of the Sinai Congrega- tion. He took some part in politics as a member of the Republican Party; was president of the Chicago Public Library" Board (1888-97); and in 1892 became professor of rabbinical literature in the University of Chicago. From 1880 to 1887 he edited the Milwaukee Zeitgeist, and then undertook the editorial charge of the Reform Adi^ocate. As a lecturer and writer he is close- ly connected with advanced Judaism and with philanthropy. HIRSCH, .Texny (1829-1902). A German author and reformer, born at Zerbst, where she was a tutor for several years. She went to Berlin in 1800; wrote for the Bazar, under the I)seudonvm J. X. He^-nrichs. until 1804: and about that time became interested in woman's rights and female education. A member of the Women's Congress of 1865 at Leipzig, and for many years a leader in the Lette-Vcrein, she edited Der Fraiienanwalt (1870-82); and, with Lina Morgenstern. Deutsche Hansfrauemei- lunq (1887-92); with Afarv Wall wrote Eaus iind Oesellxchaft in England (1S7S) ; in 1881 published Fiirstin Frau Mutter, and after it many other tales. Among them are the following titles: Die F.rhen (1889); Vermisst (1894); IJhccnfrtde (1890): Der Amtmnnn von Kapsha- gen (1890) ; Schuldig (1899) ; and Camilla Fein- berg ( 1901 ) . Under the title Borigkeit der Frau, HIRSCH. (3d ed. 1891), she translated into German Mill's Subjection of Woman, and wrote a (jeschichte der 25 jahrigen Wirksamkeit des Lette-V ereins (1892). HIRSCH, .Joseph (1836-1901). A French en- gineer, of .Jewish famil}', born at Lyons. Edu- cated there, at the Ecole Polytechnique and the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees, he worked on> the canal at Sarrebourg ( 18G6) , and there invented the Mittersheim siphon for the automatic con- trol of reservoirs. From 1876 to 1898 he was professor of steam machinery at the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees. and from 1886 until his death at the Conservatoire des Arts et Jletiers. He contributed to the Annales of the former school ; as member of the juries of award at the E.xpositions of 1878 and 1889 and as president of the jury of 1900, he wrote valuable reports and lectured on the machinery exhibited at these expositions ; and was the author of many treat- ises on machinery, including Theorie des ma- chines aero-thermiqiies (1874-75). His contribu- tions to Lechalas's Encyclopidie should also be mentioned. HIRSCH, ir.rRlCE, Baron de (ArAtuiCE DK HiBscH DE Gereuth) (1831-96). An Austrian Jewish financier and philanthropist. He in- herited his father's wealth in 1869, and greatly increased his fortunes by his marriage to the daughter of the senior partner of the banking firm of Bischoffsheim and Goldsmid, Brussels, with whom he had become associated. He also made large sums by building railways in Ru- mania and Turkey. His fortune was estimated at ,$200,000,000. and his income ai from iJlo.OOO.OOO to .$20,000,000 a year. He gave to charity about $100,000,000 during his life, and the Baro'ness de Hirsch. on her death in 1899. bequeathed about $15,000,000 to charities. These benefactions were chiefly for the alleviation of the condition of the Jews." He gave not less than S.50.000,000 to the Jewish Colonization Association, by which col- onies were established in the Argentine Repub- lic. He endowed the Galician schools with $5.- 000.000, and in 1888 offered $10,000,000 to the Russian Government for schools, provided no distinctions of race or religion should be made in its distribution. His offer was declined. He gave .$2,500,000 to establish a fund in Xew York for educating and Americanizing Russian and Rumanian Jews. The sum of $1,200,000 was added to this fund by the Baroness. HIRSCH, Max (1832-1905). A German politi- cal economist and politician, born at Halborstadt, in Prussian Saxony. He studied political econo- my and jurisprudence at the universities of Tu- bingen, Heidelberg, and Berlin, and then traveled through France and Xorth Africa. As the re- sult of his observations during these travels he ))ublished: Skizze der lolksirirtsrhaftlichen Zu- stiinde in Algerien (18571. and Reise in das Innere I'on Algerien, durch die Kabglie und flaha- ra (1862). After a later journey through Eng- land and Scotland he returned home to organize trades unions among his countrvmen. These soon spread all over Germany and through them and their organ. Der Geirerkrerein. he wielded great influence. He was several times a member of the Reichstag, and was the leading spirit in a number of societies for the benefit of the labor- ing classes. His publications include: Was Iczicecken die Geicerkvereine f (loth ed. 1891)
