HONTHEIM. 189 HOOD. 27, 1701. He was educated in the Jesuit school of his native citj', studied canon law at Louvain under the celebrated Van Espen, and afterwards taught at Treves and Coblenz, finding time to write at Treves two voluminous works on the history of the town, Historia Trecirciisis Diplo- mutica (1750) and I'rodromus Hislorice Trevi- rciiisis (1757). But his literary career is chiefly memorable for a theological essay, De Statu Ec- clcsico et Legitima Potestate Romani Pontificis (1763), which by the novelty and boldness of its views created an immense sensation in the theo- logical world. The worlc was composed with a view to the reunion of Christian sects. The name of the author was for a long time unknown, the work being published under the pseudonym of Justinus Febronius (a name taken from that of Hontheim's niece, a canoness at Juvigny, who was called Justina Febronia), and the system of Church government which the work propounds has been called Febronianism (q.v.). The work, immediately after its appearance, was condennicd by Clement XIII., as well as by many individual bishops. It ilrow forth a num- ber of replies, the most important of which are those of Zaccaria (1707) and Ballerinl (1708). Pius VI., in 1778, required from Hont- heini a retraction of these doctrines. This re- traction, however, was modified by a subsequent Commentary, published at Frankfort in 1781. to which, at the desire of the Pope, Cardinal Gerdil replied. Hontheim made full siibmission to the Church in 1788, and died in his ninetieth year at Jlontquintin, in Luxemburg, September 2. 1790. Consult Mejer, Febronius (Freiburg, 1885) . a work biased in favor of Hontheim. HONTHORST, honfhOrst.GEBARD van (1590- 1(150). A Dutch painter, called 'Glierardo dalle notti,' from his frequent painting of night scenes. He was burn at Utrecht, and at first studied under Abraham Bloemaert. At twenty he went to Italy, and was greatly influenced by Caravag- gio; it was here that he gained his sobriquet. When he returned to Utrecht he was made the head of the Guild of Saint Luke (1023), and opened a large school. An invitation from Charles I. took him to England in 1028. There he decorated Whitehall. After this he went to The Hague, where he lived for several years. He jiaintcd a great number of pictures, and of all kinds, including portraits. All these show a good deal of power and coarse realism. The European galleries contain many of his works. A constantly repeated subject of his is a group of several persons with musical instruments, and one o| these "Concerts" (1024) is at the Louvre. His brother. Willem van (1004-00), was also a painter, particularly of portraits, in the style of his lircither. HONVED, hSn'vad (Hung., land-defenders). The name given in Hungnrv under the earlier kings to the national chamjiions. With the dis- appearance of these the w'ord, too, disappeared; but in the s nmer of 1848 it was revived, and applied first to those Hungarian volunteers dis- patched to the south against the Serbs, and subsequently, when the war with Austria com- menced, to the whole patriotic army. Since the reconstruction of the .'Vustro-Himgarian mon- archy the name honvcd. or hnnv<ds('g. has been given to the militia of the Hungarian portion of the Empire. HOOBLY, hoo'bli. A town in the Province of Bombay, British India. .See Hubli. HOOCH, hoG, or HOOGH, Pieter de (1032- 81). A Dutch painter, bom at Rotterdam. Ac- cording to the latest biographers of this artist, he was the pupil of Nikolaas Berchem at Amster- dam, but he seems to have been more influenced by Kembrandt than by Berchem. About 1054 he went to Delft, and in 1055 was elected a member of the Guild of Saint Luke. In 1007 he was still at Delft, but at this date all positive trace of him is lost. There is some evidence that he lived in Amsterdam after this, and still later at The Hague. It is curious that such a great painter as de Hooch should not have been appreciated until our own time, but such is the case. His works are now greatly prized. The list of them includes about eight}', principally in the museums of Holland; the National Gallery of London pos- sesses three fine interiors with figures, and there are several in the Louvre and some in private col- lections. He generally treated domestic scenes out of doors, where his niasterj' of light is unequaled by any painter of his country. HOOCHENOO, hoo'che-nd. A spirituous liquor concocted by the natives of Alaska, and named from one of the tribes of Indians. HOOD, Alexander (1758-98). An English navy captain. His first voyage was aboard the Komney with his cousin. Captain Samuel, after- wards Viscount Hood, but in 1772 he went round the world on the Resolution with Captain Cook. Between 1770 and 1783 he was on active .service in the West Indies, but was appointed ( 1797) to command the Mars of the Channel fleet, and was one of the <:aptains put ashore by the mutineers off Saint Helens and Spithead. The next year, yhen his frigate was engaged in the famous duel with the Hercule, Captain Hood was mortally wounded at the moment of victory. HOOD, Edwin Paxton (1820-85). An Eng- lish Congregationalist. He was born in Lon- don, December 18, 1820. educated privately, and became a Congregational clergjnian in 1852. fie held various charges, and from 1880 to his death in Paris, ,Iune 12. 1885, ho was pastor of the Falcon Square Church, Aldersgate Street, London. He rendered con- spicuous service in raising the funds for the Royal College for Incurables, his pamphlet, "The Palax-e of Pain" (1885), having brought in £2000. He was the author of numerous vol- umes, several of which are still read, especially his Lamps, Pitclwrs, and Trumpets: Lectures on the Vocation of the Prearlwr (1807). a racy volume on homiletics and the history of preach- ing, and The IVorM of Mural and Rdifiious Anec- dote (1870). His agreeable book-making powers were exhibited in the biographies of .Tohn Milton (18.52). Andrew Marvell' (1853), Emanviel Swe- denborg (1854). William Wordsworth (1856), Thomas Binney (1874). Isaac Watts (1875), Thomas Carlvle (1875). Christmas Evans (1881). Robert Hall (1881), and Oliver Crom- well (1882). HOOD, John Bell (1831-79). An American soldier, prominent on the Confederate side during the Civil War. He was bom in Owingsville. Ky. ; graduated at West Point in 1853; and remained in the United States Army until 1801. when he resigned to accept a commission in the Confeder-
