HOSEA. 24:3 HOSMER. Hezekiah of Judah (about 790-690 B.C.) and the reign of Jeroboam 11. of Lsrael (c.782-743 B.C.). Scholars think that the.se indications cannot be correct, the former being too long a period, and the latter too short. Internal evidence points to the beginning of Ilosea's activity as represented in his discourses at some time before the death of .Jero- boam and ending before the attack of Tiglath- Pilcser on the northern kingdom in B.C. 734. Hosea addresses himself chieHy to Israel, the northern kingdom, and ISie burden of his mes.sage is the people's infidelity toward Yahweh as e.xem- plified by their adoption of foreign rites, by politi- cal alliances that subjected the people to foreign influenoes, and by the general neglect of moral standards in public and private life. These con- ditions were brought about by the energetic political policy inaugurated by the djTiasties of Ahab and Jehu, and the prophet fairly e.xhausts the vocabulary in his denunciation of this policy and in predicting the dire destruction, not only of the dynasty, but of the people. The book may be divided into two parts: (1) Chapters i.-iii., detailing his personal experience of marriage to 1 faithless woman, and the application of the ex- perience to conditions existing in the northern kingdom; (2) chapters iv.-xiv., in which (a) Ihe Canaanite features in the Hebrew cult are de- nounced and the attendant moral degradation of the people; (b) the misrule of the Kings, the riot- ous life of the Court, and the fondness for foreign alliances are pictured in vivid colors. Scholars are agreed in recognizing a number of later addi- tions and interpolations to the original text of the discourses. In these additions (1) refer- ences are supplied to the Kingdom of .Judah with which it appeared the prophet did not concern him.self at all; and (2) the gloomy outlook is modified by holding out the hope that a remnant at least, uncontaminated by the prevailing reli- gious and political conditions, will escape the awful doom and form the nucleus for the recon- stitution of the people on the basis of true Yah- weh worship and with obedience to Yahweh's laws as the comer-stone. Consult: the commentaries mentioneil in the article lIiNOR Pbopiiets; Chevne, in the Cambridije Bible for Schools and Colleges (Cambridge. 1889) ; Valeton, .tnios avd Hosea (London, 1894): W. R. Smith, The Prophets of Israel (London, 189.5). HOSEA BIGLOW. The fictitious signer of a nunibiT of Lowell's Bigloio Papers (q.v.). HOSEMANN, hf/ze-man, Andr. See Osian- CER. HOSEMANN", TiiEonoR (1807-75). A Ger- man painter and illustrator, born at Branden- burg. He studied lithography under Arnz and M'inckelmann, and then was a pupil of Cornelius and Schadow. Afterwards he went to Berlin, and in 18.i7 was made professor at the Academy. His works include genre pictures in oil and water- color, such as "Shoemakers' Apprentices" and "Peasant Girls and Boys," and illustrations for ririroii Mhnrhhausen. The Mysteries of Paris, and Andersen's Fairy Tales. HOSIERY (from hose. AS., OHG. hosa, Ger. Tlose. hose, stockings). In its most limited sense, this term refers to the manufacture of stockings (hose) : but in its more general application it comprises all knitted goods, either made by hand or by machinery. The use of stoekinss originated in the cold countries of the north of Europe, and probably the first were made of skins, and sub- sequently of cloth ; they were also, until a com- paratively late period, made all in one piece with the trousers, constituting trunk-ho.sc. These gar- ments were separated, and the art of knitting was invented, it is supposed in Scotland, about the commencement of the sixteenth century. Knitted stockings found their way to i'rance from Scot- land, and led to the establishment of a guild of stocking-knitters, who chose for their patron .saint Saint Fiacre of Scotland. In 1589 WilliaTn Lee, of Woodbridge, Nottinghamshire, entirely altered the hosiery trade, by inventing the knit- ting-frame. See KxiTTlNG. HOSIUS, ho'shi-us (c.2.5G-c.3.58) . Bishop of Cordova. He became bishop about 295, and re- tained the office till his death about 358. Having suffered persecution under Maximian, he was honored for his steadfast faith. The Emperor Constantine was strongly attached to him, and it may be owed his conversion to him. In 324 ' he sent him to Alexandria to mediate between the Bishop of that city and Arius, as well as to settle the dispute concerning the observance of Easter. In the following year the Council of Nica>a was called for the purpose of considering both sub- jects, and Hosius was the president, or, at least, one of its presiding officers. At the close of the council he drew up, or. as some say, announced the decree, signed it first, and prevailed on the Emperor to sanction it. He was president of the Council of Sardica, called in 343-344 by Constan- tius and Constans at the desire of Athanasius. In 355 Constantius requested him to join in con- demning Athanasius, but instead of doing so, Hosius defended him. Having persisted in this course a second, and even a third time, he was, at the close of the year, banished by the Emperor. Two years afterwards he w'as summoned to attend the Council of Sirmium, where, worn out with extreme age and hardship, he was prevailed on to sign a document favoring Arianism, yet he .steadfastly refused to condemn Athanasius. He was then allowed to return to his home and office. Consult Gams, Die Kirchengeschichte von Spanien (Regensburg, 18G4). HOS'MER, H.RRiET (1830—). An American sculpt-or. She was born in Watertown. Mass., and received her education in Lenox. She was instructed in modeling under Stevenson at Boston, but later studied anatomy in the Saint Louis Medical College. Her real instruc- tion in art was received in the studio of .John Gib.son (q.v.) at Rome, where she has chiefly resided. In his studio she modeled her original heads "Daphne" and "Medusa." executed for Samuel Appl^ton. of Boston; "Beatrice Cenci." in the public libmry of *^aint Louis; and "fKnone" (1855), her first full-size figure. Her spirited and original statue of "Puck" was esteemed so successful that copies were ordered, among others, by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Hamil- ton. Her most ambitious work is a colossal statue of "Zenobia in Chains." completed in 1859. Her bronze statue of Thomas H. Benton is in Lafayette Park, Saint Louis. The "Sleep- ing Faun." exhibited in Paris in 1867, is one of her best works. Its companion is called "A Waking Faun." The fountain in Central Park, New Y'ork, and the heroic statue of Queen Isa- bella of Castile, unveiled in San Francisco in 1894, are by her, as are also the "Queen of
