HOSMEB. 246 HOSPITAL. Naples" and the "lleroine of Gocta." Her latest works arc two foiiiitniiis in private possession in England. Miss Hosmcr's art is classic in lend- emy, like that ol her master, Ciihson. She has also invented technical processes of note in con- uectiiin with licr art. HOSMER, .J.MEs Kkxoai.l (1S34— ). An .American authur, horn in Xortlitield, Mass., and educated at Harvard, lie left the Unitarian fhurch at Deerliehl. of which he was pastor, to gii to the Civil War as a private sohlier, and npon his return took a professorship in Antioch ( oUeiie. Thence he went ti> the I'niversity of Missouri, tjiujjlit Knj,'lisli and (!erman literature for two years, and in 1874 was appointed ])ro- fessor of the same brandies at the W'ashinfjton I'niversity, 8ainl Loiiis, a post he retained until his appointment as lihrarian of the Minneapolis I'uhlic Lilirary in 18i)2. His puhlislied writings are: Color Guard (1804); Thinking liai/onvt (18G5); Short History of fUnnan Literature (1878); Memorial of (i. ^y. Hosiner. U.D. (1882); Story of the Jews (1885); Life of Samuel Ailams, in the "American Statesmen Series" (1885) ; Life of Sir Henry Vane (1888) ; Short Histuri/ of Anqlo-Saxon Freedom (1890) ; How Thankful ^Vus jscwilched (1894); and Life of Thomas Hutchinson (1896). HOSPICE. See Inn. HOSPINIAN, RiDoi.F (1547-1020). A Swiss Kefornud polemical writer. He was born in the Canton of Ziirich. After studying there he w<'nt to Marburg and Heidell)erg. and on his return in 1508 combined the position of preacher with that of schoolteacher. From 1570 to 1595 he was head of the famous Karolincnschule at- tached to the (Jreat Minster. Meanwhile he pur- suimI distinctive studies and entered the lists as a doughty champion of the Heformed Chirch against Roman Catholics and Lutherans. Rellar- mine wrote against him on the side of Home and Ilutten on the side of Luther. His fellow towns- men highly honored him. In 1588 he was made an archdeacon of the Great Minster, and in 1594 pastor of the Fraumiinster Church. He dieil in Zilrich, March 11, 1020. His works were collected under the editorship of J. H. HeidefTer, and published in seven folio volumes (1081). The latest of his writings was Historia Jesuitica (1019), trans., The Jesuits' Manner of Con- secrating Persons and ^yeapons Employed for the Murdering of Kings and Princes by Them Accounlfd Hi relics (Dublin, 1681). HOSPITAL (from OF. hospital, Fr. hopital, from ML. ho.ipilale, inn, from Lat. hospilalis, re- lating to a guest or host, from hospes. guest, host). A place >ised for the shelter and treat- ment of the sick or wounded. In the earlier days, orphans and helpless children were brought up in institutions called hospitals. Leper hospitals were established in early times and were called 'spitals' or hospitin. Hospitals were founded in very early times. Indi^, Persia, and Arabia had hospitals sup- ported by their kings and rulers before the Christian Era. As far back as the earliest period of Greek history the sick are said to have been treated in the Temple of .Fsculapius at Epidau- rus. In the early .lewish period a house for the reception of the sick was called Beth Holem. Such an institution was Beth Saida, mentioned in the New Testament. These lupspitals seem to have been womlen huts. In ancient Egypt hos- pitals were unknown, the sick lieing tended at home or in temples. I'lato says that the Greeks, on the other hand, maintained shelter houses for the sick in various parts of the country, supplied with attendants. The best institutions of the kind in ancient times were unilinddedly in Rome. The inscription upon a tablet discovered near I'iacenza, dated in the lime of Trajan, shows that the Romans not onl- possess<'d such houses, but that they were actually endowed. One of the earliest hospitals on record was ])robably that founded by Valens in Ca'.sarca, between A.u. ^70 and ,380. At the present time two general classes of hos])ital relief work are carried on in the large cities of the world. In dispensaries patients are treated who are able to l)e about and have tem- porary or serious illness, not sulliciently severe to confine them to bed. In hospitals patients are treated who must be eonlined to their beds, for certain times at least. Many dispensaries are associated with teacliing institutions and are then tennod clinics, and the patients who come are, in some instances, utilized to instruct the stu- dents of medicine. The word infirmary is a common English term for both dispensaries and ho.spitals. The terni hospital is now rarely used for thoso custodial and teaching institutions that care for foundlings and orphans. These are termed asy- lums, or homes, or colleges. A nuiiil>er in Eng- land retain the old name, such as Christ's Hos- pital in Limdon. llcriot's Hospital, Donaldson's Hospital, E<linbuigh, etc. Similarly, institutions for the aged and indigent at the present time arc rarely termed hospitals, but homes, alms- houses, etc. Thus the term hospital has come to be restricted to an instituti(m in which the sick are treated, whether such illness be of the brain or of other parts of the body. The history of the development of the modern hospital is both interesting and instructive. One of the earliest of recognized hospitals was in France, and the present Hotel Dieu of Paris is supposed to have had its origin as early as the seventh century. During the Crusades many hos- pitals were built, and there arose a special cla.ss, the Hospitalers, or knights whose duty it was to take care of the sick. The present Orders of Sisters of Mercy. Sisters of Charity, and allied societies, had a somewhat similar origin. With the establishment of the schools of learning, and more particularly with the development of the study of medicine, many of the hospitals formed departments in the universities, and the univer- sity towns developed large and important hospi- tal facilities. Bologna and the Italian towns led the way. Paris and the schools of France followed, and in England and Scotland the hos- pitals of London and Edinburgh were the great medical schools. Thus Saint Thom.is's, of Lon- don, was established in 1553; .Saint Bartholo- mew's in 1540, where, in 1009, Harvey, who discovered the real nature of the circulation, was physician; and Bethlehem in 1547. The hospitals of the United States were largely found- ed on English models, although the influence of the French school was not absent in the early history of this country. It seems probable that the earliest hospital founded in the United States was the Pennsylvania Hospital, altlimigh there were earlier institutions in Canada and Mexico.
