HERRON. 21 EERSCHKL. of the investing forces, and at the close of the war received the surrender of the Confederate forces west of tlie Jlississippi. He resigned in 1865, entered on tlie practice of law in New Orleans, was United .States marshal of the Dis- trict of Louisiana from 1807 to 18G'.t, and was Secretary of State of Louisiana in 1872-73. He subsequently practiced law in New York City. HERRON, Oeorge D.wi.s (18G2— ). An American olergjnian and writer, born in Monte- zuma, ild., and educated at Kipon College. Wis- consin. He held Congregational pastorates at Lake City, Jlinn., and Burlington. Iowa, and in 1893 became professor of applied Christianity in Iowa College. Opposition to his teachings led him to resign in 1900, and he then initiated a social crusade in Chicago and New York, found- ed the fiocial Crusader, and lectured upon "The Kconomics of the Kingdom of Heaven" and simi- lar topics, chiefly advocating a transformation of the present economic order into conformity with the Christian principle of the brotherhood of men. He aroused great controversy through- out religious circles generally in 1901 by his separation from his wife, his second marriage, and his published theories regarding a free mar- riage relation. At a meeting of the Iowa Con- gregational Council he was deposed from mem- bership. His principal writings are: The Larger Christ (1891): The Call nf the Cross (1892); A Plea for the Gospel (1892) : The Xew Redentp- tion (1893) : The Christian Sorietit (1894) : The Christian State (189.5); Between Ccesar and Jesus (1899). HERSCHEL, hPr'shcl. C.Roli>e LrcRETl. (1750-1848). A German-English astronomer, sis- ter of Sir William Herschcl. She lived in Hanover till 1772. when she came to England to live with her brother at Bath. When he turned astronomer, she Ijeeame his constant helper, and on his being appointed private astronomer to George III. act- ed :is his assistant in the famous observatory at Slough, receiving a small salary from the King. She found time for a series of independ- ent observations with a small Newtonian tele- scope made for her by hev l)rother. Her special occupation was to scan the heavens for comets, seven of which she discovered, in regard to five of which she has the credit of priority of dis- covery; and several remarkable nebuUc and clus- ters of stars included in lier brother's catalogues were described from her original obsen'ations. In 1798 she published A Ciitalofiue of Stars taken from .Wr. Flaiiisteed's Obserrations, etc. Tliis work was published at the expense of the Royal Society, and contained olil stars omitted in the British catalogue. Slie lived with her brother during the whole of his career, and on his death, in 1822. returned to her native country. In 1828 the Royal StK-iety conferred on her their gold medal for completing the catalogue of nebulse and clusters of stars observed by her brother. She was afterwards chosen an honorary member of the Royal Society. Consult: Mary C. Her- schel. Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Uersehel (London. 1876) ; Clerke. The Uersehels and Modern Astronoinii (London. 1893). HERSCHEL, Sir .Tony Frederick W'ii.t.iam (1792-1871). An eminent English astronomer, the only son of the astronomer "illiam Herschel. He was born at Slough, near Windsor. March 7, 1792. and was educated at Saint John's College, Cambridge. His first publication was A Collec- tion of Examples of the Application of the Cal- culus of Finite Differences (1820). In 1822 he applied himself especially to astronomy, using his father's methods and instruments in observ- ing the heavens. For a time he worked with Sir . .James South in ree.xamining the nebu- liE and clusters of stars described in his father's catalogues. The results of the reexamination were given in 1833 to the Royal Society in the form of a catalogue. The catalogue contained obsenations on .v2.5 nebulie and clusters of stars not noticed by his father, and on a great number of double stars — in all. between 3000 and 4000. His "Treatise on Sound" appeared in the Encyclo- pedia Metropolitana in 1830. and his "Treatise on the Theory of Light" in the same work in 1831. in which year also appeared in Lardner's Ci/elopcedia his "Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy." In 1836 appeared his "Treatise on Astronomy," in Lardner's Cyclo- pwdia. At this time Herschel was at the Cape of Good Hope, where he arrived in .Januarj'. 1834, with the intention of completing the survey of the sidereal heavens by examining the Southern Hemisphere as he had done the Northern. Here he establi-shed his observatory at a place called Feldhausen. six miles from Table Bay. On March o. 1834. he commenced his observations, which were embodied in his Results of Astro- nomical Obserrations Made During 183^-38 at the Cape of Good Hope ; Being a Completion of a Telescopic Surrey of the Whole Surface of the Visible Heavens. Commenced in 1S25 (1847). On his return to Englainl, in 1838. honors were showered on him. He got the Royal Society's gold medal in 1820; he now was made a D.C.L. of Oxford, was created a baronet, succeeded the Duke of Sussex as president of the Koyal So- ciety, and in 1848 lie Ijeeame president of the Koyal Astronomical Society. In 1849 he pub- lished his Outlines of Astronomy. In 18.50 he was appointed master of the mint. This office, on account of ill health, he resigned in 18.55. Consult Clerke. The Dersehels and .Modern .As- tronomy (London. 1895). For a list of his con- tributions, consult the Royal Society's great cata- logue. HERSCHEL, Sir William (17381822). An eminent CkMnian-English astronomer, born at Hanover. Germany. November 15, 1738. The son of a musician, he was educated specially as a professional nuisician. In 1757 he went to Eng- land, where he Ijecame a teacher of music in the town of Leeds, from which he went to Halifax as organist, and subsequently (1700) in the same capacity to Bath. Here he would seem to have first turned his attention to astronomy. Aant- ing a telescope, and unable to afTord a reflector, he made one for himself — a Newtonian, of five feet focal length — and with this applied himself to study the heavens. In 1781 he made his first discovery, a new planet, which at first he took for a comet. It was detected by an exhaustive proc- ess of surveying the heavens, which Herschel wa.s the first to follow, taking the stars in regvilar series, and examining them in all their groups through the same instrument. The result of his discovery was his appointment to he private astronomer to George III., with a salary of £200 a year. He then went to live at Slough, near Windsor, where, assisted bv his sister Caro-
