HEKTER. 28 HERTWIG. «need by Japanese art. His work has fine deco- rative qualities, and his color is rich and well handled. He received honorable mention at the Salon of 1890, and a bronze medal at the Paris Exposition of 1900. HEBTEE., Ekxst Gl'Stav (I84G— ). A Ger- man sculptor, born in Berlin. He studied at the Berlin Acadeni3,and as a pupil of August I'^ischer, Blilser, and Albert Wolff, was elected a member of the Academy in 1885, and obtained a profes- sorship there in 1889. His work is careful in execution, but often formal and undistinctive. Among examples of it may be cited such imita- tions of the antique as "Alexander the Great Studying" (187G) and "The Wounded Achilles" (1879), both in the National Gallery at Berlin; "Moses Breaking the Tables of the Law" ( 1881 ) ; a statue of Helmholtz in the grounds of the Ber- lin University (1899); a fountain commemora- tive of Heine in New York; a statue of William 1. at Hnltcnau (1000) ; and various decorations for ])ublic structures. HEKT'FORD. The capital of Hertfordshire, ' England, a municipal borough and market-town on the Lea, 26 miles north of London by rail (Jlap: England, F 5). The fourteenth-century Church of All Saints, destroyed by fire in 1891, has been replaced by a fine Perpendicular edifice; the shire hall and corn exchange are the chief of several important public buildings. The town has a preparatory branch of Christ's Hospital, a grammar school, and several charity schools. It owns the water-supply, markets, and a free public library, and school of art. Its industries and trade are chiefly agricultural. The old cas- tle, of which traces remain, was built about 90-5. The present castle is of the time of James I., and was the temporary liome of Haileybury College w'hen its present buildings were being erected. two miles to the southeast. Domesday Book records Hertford as a bonmgh. and it received its charter in 1544 from Queen Mary. Popu- lation, in 1891, 9000; in 1901, 9300. HERTFORD, William Seymour, First Mar- i|uis 01. Sec Slymour. HERT'FORDSHIRE, or HERTS. An in- land county of England, bounded on the cast by Essex, on the south by Middlesex, on the west by Buckingham and Bedford, and on the north by Cambridge (]lap: England, F 5). Area. 635 square miles. Population, in 1891, 220.162: in 1901, 250,3.50. The surface presents a pleasing succession of finely wooded hill and fertile valley. The chief elevations are those of the chalk downs, a branch of the Chiltern Hills, which skirt the north of the county. The principal rivers are the lee and the Colne, both alllucnts of the Thames. Agriculture is the chief industry, over three- fourths of the total area being cultivated. Im- mense quantities of hay and straw are sold, and throughoit the county there are numerous gar- dens and orchards, the fruit of which is sent to the London market. Great quantities of malt are made in the county. Ware is the chief seat of the malting trade in the kingdom. Paper and straw-plait are extensively uianufactured in the west and south. Capital, Hertford. HERTHA, her'ta. HER'THUS, or iER'THA (Goth, aiifa, OHG. rrda. Ger. A'rrfc, AS, co)-|'e. Eng, earth; connected with OHG. pro, earth. Gk. Slpa^e, eraze, on the earth, and perhaps with Lat. arvum, field, arare, Gk. a/miv, aroun, OChurch Slav, orati, Goth, arjan, OHG. eriun, to plow). A deity of the ancient Germans. Tacitus states that she was worshiped with great solemnity by the Suevi, and that her temple stood in an island of the ocean, where her service was performed by a single priest. On great occasions which were regulated by this priest, the covered chariot of the goddess was drawn forth from the sanc- tuary by sacred cows and led in triumph tlirough- out the country. Tho.se districts through which the chariot passed were held to be peculiarly fa- vored, peace was always proclaimed, and the occasion celebrated by universal merrymaking, until the priest declared that it was the will of the goddess to return to her shrine. Her image was then washed in a sacred spring, and all who witnessed the ceremony of the ablution were drowned. The island of Riigen was long thought to be identical with the .sacred island of Hertha, but the same honor has been claimed for Helgo- land and Zetland. HERTOGENBOSCH^, her-to'gen-bos', or HERZOGENBOSCH. The capital of the Dutch Province of North Brabant. See Bois-le-Duc. HERTWIG, hert'viK, Oskab (1849—). A German embryologist, born at Friedberg. He studied medicine in .Tcna under Haeckel and Gegenbaur. and at Zurich an<l Bonn. In 1878 he was made professor at .Jena, and in 1888 pro- fessor of anatomy in Berlin. He studied with Haeckel and with his brother. Richard Hertwig. at Lesina on the Adriatic in 1871, in Corsica and V'illcfranche in 1875, and afterwards with his brother in Messina and Naples. He is one of the most influential embryologists of his time. The following are the most important of his publications: Beiiriiqe rur Kenntins dcr liiUluiifi. Bcfruchtuntj and Thriliinii des ticrischen Eies (1876), an epoch-making work, in that in it is established the fact that fertilization consists of the conjugation of the two equivalent sexual cells; Studien zttr Bliittertheorie (with R. Hert- wig, 1879-83) ; Die Colomtheorie ; Versuch einer Erkliirunij drs mittleren Keimblattes (with R. Hertwig, 1881); Entwicklvng des mittleren Keimblattes drr Wirbellhicre (with R. Hertwig, 1883); Da<! Problem der liefruchtunri iind der Isolrajjie den Eirs, eine Theorie der Vererbiiitfi (1884) ; Vergleirh der Ei- uiid Samenbildimg bei 'Nematoden (1890) ; Lchrbueh der Entwieklungs- qeschichte des Mensehen tind der Wirbelthiere (1886), translated into English by Edward L. !Mark as Textbook of Embryology' {1892) ; Die Zelle iiiid die flcii-ebr (1802 and 1898) ; Urmund und Spina Bifida (1892) ; Ueber den VTerth der crsten Furrhutigx^^ellen fiir die Organbildung des Embri/os (1893) ; and Zeit und Streitfragen der Biolociie (1894). HERTWIG. Ricii.VRn (18.50—). A German zoologist, born at Friedberg. He studied medi- cine in .Tena under Haeckel and Ciegenbaur, and also in Zurich and Bonn. In 1874 he became privat-docent. and in 1881 professor extraor- dinarius in .lena. He was made professor of zoidogy in 1881 at Ki'.nigsberg. and in 1885 at Munich. He studied with his brother, Oskar Hertwig. and with Haeckel on the Adriatic at Lesina in 1871 and in Corsica and Villefranche in 1875, and later with his brother in Messina and Najiles. His publications include: Zur Uistologie der Radiolarien (1876); Studien zur Blotter'
