IRELAND. 760 IRELAND. ccmiing to his assistance made the mistake of lanUiiig in thi- south, instead uf in the north, as had been promised, whieh led O'Neill to make a march of 200 miles through desolate country in t>rdcr to join them. His forces were too weak to withstand the English in the tield. and about the beginning of l(i03 he submitted to l,ord Jlount- jov. but was allowed to retain his earldom. During all these wars the greatest cruelty and treacherj' were practiced on both sides. In order to destroy Irish resistance, the English devas- tated the villages, crops, and cattle, putting to death all the inhabitants they could secure. The greater part of Munster and L'lster was laid deso- late, and many more perished from hunger than by the sword. " Under Elizabeth and James I. the Anglican State Church was extended over Ireland, not only obtaining all that belonged to the Church of the Pale, but being invested with the establish- ment belonging to the Celtic Church as well. There was an ancient feud between these two Irish churches, and they were intensely hostile to each other. The Church of the Pale was elTect- ed by the Reformation, but the Celtic Church became increasingly Roman. The entire Celtic population of Ireland, and the majority of the inhabitant,* of the Pale, remained Catholic. The Anglican Church thus became a mere instrument in the hands of the English rulers in Dublin Castle. During the reign of .Tames I. the English sys- tem was introduced into Ireland on a grand scale. English law was pronounced the sole law of the land. The fight of Tyrone and Tyrcon- nell gave a pretext for the confiscation of the land in six counties of Ulster. The indeiiendenco nf the Irish Parliament was destroyed by the creation of forty boroughs out of small hamlets, which secured a permanent majority to the Crown. The despotism of the Earl of Strafford, the Viceroy of Charles I., produced order and pros- perity in Ireland. By balancing the number of Catholics and Protestants in Parliament and holding out to the former the promise of tolera- tion, he succeeded in obtaining liberal supplies for the King in his conflict with the English Parliament. The native Irish, who had been dis- possessed by the plantations in Ulster and else- where, made use of the English situation to re- gain their possessions. Under the leadership of Roger O'Moore.a conspiracy was formed in 1641 to seize Dublin and expel the English. They succeeded in driving the English settlers out of Ulster, and committed many oitrages; not. however, so many as has been supposed. It has been estimated by English writers that at least .30,000 people were put to death, but this number is certainly exag- gerated. The Scotch were, as a rule, spared. The insurgents were soon joined by the Catholic lords of the Pale, and together they eho.se a Su- preme Council to govern Ireland. Charles I. sent over the Earl of Glamorgan to treat with them, and the Earl went so far as to promise them the predominancy of the Catholic Church in Ireland as the price of their assistance to the King. But the strugsle in England was termi- nated in favor of the Parliament before the Irish Catholics could render effective assistance to the King. In lfi47 the alliance between the lords of the Pale, who desired nothing heyond toleration for their religion, and the Celts, who hoped for the restoration of the ancient land svstem, came to an end. In 1048 the Earl of Omiond returneiJ as the Viceroy of Charles I., and made an alli- ance with the Cath(dic lords, thus securing Ire- land to the Koyalist party. In 104!» Cromwell landed at IJuldin, which the Catholics had U-en unal)le to take. With his well-disciplined army, lll.OiX) men of the New Model, he stormed Dro- gheda and put its garrison of 2000 to the sword. At Wexford there was another slatighter, but without Cromwell's orders. His successors, Ire- ton and Ludlow, finished the war, and a great I)art of the l)est lands of Munster, lA-inster, and Ulster was confiscated anil divided among the soldiers of the Parliamentary Army. The Catho- lics and Loyalist landowners were banished to Connaught. A portion of the land confiscafeil at this time was restored under Charles 11.. but at least two-thirds of the land in Ireland re- mained in the hands of the Protestants. The viceroyalty of Ormond did much to restore order and promote industry, but the Protestant as- cendency was maintained. .Janios II.. however, reversed this policy. Under his viceroy, the Earl of Tyrconnell. Catholics were advanced to positions of State and placed in control of the militia, which Ormond had previously organized. Consequently, tlie entire Catholic population took sides with .lames II. in the English Revolution of 1088, and when in 1089 .James landed at Dub- lin with his French officers, Tyrconnell had an Irish army ready to assist him. The Protestant settlers were driven from their homes and fotind refuge in Enniskillen and Londonderry. .James attempted to capture Londonderry, but he was hampered by the lack of artillery and the city was relieved by way of the sea. His Parliament of 1C8!I restored all the lands that had been con- fiscated since 1641. and passed an act of attaindiT against the partisans of William III. In the fol- lowing year William landed in Ireland, and in the battle of the Boynei.July, 1 690) defeated the Irish forces. He failed, however, to capture Limerick, which was bravely defended. A brilliant sally of the Irish patriot Sarsfield destroyed William's heavy artillery, and he was forced to retire. The next year his generals defeated the Irish .rmy at Auglirim. and Limerick was forced to capitulate. By the terms of the Treaty of Limerick. Catholics were permitted a certain amount of religious free- dom, and the lands they had possessed under Charles It. were to be restored. The Parliament of England forced William to break the concession of the Treaty of I>imerick, regarding the restoration of the lands, and the Parliament of Ireland violated the terms grant- ing religious toleration by enacting the penal laws, directed mainly against the Roman Catho- lics. The peasants were annoyed by cruel and vexatious restrictions alike on their religious worship and innocent amusements. An act passed under George I. made all laws enacted by the British Parliament extend over Ireland. Her commerce and industries were deliberately crushed. In 1663. and again in 1606. all Irish trade with the English colonies was prohibited, and in 166.5 and 1680 the Irish import trade to England in cattle, milk, butter, and cheese was forbidden. The trade in woolens, which had grown up among the Irish Protestants, was like- wise cmshed hv an enactment of 1699, which pro- hibited the export of woolen goods from Irelan't to anv country whatever. Small amends for
