HILDA. 73 HILDEBRANDT. two years she ruled over lier double community of iiiunks and nuii.s, anionj; wliuni were Saint Jolm of Beverley and the poet ('lediiion. Hilda died No- vember 17, 080. Her day in the Roman calendar is Novemlier 17th. HIL'DEBERT OF TOURS, toor (c.1055- C.1133). A French |ircla1c and author, born at Lavardin, near Vendc'mie. Tradition says he was the pupil of Bereii{,'arius of Tours, but this is not established. In 10'.)2 he was made arch- deacon, and in 1097 Bishop of Le Mans. After some difliculties with the Count of Le JIans, the Bishop found a new enemy in William Rufus, who took the city about lO'.lO. He had constant quarrels with the neighboring prelates, and finally was in almost open rebellion against the King, Louis the Fat. In 1125, somewhat against his will, he was elected Bishop of Tours. Two years afterwards he jiresidcd at the Synod of Nantes. Toward the end of his lite he was on more amiable terms with the King. The works of Hildebert were edited by Antoine Beaugendre (1708), but far from perfectly, and in part by Baluze and Muratori. They consist of sermons, letters, theological writings, and poems. A col- lection of the latter was published under the title Mclaniie.i pocliijucs iVlIUihcrt de Lavardin (1882). Tl'ie treatise Trarlalii.i Theoloqicus, for- merly attributed to Hildebert, is by Hugues of Saint Victor. HIL'DEBRAND. See Gregory. HILDEBRAND, hii'de-brlint. The pseu- (hinvTn of the Ditch poet Nikolaas Beets (q.v.). HILDEBRAND. An aged warrior and sage in German legend, the tutor of Dietrich von Bern. He appears in the HildebrandsUed. and plays a leading part in the Xibeliingenlied and other legends. HILDEBRAND, Bruko (1812-78). A Ger- man economist and sUitistician, born at Naum- burgan-der-Saale, and educated at Leipzig and at Breslau, where in 18.39 he became professor.' In 1841 he was appoint<'d to a professorship at Marburg, from which ho was suspended in 1846, because of the tone of a contribution to a Lon- don paper. He was elected to the National As- sembly at Frankfort from Marburg in 1849, after having been reinstated in his academic position. He went to Zurich as professor in 1851. and five years later to Bern as the head of the new Swiss Bureau of Statistics. But, as a result of dif- ferences with his suiieriors, he was dismissed, and in 18fil became professor in the ITniversity of .Tena and director of the Bureau of Statistics. His works comprise: Nationaliikoiwrnie dcr (le- (]enimrt mid Xuhinift (1848) ; Dir KiirlH'snische riiianaveruxiltunfi (1850); fftatiKtiKrhr Mittei- Inngen iiber die x^olkswirlschaftliclien Zustandc Kurhessens (1853); and licitriipc zur fitalifitik des Kantoiis Rem (1860). He edited •/((/ir?y»r/icr fiir Xationnl-iikonomie und f^tntistik (1803 et seq.) . HILDEBRAND, Hans Olof (1842-1. A Swedish historian and antiquarian; son of the archipologist and mmiisnuitist Bror Emil Hilde- brand (1800-84). He was born at Stockholm: studied at Upsala ; in 1805 was made amanu- ensis of the .arch;rological museum: and in 1879 succeeded to his father's position of State antiquarian. His special study was Norse arch.T>ology and the related subjects, and his works are: Svcnska folket under hcdnatiden (last edition, 1872) ; Dc forhintoriska folkcn i IJurupa (1873-80) ; I'yiider i Truas och Homers Troja (1878) ; Lifvet pa Island under sagotiden (last edition, 1883); ^veriges niedcllid (1879- 97), a history of civilization; the second volume of Sveriges Hisloria, dealing with the medi.eval period; Friin aldre tider (1882) ; The Industrial Art of Heandinavia in the I'ugun Time (I882|; '/.ur (Jeschichle des Oreiperiodensystenis (1880) ; Wisby och dess minnesmdrker (1892-93); The huluxtrial Art of Scandinavia in the Middle Ages (1893); and iSveriges mgnt under medeltiden. I 1S95). In 1872 he founded the Kunglig itier- lirlK lli.ilorieoch Aniiiiuilels akademiens M6- midsblad, and in 1S80 became editor of Anti'j- vurisk Tidskrifl for Hverige. HILDEBRAND, Rudolf (1824-94). A Ger- manic philologist. He was born in Leipzig, and studied there. From 1848 to 1808 he taught in the Thomasschule. In 1804 he began to act a* one of the editors of Grimm's Deulsches Wiirter- buch, and five years later became professor of modern German literature and language in the University of Leipzig. His most important works are: Vom deutschen Sprachenunterricht in der f-^vhute und von deutscher Erziehung und Bildung iiberhaupt (7th ed. 1901) ; and Geaammelte Auf- siitze und Vortriige zur deutfchen I'hilologie und zum deutschen Vnlerrieht (1890). Consult Bur- dach, Zum fleddchtnis Rudolf Bildebrands (Hamburg, 1890). HILDEBRANDSLIED, hil'de-briints-let. A fragmentarj- Old High Gernjan poem, the oldest preserved specimen of German heroic poetry. It is written in alliterative verse, and dates from the eighth century. It is known only throigh a manuscript preserved in the nniseuni at Kassel, and written by two monks of Fulda at the be- ginning of the ninth century on two blank pages of a religious work. It narrates the combat of Hildebrand and his son. Hadubrand. who after many years of separation meet, and unknown to each other engage in a duel. The account breaks oflf without completing the story of the combat. The facsimiles of the manuscript have been pub- lished by W. Grimm (1830) and E. Sievers (1872), and a number of annotated editions of the text have appeared. HILDEBRANDT, hil'de-brant, Em-.Rn( 1818- 08). . (icrinan landscape and marine painter. He was born at Danzig, September 9, 1818. the son of a house-painter. He traveled extensive- ly, and was celebrated for his paintings of striking points of view, such as woild interest the traveling public. As a lad he wished to be a sailor, but his father apprenticed him to the painter Meyerheim.* He studied under Krause in Berlin, and under Tsabey in Paris, in 1841. In 1843 he gained a gold medal in that city, and was invited by Humboldt to visit Brazil. The water-colors and oil ]iaintings he made while there are now in the possession of the German Emperor. Ilildebrandt visited the Canary Isl- ands, Spain, and Portugal, and brought from those places two himdred water-colors of vari- ous subjects, also in the Emperor's possession. In 1S51, by order of the King of Prussia, he went to Italy, Malta, Egv'pt. Palestine, Turkey, and Greece, and later traveled through Switzer- land. In 1855 he was made professor and mem- ber of the Berlin .cademy. and in 1856 he joined an .rctie expedition, as the result of which, at
