HILDEBRANDT. 74 HILDESHEIM. Brussels in 1858, he obtained the gold medal for his '•Xorth Ca|ie," painted while on that expedi- tion. At Amsterdam he was given another gold medal for his ••^^ea of Marmora." Between 18ti2 and 1804 he traveled around the world, and brought home four hundred water-colors, which were e.vhiliited in London in 18ljtl. Among his works are: "lirazilian I'rimeval Korest," "Cave at SUiffa" (1805), "Castle Kronborg" (1857), in the National (Jaliery, Berlin; ".Moonrise in Madeira," Coreoran (Jaliery, Washington; "The Bay of Naples," Jletropolitan Museum, New York ; "By the Dead Sea," "Benares at Early Dawn," "Kvening in Siani." and many others. His last work, "I'ndcr the Equator," a study of the ocean, popularly called "Das blaue Wundcr" (the blue wonder), was the occasion of much argument and imitation. His paintings arc not without technical merit, especially in color, but the painter of 'striking views' is never the great arti.--t. His aquarelles excel his oil paint- ings. He died in Berlin, October "25, 18G8. Con- sult: his Hcixc urn (lit- Erde (Voyage Around the World), edited by Ernst Kos'sak (Berlin, 1857) ; Arndt, Eduar'd lliUhhramlt. dir Malcr des iioftiiws (il>.. 18i>!li: Bruno Jleyer, Studien und Krilil.in (Stuttgart, 1877). HILDEBRANDT, Tiieoixjr (1804-74). A German painter. l)orn at .Stettin. He studied at the Berlin .cadeniy. and afterwanis became a pupil of Sch;i(l(iw. With this master he went to Hie Netherlands and traveled in Italy, llti- inately he was made professor at the Uiisseldorf Academy (1830). His works are largely his- torical : many of them illustrate .scenes from Shakespeare or Goethe; and he is also a portrait painter. His masterpiece is the ".Murder of the Children of Edward IV." (1830), which is in the Spiegel Gallery at Halberstadt. HIL'DEBURN. Cn.Ri.KS Swift Riciie(1855- lltol ). An American bibliographer and librarian. He received his education in the private schools of his native city, Philadelphia, and in 1870 be- came librarian at its .Athenieum. His literary ■work includes the compilation, A Century of Prtntin)/: The Issues of the Press in /'cn»isi/l vania, ie8.5-/7S.} (2 vols.. 1885-80), and the edi- torship of the Statutes at Large of Pennsyl- vania. HIL'DEGARD, Saint (c.1098-1179). A Ger- man nun, a friend of Bernard of Clairvaux, born at Biickelheim. She founded an abbey near Bingen; boldly attacked ecclesiastical abuses; and composed many mystical works, of which the best known is the Sririiis (edited in Migne, I'a- trolopia hntina. vol. cxcvii.l. Consult the biog- raphy by Schneepms (Barmen, 1891) ; and Roth, Die Liedcr und die unl)el;annte Sprache der heili- gen Hildrpard (Wiesbaden, 1880). HIL'DEN. A town of the Prussian Rhine Province, situated nine miles east-southeast of Diisseldorf (Map: Prussia. B 3). It is a grow- ing place, with manufactures of silk goods, car- pets, machinerv. etc. Population, in 1890, 8600; in 11100. 11,290. HILDESHEIM, hil'dr>s-hlm. The former cap- ital of the Bisiiopric of Hildesheini. in the Pnis- sian Province of Hanover, situated on the In- nerste, 21 miles south-southeast of Hanover (Map: Prussia, C 2). It has narrow streets, old monuments, some quaint, mediieval. highly orna- mented facades, is partly surrounded by lofty walls, and contains numy excellent examples of architecture owing to its having Int-n u tierman home of the Konianesque and Kcnais.saiu'e art, including particularly the timlier franicwurk features. The Catholic cathedral, erected in the eleventh century and greatly modified, is built partly in the itomanesque and partly in the late Gothic. lt,s amicnt cloisters are exceptional- ly curious and iiiti'resting. Its treasury is rich in objects associated with the lives of Cluirlc niagnc. Bishop Bcrnwald, and others. The brass doors and bronze Easter colunm are richly orna- mented with reliefs: there arc also a lunnber of gilded sarcophagi, including that of Bishop (lode- hard. Against the wall of the cathedral stands a rose-bush which is 25 feet high and reputed to !»• a thousand years old. Two of the best examples of Iomanesi)ue iirchitectuix' in (iermany are the Catholic t hurch of Saint tJodehard, ereetcil in the twelfth century and recently restored — o basilica-shaped ediliiv sirmoimted by three towers — and the large Protestant Church of Saint Michael, founded by Bishop Bcrnwald at the Ik'- ginning of the eleventh century, and containing his tomb. Saint .Michael has an interesting in- terior, with good media'Val ceiling paintings. Hildesheini contains also a uuiiiIkm' of inter- esting secular buildings, notably the lillccnth- eentury late-Gothic Rathaus, adorned with rare frescoes by Prcll, and possessing v;iluable archives; and the former butchers' guild-house, regarded as jierhaps the finest wnoden building in Germany. There is an interesting media'Val public s(iuare — Altstiidter Markt. The environs are pleasant, and not without interest. In re- cent times Hildesheini has been brought into special prominence by the collection of elaborate Roman silver plate (known as the Hildesheimer Silberschiitz) discovered near the town in 1868. The collection consists of a complete service for three i)ersons (09 pieces), and is believed to be- long to the .ugustan age. It is in the Berlin Museum. The educational institutions of llil- desheim include a Cattiolie Gymnasium, origi- nally founded as a cathedral scnool in the ninth century, a Protestant Gymnasium, dating from the Middle Ages, a .seminary for teachers, a theo- logical seminary, an agricultural school, etc. There are also two museums of art and anti- quities, including the valuable Rrmier Museum, and a municipal library of about 30.000 vol- umes. Hildesheini manufactures iron products, tobacco, sugar, cotton and woolen goods, ma- chinery, church bells, carpets, prescnes, wagons, glass, stoves, etc. The chief articles of commerce are grain, wool, leather, and building materials. Population, in 1890. 33.481; in 1900, 42,973, in- cluding 14.300 Catholics. The town existed before the ninth century. It came into great prominence after it was made in 818 the seat of the Bishopric of Hildeslieim. Under Bishop Bcrnwald (993-1022) Hildeslieim became famous for its fine ecclesiastical buililiiiu's and religious art pro<luctions executed under the supervi>ion of the Bishop. In the tbirtc'eiilli cen- tury the town joineil the Hanseatic T.,eaguc and acquired considerable privileges. .Mter continuous struggles with its bishf)ps Hildesheini came, upcm the secularization of the bishopric, into the hands of Prussia in 1803. was annexed to Westphalia in 1807. and to Hanover in 1813, and with Han- over passed to Pru.ssia in 1806. Consult: Wachs-
