HILLEBRAND. 80 HILLER. rersalphihisophischr I'rulcijomena (1830); Dcr Orgaiiismiix ilcr itUilosophixchcn Idee ( 1842) ; and J'hilonDpliif tlis (Icistes (1835). HILLEBKAND, Karl ( 1829-84 ) . A Carman lii~tiiii:ui ami publicist, lli- was horn in Liii'ssen, and studied liiH llifre and at lleidelbiTji. He was iiiiprisoni'd for partioipatioii in the insur- rection at Baden in 184!), but escaped to France and completed his studies at the University of France and the iSorboiinc. He next taught IJer- man at the Military Academy at Saint Cyr, and in 1803 was apiKiintcd professor of forei-m literature at Douai. At the outbreak of the Franco-fJernian War he went to Italy as corre- spondent of the London 7'imfs and settled at Florence. He contributed numerous articles to French, English, Italian, and Oernian periodi- cals, and published many separate works, includ- ing the prize essay Ues conditions dc la bonne roii'i-dir ( 1803) ; La I'riissc eonttmporaine et ses institutions (1807); Zeiten, Viilkir und Men- schcn. Gcsammelte .lii/'-sufrc (1874-85); (Jc- schichte rninLieiclis inn dcr Thronbesteigung Ludvig I'liilips bis :iiin Fall Xnpolcons III. (1877-791; and L"ctiircs on flerninn Thought During tht Last Tuo Hundred Years (1880). Consult Homberger, Karl Hillebrand (Berlin, 1884). HILLEBRANDT, Ai.khed ( 1853— ) . A Ger- man San--krit xbolar. born at Grossnildlitz. He studied at Hreslau and Munich, and became pro- fessor in the former university. His especial branch of study is Vedic mythologj'. IVin/fia und Mitra (1877) was a prologue to his great work Vcdischc Mylhologie (1S91-1902). Hillebrandt ,">lso wrote: Dns altindisrhc Xeu- und Vollmonds- opfrr (1880); Vcdnchrislomalhir (lSS5),a sec- tion on religious antiquities in Huhler's Orundrins dcr indo-arischcn Phitnlogic und Allcrtumskunde (1897): and Alt-lndicn, Kulturgeschichtlichc Rlnzzen (1899). HILO-EL. called HABAnu ("the Babylo- nian), or IJAZZAKtN ('the elder'). A .Jewish rabbi who died a few years after the beginning of the Christian Era. By birth a Babvlonian, he left his home and came to .Jerusalem to study the law. By doing manual labor he was enabled to support himself while attending the lectures of Shemayah and .btalion. the president and vice-president respectively of the Sanhedrin. His progress was rapid. His solution of a dilTi- culty which arose concerning the lawfulness of slaughtering the Paschal Lamb on the Sabbath led to his being appointed president of the .San- hedrin (B.C. 30). and he held this position till about A.n. 10. Hillel's character was gentle, pa- tient, and jx-ace-loving. It is Tlillel to whom is pseribed the maxim. "What is hateful imto thee do not unto others." He plays an important part in the history of .Jewish legal science. He intro- duced a set of seven rules, by which the Scriptures are to be interpreted and laws derived from them. Entirely the opposite of Hillel in character was Shaminai (q.v.), the vice-president of the San- hedrin. His teaching was marked by a strict adherence to the letter and great vigor. The difJerence Iietneen the leaders was continued bv their followers, so that, years afterwards, we still encounter tliC school of Hillel and the school of Shammai. The honor and respect won by Hillel was so great that his position of pres- ident of the Sanhedrin remained in his family. — Hii.i.Ki. Hanxasi ('the prince' I. A descendant of the preieiling. who lived about A.n. 350. He was also president of the Sanhedrin and had chargi' of the school at Tiberias. His great work was the arranging of the Hebrew calen- dar. In this he followed the svstem instituted by Melon. HILT-ER, Kkhwxani) (1811-85). An emi- nent (.ierman pianist, conductor, and compo.scr, born at I'ranklort. From early boyhood he waa a student of music, his concert debut (akin)> place at ten years of age, followed two years later by the production of his lirst composition. His (irst teachers were Hofmann for the violin, Aloys Schmitt for the i>ianoforte, and Vollweiler for iiarmony and countcr])oint. Later (1825) he be- came a pupil of Hummel at Weimar. For seven years ( 1828-35) he was engaged as teacher of composition at Choron's .School of JIusic, Paris, but eventually gave up his position so that he might better equip himself as a pianist and com- poser. He returned to Frankfort the following year (1830), and devoted himself to composition. His abilities were recognizeil. and although but twenty-live, he was asked to act as conduilor of the Ciicilienvercin during the illness of Schclble. lie had by this time attracted the notice of Kos- sini and jlcndelssohn, the former assisting him to launch his first opera, llomilda (which was a failure), at Milan, and the latter obtaining for him the entrC-e to the Gewandhaus, and alTording an opportunit.v for the public presentation of his oratorio Die Zcrstorung Jcrusalcms (1840). After a ,vear of stud.v in Church music at Ivome, he returned to Leipzig, and during the season of 1843-44 conducted the Gewandhaus concerts. By this time his position in the musical world was established, and honors and appointments were showered upon him. He became municipal kapellmeister of Diisseldorf in 1847, and in 18.50 received a similar appointment at Cologne, in which latter cit.v he founded the well-known Cologne Conservatory. He was conductor at the Italian Opera in Paris during the season of 1852-53. Meanwhile he had increased his repu- tation and prestige by his conductorship of the Giirzenich concerts and the Lower Rhine music festivals. He was elected a meml)er of the Royal Academ.v of Fine Arts, Berlin, in 1849, and in ISOS received the title of do<'tor from the Uni- versity of Bonn. As a composer Hiller ranks high, not for the magnitude and depth of his work, but for its poetry, elegance, and rhvthmic melody. His compositions include operas (six), none of them of more than local significance ; six cantatas, one or two of which have been popular in England, and one (The Lorelei) occasionall.v heard in America. Other works comprise pieces in every form and variet.v of composition. He was also a very successful lecturer and a forceful WTiter. his contributions to reviews and news- papers having been since collected in book form. He also published among others: llusikalisches und I'ersdnliches (1870); W'ic hijren icir MusiKf (1880); Ooethea musilcalixches Lebcn (1880); and Krinnerungsbliittcr (1884). He died at Co- logne. HILLEB, JoiiA.N.N .DAM (1728-1804). An important German dramatic compo.ser, born at Windiscli-Ossig, near Giirlitz. He was of musi- cal parentage, and was endowed with a fine so- prano voice, which obtained for him a course
