HILLEB. 81 HILL-PAKTRIDGE. of free instruction at the Giirlitz Gymnasium, from which he went to tlie Kreuzschule at Dresden, where he became a pupil of Homilius for pianoforte and thorough-bass. Later he went to ]>eipzig for study at the university, and while there earned a bare existence as flutist and singer in local concerts and by private teaching. His first good fortune came with his appointment as tutor to the son of Count Briihl at Dresden, with whom he went in 1738 to Leipzig. It was during his stay here at this time that he con- ceived the idea of reviving the old subscription concerts, an attempt which ultimately led to the founding of the famous Gewandhaus concerts, of which he was the first conductor. From 1780 to 1801 he was music director of the Thomas- fchule. He also founded a singing school in 1771. To him has been given the credit of being the originator of the Singspiet, the beginning of Ger- man comedy opera as distinct from the French and Italian developments. The most important of these were: Loltchen am Bofe (17G0); Der Tcufcl ist los (1768) ; PoUia, oder Das gerettete Troja (1782). The lyrics of all his Singspiele were of considerable musical value, and have been long popular. Among liis sacred composi- tions are: A Passion Cantata; Funeral Music in Honor of Basse; the one hundredth Psalm; and a few symphonies. He also edited many impor- tant collections of music, and wrote considerably concerning musical topics. He was one of the most important German musical scholars and writers of the eighteenth century. He died at Leipzig. HIL'LERN", WiLHELMixE VON (1830—). A German novelist, born at ilunich, daughter of the popular dramatist Charlotte Bireh-PfeiflVr. She is best remembered for her satire of blue-stock- ings in Der Arzi der Heele (1869), and for a charming tale of Freiburg-im-Breisgau in Refor- mation days, Boher als die Kirche (1876). Worthy of mention also arc Die Gcier-WalUi (1873)". cleverly dramatized by her in 1881, and the Black Forest sketches Ein Blick ins M'eite (1807). HILL FORTS. Defensive positions on hills. The customs of earh' groups of people as to de- fensive locations for residence on elevations have determined the foundation of many of the most famous cities. Hill forts of various periods from the most ancient are common throughout the world, and refer to the monuuients and set- tlements of small groups of men. both securing them from attack and forming a base for indus- trial occupations and forays. Rome, Athens, and Jerusalem were such hill forts. Settlements on plains or shores represent either times or locali- ties of greater security or the weight of large bodies of men discounting attack, and they supply the means of building great artificial fortifications. The history of nearly every na- tion gives evidence of this period, and these forts are still found among the more primitive tribes, especially in India. HILLrHOTTSE, Jasies (17.54-1832). An American legislator, bom at Montville. Conn. He graduated at Yale in 1773 and practiced law. He took an active part in the war of the Revolu- tion, .nnd when New Haven was attacked bv the Knglish under Trvon in 1770. was captain of the Governor's Guards. He I)ecanie a Federalist member of Congress in 1791. and from 1795 to 1810 was a member of the United States Senate. In 1815 he was a member of the Hartford Con- vention. That Xew Haven is known as the 'Elm City' is largely due to Senator Hillhouse, who set out with his own hands many of these trees. HILLHOUSE, .James Abraham (1789-1841). An American poet. He was bom in Xew Haven, Conn., the son of Senator James Hillhouse, gradu- ated at Yale in 1808, and for some time was en- gaged in business in Xew York City. After 1822 he devoted himself almost wholly to literature. His chief works are: The Judgment : A Vision (1812), and the dramas Percy's Masque (1820) and Hndad (182.5). An edition of his works was published in two volumes in 1839. His heaw, ambitious dramas were once highly praised. HILLIARD, hil'yerd, Francis (1806-78). An .merican jurist, born in Cambridge, Mass. He graduated at the Harvard Law School in 1823, and served for a time as judge, but is known principally as a writer of legal text-books. His best-known works are-: American Law of Heal Property (2d ed. 1846) ; American Jurisprudence (2d ed. 1848) ; Law of Mortgages of Real and Personal Property (1853): Treatise on Torts (1850) ; and The Laic of Injunctions (1864). HILLIARD, Henry Washington (1808-92). An American lawjer, born in Fayetteville. X. C. He graduated in 1826 at .South Carolina College, and. was admitted to the bar in 1829. From 1831 to 1S34 he was a professor in the Alabama Uni- versity, Tuscaloosa, and in 1838 was elected to the State Legislature. In 1842-44 he was charge d'affaires in Belgium, and from 1845 to 1851 was a member of Congress from Alabama. He op- posed the .secession of the South, but subsequently accepted the posts of commissioner toxTennessee and brigadier-general in the provisional Confed- erate Army. From 1877 to 1881 he was United States Minister to Brazil. He published: Roman yights. from the Italian (1848) : Speeches and Addresses (185.3) : and De Vane (1865). HILL anjSTARB. See Bunias. HILL-MYNA (hill + myna, from Hindi maina. starling). The common name, in India, of the 'grakles' of the family Eulabetid.-e. These starling-like birds belong to the group called ■glossy starlings,' and especially to the genus Eulabetes. They are birds of moderate size and glossy black plumage, marked by fleshy yellow or orange wattles on the head. Tlie shortness and squareness of the tail are noticeable. The best- known species is that of Southern India and Ceylon (Eulabetes religiosa). which is distin- guished from the others by two long patches of bare skin on the neck : al.«o by a white spot at the base of the wingquills. They live in the forest and feed on small fruits. They arc ex- cellent mimics, learn easily to whistle and talk, and are not only highly prized as cage-birds in India, but are exported in large numbers. Other species are known in Xorthem India and east- ward. See Mtna-Bird. HILL - PARTRIDGE, or Tree - Partridge. One of a numerous group of partridges (genus Arboriphila) which frequent elevated forested re- gions from the Himalayas eastward to Formosa. They are mostly of very dark colors. The plumage is alike in both sexes, and the eggs are pure white. They frequently alight on trees when flushed by dogs, but live upon the ground like
