Ministry of State, Louvre; Presentation of the
Virgin." Trinity; Church, Paris.
LEVY, UVve, Jakob (1819-92). A .Jewish Orientalist, born at Dobrzyze, in Posen. He was educated at Breslau; in 1845 became Rabbi at Rosenberg, and in 1850 went to Breslau, where he taught (1871-75) in a Jewish school and later in the university. His principal works are: ChalcMisches Worterbiich iiher die Targumim ( 1807-68) ,and a Xeuhebriiisches und chalddischcs Worteriuch iiher die Tolmudim und Midraschim (187G sqq.).
LEWAL, le-val', Jules Louis (1823—). A French general. He was born in Paris; entered the army in 1846; served in the Italian cam- paign of 1859, with the French troops in Mexico (1862), and, after cooperation with Niel in the army reforms, in the Franco-Prussian War. He was promoted to brigadier in 1874; became head of the Military Academy three years after; in 1885 was Minister of War in Ferry's Cabinet; and in 1888 was appointed inspector-general. He wrote: La refornie de I'armee (1871); Etudes de guerre (1872 and 1890); Tactique (1875-83); iitrategie de innrche (1893); and Strategie de combat ( 1895 sqq.) .
LEWALD, hVvalt, August (1792-1871). A German author, born at Ktinigsberg. He en- tered the Russian service at Warsaw, as secre- tary, during the War of Liberation. He became an actor, and after 1818 he was manager and di- rector of theatres at Hamburg, Stuttgart, and elsewhere. In 1835 lie founded at Stuttgart the periodical Europa, and afterwards became editor of the conservative Deutsche Chronik. A collec- tion of his works, made by himself, was published in twelve volumes (1844-45), including the auto- biographical Aquarelle aus dem Leben (1836-37 and 1840).
LEWALD, Fanny (1811-89). A German nov- elist and essayist, a cousin of August Lewald. She was born in Kiinigsberg, of Jewish parents, but joined the Protestant Church when she was sixteen. Travel developed her powers of composi- tion, and in 1841 she puldished her first novel in Europa, under the title Der Stellvertreter. Four years later, after travels in Italy, she settled in Berlin, where she maried Adolph St.ahr (q.v.) in 1855. She wrote the novels: Klementine (1842); Jenny (1843); Nella (1870); Die Erloserin (1873); Neue KovetlendST!); and Stella, which has been translated into English (1884). She also wrote sketches of travel, and the autobio- graphical Meine Lebensgeschichte (1861-63); and, treating the question of woman's rights, of which she was an ardent supporter, Osterbriefe filr die Frauen (1863), and Fiir und wider die Frauen (2d ed. 1875). Consult Frenzel, Erinnerungen und Htromungen (Leipzig. 1890).
LEW-CHEW, LEW-KEW. See Loo-CHOO.
LEWENHAUPT. Ifi'vpn-houpt, Adam Ludvig (1659-1719). A Swedish general. He was born near Copenhagen; studied at L^sala, Lund, Rostock, and Wittenberg; served in the .Austrian army against the Turks, and under William III. in Holland; and in 1697 returned to Sweden. In the war waged by Charles XII. against Peter the Great and his allies he was intrusted with the defense of Courland, and defeated the enemy in several engagements (1703-05). Lewenhsiupt fought bravely at Poltava in 1709, and after that disastrous battle was forced to surrender the remnant of the Swedish forces to the Russians. He was kept a prisoner in Russia, and he lived in Moscow until his death, in 1719. His memoirs, edited by his son-in-law, were published at Stock- holm in 17.57.
LEWES, luls. The capital of Sussex. Eng- land, on the Ouse, 50 miles south of London, and 7 miles from Newhaven, its port (Map: England, G 6). It contains the ruins of a Cluniac priory founded in 1078, and a free grammar school founded and endowed in 1512. It has also a school of science and art, a free library, a county hall, and a town hall. There are large annual sheep fairs. Near Mount Harry-on-the-Downs occurred the battle of Lewes, in which Henry III. was defeated (May 14, 1264) by the insurgent barons under Simon de Jlontfort. Lewes is of remote origin. Roman coins have been discovered in the neighborhood, and there are traces of an- cient mounds. It was a royal demesne of the South Saxon rulers, and mints were established there by Athelstan. Population, in 1891, 10,997; in 1901, 11,200. Consult: Horsfield, History of Lewes (2 vols., Lewes, 1824-27); Mantell, The Ancient Toicn of Leic^s (London, 1846).
LEWES. A town in Sussex County, Del., about 35 miles southeast of Dover; on Delaware Bay, and on the Philadelpliia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad (Map: Delaware, Q 5). It has a good harbor, artificially secured by a mas- sive stone breakwater; is the headquarters of the Delaware Bay pilots; and exports large quantities of vegetables and fruit for Northern markets. Population, in 1900, 2259. LEWES, George Henry (1817-78). An Eng- lish author. He was born in London, April 18, 1817; was educated at various schools, entered upon a commercial career, studied medicine, and finally resolved to devote himself to authorship. In his twenty-first year he proceeded to Ger- many, where he remained for two years, studying the iife, language and literature, and philosophy of that country. On his return to England he took up his residence in London, and began to write for the newspapers and magazines, till finally he became one of the most successful of litterateurs. Lewes edited with admirable tal- ent the Leader, from 1849 to 1854; composed novels, comedies, and tragedies, and ultimately turned his active mind to the study of physiology and cognate branches of science, in which he won considerable repute. He married Agnes .Jervis in 1840, but the union was unhappy and he sepa- rated from her in 1854 to live with Marian Evans (George Eliot) as man and wife. His principal works are: his Biographical History of Philosophy from Thules to Comte (1845), a new edition of which, much enlarged, was afterwards published; The l?i>anish Drama, Lope de Vega and Calderon (1846); Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences, a work which is not a mere translation of the French savant, but in several ])arts a complete remodeling; lAfe and Works of Oocthe (1855); Seaside Studies at Ilfracombe (18.58); Physiologti of Common Life (1859); Prohlcms of Life and Mind (1874-79); On Actors and the Art of Acting (1875). In 1865 T^wes founded the Fortnighth/ Review, and for a time was its edi- tor. He died November .30. 1878. In philosophy he was n positivist. (See Positivism.) His His- torii was written to prove the unattainability of metaphysical truth, although in his later writings
