LUBBOCK. 509 LUBECK. highest concepts, and traced each one in its origin, development, and varieties under different environments and among various primitive tribes. A large share of his labors was devoted to experimental observation, to research, and to stud}' in several departments of biology, notably in entomology'. His first paper on an entomolog- ical topic to attract attention was published in the Transactions of the Roj-al Philosophical So- ciety of London for 18.57, on "The Ova and Pseu- dova of Insects." This was followed by various anatomical and embryological papers, the most notable being Metamorphoses of a May-fly (186.3- 65), in which he showed that the lana molts twenty-three times. In 1867 he published his discovery of that remarkable little myriapod- Hke animal, Pauropus, which probably turned his attention to the wingless insects now forming the groups Thysanura and Colembola, and in 1873 the Eay Society issued his chief systematic work, A Monograph of the Colembola and Thysa- nura. This work has now become antiquated, but was for a long while the standard authority on the subject of these insects, and there is no doubt that it did much to stimulate investiga- tion of these hitherto neglected creatures. In 187.3 he publishc'd in Xature a series of articles on the origin and metamorphoses of insects, and these articles were brought together in a vol- ume (1873) which has always had a high place among the workers on the phylogeny of insects. He contended that the group Insecta is descended from some campodeiform ancestor, and showed that the larvfe of insects undergo an evolution more or less independent from that of the adult, being influenced by an entirely different environ- ment and mode of life. In 187.5 he published his charming book British ^Vild Flowers Considered in Relation to Insects, and in 1879 the Linnaean Society Journal began to publish the results of his experiments on some social insects, which were collected under the title Ants, Bees, and ^Vasps (1882), and became his most popular and best-known work ; it shows a vast amount of close observation. His dediictions have been dis- puted, notably by the German writer Bethe (see Insects, paragraph S'ocial Insects) ; but his ob- servations form records of great value. In addition to the books above mentioned. Lord Avebury is the author of Addresses, Political and Educational (1879) ; Fifty Tears of Science (1882); Flotcers, Fruits, and Leaves (1886); ffenses. Instincts, and Intelligence of Animals (1888); Pleasures of Life (1891); C7.se of Life (1894): The Scenery of Sirit::erland and the Causes to Which It Is Due (1896) ; The Scenery of England, etc. (1901), and many special papers. LUBBOCK, Sir .John Willi.si (1803-6,5). An English astronomer, born at Westminster. He received his education at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1825. He devoted himself to astronomical research, and contributed many papers to the Proceedings of the Royal Astronomical Society and Royal Soci- ety, of which he became member in 1828 and 1829. respectively. He aided in the establishment of the British Almanac (1827). His investiga- tions on the tides were rewarded with a medal by the Royal Society in 1834. He gave a uniform method for the calculation of cometary and planetary orbits, and proved, in a more general way than Laplace, the stability of the solar sys- tem. He contributed also to the lunar theory and reduced the tabular errors of the moon. He applied the theory of probability to questions connected with life insurance. Besides nis con- tributions to the Philosophical Transactions, his most important works are: An Elementary Treatise on the Computation of Eclipses and Occultations (1835) ; On the Theory of the Moon and the Perturbations of the Planets (1833-61); Remarks on the Classification of the Different Branches of Human Knowledge (1838) ; ^ii Ele- mentary Treatise on the Tides (1839). LUBECK, ly'bek. A German principality, be- longing to tlie Duchj' of Oldenburg, bounded by Holstein, Liibeck Bay ( an inlet of the Baltic) , and the free State of Liibeck, Area, 330 square miles. It is a hilly region, well watered and wooded, and for the most part fertile. It has a council of eleven members, and is represented in the Land- tag of Oldenburg. Population, in 1890, 34,718; in 1900, 37,340. Formally recognized as a Prot- estant bishopric by the I'eacc of Westphalia in 1048, Liibeck was secularized in 1803, and became a part of Oldenburg in 1823, Eutin, the seat of government of the principality, is an interesting old town of about 5000 inhabitants, and is known as the birthplace of Weber. LtJBECK. One of the three city States of the German Empire (Map: Germany, D 2). It is composed of the free Hanseatic city of Liibeck, on the Trave, 40 miles by rail northeast of Ham- burg; the territory lying between Prussia, the Baltic Sea, Mecklenburg, and Oldenburg; and nine enclaves in Holstein, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Old- enburg, and Lauenburg. Total area, 115 square miles. The population of the State in 1900 was 96,775, chiefly Protestant, of whom 82,098 were in the city of Liibeck. The country is mainly a gently rolling plain, devoted to agriculture, and abundantly watered and provided with water transportation. The city of Liibeck consists of the inner town, between the navigable Trave and the Wakenitz, and the three suburbs of Sankt Lorenz, Sankt Gertrud, and Sankt .Jiirgen. The inner town, with its towers, gates, and gabled houses, is still mediaeval in appearance. It is especially noted for many fine examples of medi;eval brick structures. The Church of Saint Mary (1280- 1304) is one of the finest specimens of this kind of architecture. It has three naves and two towers about 410 feet high. Its interior is pro- fusely decorated with paintings by old German masters, statuaiy, and wood-carving. Among these objects are valuable paintings by Bonuan and Overbeck, a fine Gothic ciborium. and some excellent stained glass. Noteworthy is the Brief- kapelle or Cha])el of Letters, which owes its name to written or printed prayers formerly sold here, with pictures of the saints. The cathedral, founded by Henry the Lion in 1173 and completed in the fourteenth century, is largely Gothic, although a part of the original Romanesque basilica is retained. Tt i« an attr.active edifice with a lK>au- tiful vestibule. Among the numerous objects of fine art which it contains may be mentioned an altar-piece by Memling — a triptych with sev- eral scores of figures. The Church of Saint Catharine is also worthy of mention. The most prominent of the secul.ar buildings is the Rat- haus (1250-1442).a very interesting Gothic brick building with gables and spires. Its northern
