LUDWICH. 525 LUGANO. LUDWICH, l.TrKl'io, Arthtjb (1840—). An eminent German classical philologist, born at Lyck, professor in the University of Kijnigsberg. Ludwieh's most important works deal with the Homeric poems and questions relating to them. Among his writings are: ticiiolia in Homeri OJyssew Auctiora ( Konigsberg, 1888) ; Homeri Odyssea (Leipzig. 1889, 1891); Uomerica I.-XII, (Konigsberg, 18il3-9G) ; Die Uomerische liutru- chomachia, etc. (Leipzig, 1896) ; Die Bomervtil- gate aU voralexandrinisch ericiesen (Leipzig, 1898) ; Der Karer Pigre.i und sein Thierepos Batrachoviachia (1000). Besides these he is the author of many monographs on philological sub- jects. LUDWIG, lOod'viK. Alfred ( 1832—) . A Ger- man philologist and Sanskrit scholar. He was burn in Vienna, was educated there and at Ber- lin, and in ISOC became professor of comparative philologj' at Prague. His published works are marked by no small originality, and by inde- pendence of commonly accepted views both in general and Indian linguistics. They include: Der Inpnitiv im Veda (1871); Agglutination Oder Adaption (1873) ; Die pliilosophischcn und religiosen Anschauiingen des Veda (1875); and Der Rigvedii (1870-88), a translation, with com- mentary, which advances the theory, also held by Sayce, that many verb forms are mere adapted noun cases and not compounds of verb stem and pronominal sulli.x, the standard from the tradi- tional side. The last work has been augnmentcd by Veher die Kritik des Rigtedatextes (1880) and Veher die Methode bei Interpretation des Rigieda (1801). He also wrote on P/aioHs J.po- loflie des Solcrates und Kriton (1856; 6th ed. 1879). LUDWIG, Karl (1830-1001). A C4erman landscape painter. Iioi-n at Riindiild, Saxe-ileinin- gen. From the study of sculpture at Nuremberg, he turned to painting at ihmich, where he was the pupil of Piloty in 1861-65. Two years after- wards he went to Diisseldorf, and in 1877-80 was professor at Stuttgart, then settled in Berlin, where he was elected a member of the Academy. Prominent exam|dcs of his extensive mountain views, chiclly from the Alpine regions, are the "Saint Gottiiard Pass" (1878, National Gallery, Berlin); the same (1879, Stuttgart Museum); "Alpine Landscape" (1882) and "Albula Pass" (1892), both in the Dresden Gallery; and "On the High Frassen in Vorarlberg" (1890, bought by the Bavarian Government in 1890), LUDWIG, Kakl FRiEnRicii Wilhelm (1816- 95). A German physiologist, born at Witzen- hausen, Hesse. He was educated at Erlangen and Marburg, became professor of comparative anato- my at !Marburg in 1840. and was made professor of' physiology at Leipzig in 1865. The doctrine of 'vitalism' was aban<loned by physiologists largely through his researches, and many of liis con- tributions have formed essential elements in the structure of modern physiology. His principal work is Lchrhuch der Phi/siologie des ilenschen (18.52-56). LUDWIG, Otto (181.3-65). A German dram- atist, novelist, and critic. He was born at Eisfeld, in Saxe-:Meiningen, Obliged by ill health to give up music, which he had studied under ^lendelssohn, he turned his attention to litera- ture. He first established his reputation by two tragedies, Der Erbfiirslcr (1853) and Die Mak- kabiier (1854). The story Zwiachen Himmel und Krde (1857) is a work of extreme power. His Hhakcspeare-Htudicn (1871. enlarged edition 1892) ranks high among critical works of its class. His collected writings were published in 1891-92. LUDWIG SALVATOB, sal-vii'tor (1847-). An .Xrclidukc of Austria and a traveler and au- thor, born in Florence, the son of Grand Duke Leopold H. of Tuscany. He devoted himself in his youth to scientific studios, and developed no small skill as a draughtsman. He traveled through the Mediterranean, to Asia, Africa, and America, and his books, mostly illustrated by his own pencil, include: Eine Jachtreise indie Hyrten (1874) ; Los Angeles in HUdkalifornien (1885) ; Die lialearen ( 1860-91 ) ; Um die Welt ohne zu wollen (4th ed, 1886) ; and Die Liparischcn In- seln (1807), LUDWIGSBURG, lood'vlKs-biTT-.rK. A town of Wiirttemberg, Germany. 9 miles north of Stutt- gart. It was founded in 1706 by Unke Kberhard Louis as a rival to Stuttgart, and was later greatly enlarged by Duke Charles (Map: Ger- many, C 4). Ludwigsburg is the second royal residence. Fine public squares and promenades, and a royal castle, with a splendid picture gal- lery and gardens, are among its attractions. The main imiiortance of the town lies in the fact that it is the chief military depot of Wiirttem- berg, with a cannon-foundry, an arsenal, and a military academy. Among its manufactures are metallic wares, musical instrtiments, cotton and woolen goods, etc. Population, in 1900, 19,359. LUDWIGS CANAL. See Daxube. LUDWIGSHAFEN, lood'viKs-hii'fen. The chief industrial and commercial centre of the Rhine Palatinate, Bavaria, situated on the left bank of the Rhine opposite Mannheim, with which it is connected by a railway bridge (Map: Germany, C 4). It has a good harbor, and extensive manu- facturing establishments. These include the largest chemical works in the world (Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik) and manufactures of various acids, fertilizers, shoddy, vinegar, flour, .spirits, wagons, njachinery, bridge materials, etc. Prior to 1843 the place was only of strategic importance as the tfte-de-pont of Mannheim. In that year the settlenient was founded by King Louis I, of Bavaria, and in 1859 was made a city. Its population increased by the annexation of adjacent places from 28,768 in 1890 to 61,914 in 1900. LUES, lu'ez (Lat., plague). An old term, biit still much employed as a synonym for syphilis (q.v.). LUFFT, iHTift, Haxs ( 1405-1584 K A German printer and publisher, conmionly called 'the Bible printer,' because of his Connection with Luther. In 1534 he printed at Wittenberg the first com- plete edition of Luther's Bible, in two quarto volumes with illuminations in gold and colors by Lucas Cranach. LtifVt printed in the forty years following more than one hundred thousand copies of the German Bible. He also printed most of the other works of Luther. Consult the biogra- phy by Zeltner (Altdorf, 1727). LUGANO, loo-ga'nA. A town of the Canton of Ticino. Switzerland, on the northwest shore of Lake Lugano, 925 feet above sea-level (Map:
