MACKENZIE. 629 MACKENZIE. in the Bloomsburg Xormal School of the same State, at Thillips Exeter Academy, and at Lafay- ette College, where he graduated in 187H. After studying theology at Princeton he was a|)pointed head master of the Lawreneeville School and held this position till 1899, when, after a few months abroad, he was made director of Tome Institute, Port Deposit, ild. In the following year he founded the ^Mackenzie School at Dobbs Ferry, MACKENZIE, Sir Morell (1837-92). An eminent English laryugologist. Born at Leyton- stone, Essex, the son of a physician, he received his professional education at the London Hospital iledical College, where he took his degree in 1862, and at Paris and Budapest. At the latter city lie met Czermak, who taught him the use of the laryngoscope, in the employment of "nhich he soon became an expert, and which on his re- turn he introduced in London. In 1860 he be- came connected with the London Hospital and held successively the posts of resident medical officer, registrar, assistant physician, and phy- sician until 1874, when he resigned. He founded the London Throat Hospital in 1863. His opera- tive skill soon made him the most prominent man in his specialty in England, and led to his ap- pointment in 1887 to attend the Crown Prince of Germany, afterwards Emperor Frederick III., who was attacked with cancer of the throat. In spite of bitter controversies with the German physicians in attendance. Mackenzie remained with the Emperor until his death in 1888. For these services he was knighted by Queen Victoria and received the Grand Cross and Star of the Hohenzollcm Order of Germany. He was the first president of the British Larrngological So- ciety: president of the larjTigological section of the international medical congress held at Copen- hagen in 1884; was a corresponding member of the Royal Society of Vienna and of the Medical So- ciety of Prague; and an honorary fellow of the American Laryngological Association. His more important works are: The Use of the Laryngo- scope (London. 1866); Essay on Growths in the Larynx (London, 1871) : .1 Manual of Diseases of the Throat and Xose (New York. 1880) : The Hygiene of the Vocal Organs (London, 1886); and The Fatal Illness of Frederick the Soble (London. 1888). MACKENZIE, E.a.nald Sudell (1840-89). An American suldier. born in Westchester Coimty, IC. Y., son of A. S. ilackenzie. He entered Williams College, but soon went to West Point, where he graduated with first honors in 1862. He received a commission in the engineer corps, was sent to the front, and was wounded in the second battle of Bull Run. During the following years he took part in all the campaigns of the Army of the Potomac, was four times brevetted for 'gallant and meritorious services,' and on July 10, 1864. when only twenty-four years of age, was appointed colonel of the Second Connecticut Hea^■^- Artillery and given command of a brigade. During the closing years of the war he partici- pated in the Shenandoah campaign and com- manded a cavalry division under General Sheri- dan during the operations which culminated at Appomattox. After the conclusion of the war, Mackenzie was stationed on the western frontier, where he performed efiicient service against the hostile Indian tribes. During one of his expedi- tions against the Kickapoos and Lipans, he pursued them into Mexico and punished them severely. The Mexican Government objected to this violation of its territory and made it the subject of considerable diplomatic correspond- ence, but the authorities at Washington upheld General Mackenzie. He was appointed a briga- dier-general in the Regular Army in 1882, and retired from active service on March 24, 1884. MACKENZIE, William Lyox (1795-1861). Leader of the rebellion of 1837-38 in Upper Canada. He was born at Dundee, Scotland, but in 1820 emigrated to Canada and settled first at Y'ork (Toronto) and later at Queenstown, where he opened a bookstore, and in 1824 began the publication of a newspaper entitled the Colonial Advocate, in which he fiercely assailed the Gov- ernment. He soon afterwards removed to Y"ork, the capital of L'pper Canada, where he made him- self a political factor. In 1828 he was elected to the Legislature. In 1830 he was reelected, but the Assembly refused to receive him on account of an alleged libel on the Ministry. He was then thrice reelected and each time expelled. The Gov- ernment then, to prevent a recurrence of the trouble, refused to issue writs for another elec- tion. In 1829 he visited the United States, and in 1832 he was sent to England as the delegate of his party to secure the redress of certain abuses and the removal of certain officials — a mission which he successfully accomplished. After his re- turn he was, in 1834, chosen the first Mayor of the city of Toronto, formerly the town of York, and in the following October was again elected to the Assembly, where, his party being now in the majority, he was regularly seated. Two months later, December 9, 1834. he founded the Canadian Alliance Society, through the instrumentality of which he hoped to effect his reforms. Meantime he acted as chairman of a committee of griev- ances appointed by the Assembly, and this com- mittee submitted a report complaining among various things of the extent of the patronage of the Crown and of the small share which the Leg- islature had in disposing of the revenues. One of the results of this report was the recall of the Governor, Sir John Colborne. ileanwhile a large element of the French inhabitants of Lower Canada were organizing in opposition to the British regime, and in 183.5 Mackenzie was sent by his party to visit their leader. Louis J. Papi- neau (q.v.). In 1836 Mackenzie failed of re- election to the A.ssembly, and from this time events moved rapidly in the direction of rebellion. The Colonial Advocate had not appeared since 1834. but in 1837 Mackenzie started a new paper, the Constitution, in which he advocated violent measures, applauded the people of Lower Canada, who were on the brink of open insurrection, and on August 2d published the Declaration of the lieformers of Toronto to Their Fellow Reformers iH Lower Canada, which has been called the declaration of independence of Upper Canada. On Xovember 2.5, 18.37, Mackenzie proclaimed the establishment of a provisional government. Soon afterwards between seven and eight hundred men gathered under his leadership for the purpose of marching on the capital and setting up an inde- pendent government, but delays gave the Gov- ernor, Sir Francis Bond Head, time to prepare for defense, so that when they finally did advance, (hev were met on the evening of December .5th by
