MARPURG. Seeliausen in Prussian Saxony. Little is known of liis early life, but in 174(i lie was secretary to General von Rotlienburg at Paris, where he met Kanieau, Voltaire, and D'Alembert. From there he went to Hamburg, and in 1703 was made director of the Government lottery in Ber- lin. He composed six clavier sonatas, organ pieces, and sacred and secular songs. He is, how- ever, better known as a writer on nuisic, his most noteworthy works being: Abhandluiig von der Fuge (17o;j-54), a standard w'ork ; Haiidbuch beim Ucnrralbass und der Composition (1755- 58) ; AnlcituiKj sum Clavierspielen (1755) ; and Anleitung zur Musik iiberhaupt und zur Sing- kunst insbcsondere (1763), which are of inter- est at the present time. MARQXTAND, miirkand', Henry Gurdon ( 1S1!)-1',M)2) . .
American capitalist and philan-
thro|)ist, born in New York City, He prepared for college, but went into business as agent of his brother, Frederick ilarquand (1799-1882), a New York jeweler and a benefactor of Union Theo- logical Seminary and Y'ale Divinity School. This post the younger brother held for twenty years, after Frederick's retirement in 1839. Afterwards he became prominent in Wall Street, especially in connection with railroad enterprises. Among his benefactions, mention should be made of a chapel and gymnasium presented to Princeton Univer- sity, of a pavilion to Helle'ue Hospital, and of contributions of paintings and other beautiful objects to the Jletropolitan JIuseum of Art. MARQUARDT, nuir'kvart, Jo.chim (1812- 82). A Carman historian, bom at Danzig. He studied at Berlin and at Leipzig, and in 1859 was appointed director of the Gymnasium at Gotha, where he remained until his death. His chief work was his continuation of W. A. Becker's Handbuch der roiiiischen Altertiimer (1849-67). To the second edition (1871-82), in which he was assisted by Theodor Jlommsen. he contributed Romische iStnatsirfrwaltuiig, vols, iv.-vi. ( 1873- 78. 1881-85) : and Dos Privatleben der Romer, vol. vii. (1879-82; 2d ed. 1886). MARQUE (Fr., seizure). Letters of. Com- missions issued by a belligerent State to vessels owned and manned by private persons authorizing them to carry on hostilities at sea against the other belligerent. The usage originated in the practice of issuing letters of license to go across the bormdary (mark or inarch) and make re- prisals. See Privateering. MARQUESAS (mar-ka'sas) ISLANDS, or MENDANA (man-da'ny^O ISLANDS (Fr. le.i ilarijuiscs) . A group of islands in Polynesia, in about latitude 10° S., and longitude 140° W. Area. 494 square miles (Map: World, Western Hemisphere. K 7 ) . The most important members of the group are Nukahiva ( 183 square miles) , and Hiva-oa (153 square miles). With the excep- tion of a few atolls, the islands are mountainous, falling abruptly into the sea on all sides, and reaching in Hiva-oa an altitude of 4158 feet. The summits are bare, and only the narrow valleys, terminating in small bays, and filled with luxuri- ant vegetation, are inhabited. The climate is hot and generally humid, though for six months in the year there is very little rainfall. The chief product, like that of Polynesia in general, is copra ; oranges are also produced. The IVfarque- sans form an interesting group of the Polynesian race, of which they are physically among the 85 MARQUETTE. best representatives. They are very tall, with sub-dolichocephalic head-form. In language they are clo.sely related to the llawaiians, and some hold that the Hawaiian Islands were peopled from the Jlarquesas. The .Marquesans themselves seem to have received their human inhabitants from the Society and Friendly Islands. Among Marquesan things worthy of note are the carved and ornamented a.xes and oars, the figures on which recall somewhat the 'writing' of the Faster Islanders; feather diadems; coeoanut slings; carved paddle-shaped clubs, etc. Their food con- sists very largely of breadfruit. The Marque- sans appear to have been warlike, and traces of cannibali-sm lingered long among them. The stone terraces of Waiko are of interest in connection with similar remains elsewhere in Polynesia. The inhabitants are steadily decreasing in num- bers. In the early part of the nineteenth cen- tury the population was estimated at 20.000; in 1876 it was 5240, and in 1900 4300. The Mar- quesans are all civilized and Christians; there are very few Europeans in the islands. The group is administered by native chiefs subject to the French Resident at Hiva-oa. The southern group of the Marquesas was discovered in 1595 by MendaBa de Nej'ra, a Spanish navigator; the northern group was discovered in 1791 by an American, Ingraham, who gave it the name of Washington Islands. They were left vei-y much to themselves until 1842, when the}- were an- nexed by France. Consult Vincendon, lies Mar- quises (Paris, 1843). MAR'QUETRY (Fr. marqueferie, from mar- qucter, to inlay, from marque, mark; connected with AS. mearc, Eng., Icel. mark). The art of inlaying wood with wood of other colors or with other materials, as metal, ivory, shell, etc. See BouLLE. Andre Charles; Iniaying; Mosaic. MARQUETTE, mar-kef. A city and the county-.seat of JIarquette Countj;, Mich., 170 miles west of Sault Sainte Marie; on Marquette Bay, an inlet of Lake Superior, and on the Du- luth. South Shore and Atlantic, and other rail- roads that connect with the mining centres of the Lake Superior mineral region (Map: Michigan, F 2 ) , The city, noted for its charming scenery, clear and cool atmosphere, and fine buildings and streets, is popular as a summer resort, and is the principal shipping point for the mineral wealth, mainly iron, of the region. It has a fine harbor and regular steamship communication with important lake ports, and its ore docks, well equipped with the latest devices for handling traffic, are among the largest in the world. There are a large brownstone quarry-iron works, foun- dries, and machine shops ; carriage, sash, door, and blind factories; brick yards; lumber and flouring mills, etc. Among the notable struc- tures are the LInited States Government building, city hall, Northern Normal School, new manual training and high school, opera house. Peter White Public Library, Protestant Episcopal and Roman Catholic cathedrals, and the Upper Penin- sula State Prison and House of Correction. Presque Isle, a headland of 400 acres north of ilarquette, was presented to the city by the Federal Government and has been converted into an attractive park. The water-works and electric light plant are owned by the municipality. Mar- quette, named in honor of P6re Marquette, the French missionary explorer, was settled in 1845,
