MARQUETTE. 86 when the rich deposits of iron ore began to be ex- ploited. The first dock was completed in 1854 and a railroad to the mines three years later. The i-itv's sub.se(iiient prosperity has been marked. Population, in 18SI0, 90!I3; in 1900, 10,058. MARQUETTE, J.C(iLKs |l(i;i7 75). A French missionary and explorer in .Vmerica. He was born at Laon, in France. When seventeen he entered the Jesuit Order, and in ItiUO was sent as a missionary to Canada. There his superiors sent him to the country of the Upper Lakes, and in llitiS he founded the Mission of Sault Sainte .Marie. In 107.'} Marquette, who was then in charge of the newly founded mission at .Mackinaw, was instructed to accompany Louis .loliet on his expedition, sent by the Governor, Count Frontenac, to find the Mississippi. Seven men, in two birch canoes, set out on May 17th. They went to Crcen Bay, up the Fox River, the rapids of which they passed hy portage, and then on to its source, where guides were obtained from an Indian village. They crossed to the Wisconsin and lliiated down that stream for a week. On •lune 17th they entered the Mississippi, on the waters of which another week was passed before they reached a village of Illinois Indians. They passed the junction of the Mississijipi and Mis- souri rivers, and at the mouth of the .rkansas found Indian villages, whose occii])ants received them with great kindness and no little curiosity. The voyagers continued southward to latitude 30°. then, fearing lest they should be made prisoners by the Spaniards, they started on the return trip. On reaching the Illinois River they ascended it, and are siippose<l to have made the portage from the head of this stream to 1-ake Michigan, at or near the site of Chi- cago. After an absence of four numths, and a voyage in canoes of 2.'>rj0 miles, they again made (Ireen Hay. in the latter ])art of Septem- ber. Ill ()ctol>er (1074) Maniuette obtained per- mission from his superior to found a mission among the Illinois Indians. With ten canoes he went to (ireen Bay, made a dillicult portage through the forest to Lake Michigan, and fol- lowed the west shore of the lake to the (^hicago River, where the party built a hut and passed the winter, as Marquette had become so en- fechled by illness that it was impossible for him to proce<>d farther. In March he was able to resume the journey. The parly crossed the jiortage to the Illinois River, and were most hospitably received at the Indian town of Ka.s- kaskia. Marquette's condition was so serious that his parly was forced to turn homeward. They reached Lake Michigan and followed the eastern shore toward MichiliTnackimic. Mar- quette did not live to reach his post, dying on .May 18. l(!7r), near a small stream, a little south of that which now hears his name. He was buried in the wilderness, but in 107fi the bones were exhumed hy a party of Ottawa converts and carried to the mission of Saint Ignace, north of .Mackinaw, where they were interred beneath the floor of the chapel. Marquette was a man of sintnibir -weetncss and ..eri'iiily of disposition, and his innui'nce over the Indians was great and beneficent. For a detailed account of his voyages consult : Pnrkman. nisrnrrrii of the Clrrnl Wr.vt (Boston. ISfiOt : Shea. Diirnrrrii nnd Explora- linn of Ihr ytississippi Vallrit (New York. 18.52) : id.. Eiirhi Voniifirn T'p nnil noun Ihr f i.isi.inippi (Xew York. 1802), containing translations from MARRIAGE. the original narratives, which will be found in full in 77ie Jesiiil Rclutivns (Cleveland, 181IG .sqq. ) ; also Thwaitcs, Father Marquette (New York. I<lti2). MARQUEZ, nuir'kas, Leon-.ut)o (e. 1820-?). A Mexican general. He served against the United States in the Mexican War, and was a prominent supporter of Santa .Vnna in the rev(dutiunary movement of 184!1. After the fall of that dictator -Marquez espoused the cause of .Miiamuii and Zuloaga against .luaicz. In 18(!2 lie took up the cause of the French, and rendered important service to the establishment of the power of Ma.ximilian. by whom he was placed at the head of the regular army, and was, in I8li4, given the mission to Constantinople. He retunicd in 18(i0, and a year later, when the French withdrew, he undertook to organize a native army to support the Kmpiic. lie joined Maximilian at (i)uen'taro, l)Ut broke through the besiegers and made his way to -Mexico City for the purpose of organizing a force to relieve the Kinjieror. Finding this impossible, he conceived the plan of setting up an independent government of his own in the Southern States, with Puebla as its capital. He was defeated before he could reach that city and returned to .Mexico, where he was besieged by (Jen- eral Diaz. The city was captured, .lune 21, 1867, and Manpicz. after remaining in coiu-calment for several months, made his way to 'era Cruz, and then to Havana. He was expressly excluded from the amnesty of 1870. As a soldier and politician his motives were less marred by personal ambition than those of most of the lea<lers of Mexican airairs. He was fanatical and cold-blooded in his disregard of human life, receiving the nickname of "The Tiger of T.iciibaya" for the wholesale executions which followeil one of his guerrilla victories in 1859. For an account of Marquez's military career consult Bancroft. "History of Mixico." vols. v. and vi., in his llislori/ of the I'rici/ic SIdIt f: (San Francisco, ISS-JIKI).' MARQUIS, niiir'kwis. or MARQUESS (OF. niarkis, murt/itis. Fr. marquis, from ML. mar- chciisis, prefect of a frontier town, from mnrrha, iiiiirca. from OHG. markn. boundary, march). The (legiee of nobility which in the peerage of Englaiiil ranks next to duke. .Mar<|uises were originally commanders on the borilers or fron- tiers of countries, or on the scacoast, which they were bound to protect ; the Oernian equiva- lent is Markiirnf. The first English nianpiis in the modern sense was Rohert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, who was created Marquis of Dublin bv Richard II. in l.'!S5. The oldest existing marquis- ate is that of Winchester, created bv Edward 'l. in 1551. See M.vrk. MARRADI, ma rii'dc. Giovanni (18!i2— ). .
Italian poet, born at Leghorn. He was edu-
cateil at the University of Pisa and afterwards stiulicd at Florence. He is a disciple of Car- ducci, a writer of force and charm, and a word painter of more than usual excellence. His works are: Canzoni modernc (1878): Fnntnxie marine (1881): Canzoni e fnntasie (1883): Hirordi liriei ( 1S84) : Poesic ( 1887) : Xuovi canti (1891); and nallalr modernc (1895). MAR'RAM GRASS. See Ammophit.a. MARRIAGE (OF.. Fr. mnriapr. from AfT.. marilatlrum, marriage, from marilus, husband, from max. male, husband). . consorting or union of man and woman which is sanctioned
