PBODUCTTTS. 430 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION. Brachiopoda," in Patceonlology of New York, vol. %riii., part 1 (Albany, 1S92). PRO ECCLESIA ET PONTIFICE, prO ek- Ulr-Mii-a «"-l pon-tif'i-se (Lat.. For (Vliiireh anfl I'opc). A Papal order instituted in 1888 by Pope Leo XIII. on the occasion of the JMbilee commemorating the fiftieth anniversarj- of his entrance into the priesthood. The silver cross of the order bears the Papal arms sur- rounded by the motto Pro Ecclema et Pontifice, with the date of foundation on the arms of the cross. On the reverse is a bust of Leo XIII. with comets on the arms of the cross. The order was founded orif^inallj' for the donors and pil- jjrims to the jubilee, but is conferred in recogni- tion of devotion to the Papacy. PRCETUS, pre'tus (Lat., from Gk. XIpoiTos, J'roitos) . The son of Abas. He was expelled from Argos by his twin brother Acrisius. but v.'ith the assistance of lobates of L.ycia was re- store<l to his kingdom. His three daugliters were maile mad by Dionysus or Here and the conta- gion spread among the other women of Argos. They were cured by llelampus and Bias, between whom Prietus agreed to divide his kingdom. Bellerophon was cliarged by the wife of Proetus with improper proposals, and Prcetus attempted to imt him to death by means of a letter to lobates. Perseus turned Prcetus into stone through the sight of the Jledusa head in revenge for his having expelled Acrisius from his king- dom. PRCETUS. A genus of trilobites, the species of which range through Ordovician to Carbonifer- ous rocks, and are particularly common in the Devonian. They were small animals with a con- vex elliptical carapace, semicircular head, with prominent rounded labella and large eyes and distinct thickened margin. The thorax is made up of ten segments and its elevated axis is con- tinued on to the semicircular marginate pygidium. See Thii.orita. PROFANITY. Contemptuous mention of or reviling of the name of God, His attributes, or re- ligion. See Bl.vsphemy. PRO PERT (Lat., he produces). Under the old comnuin-law system of pleading, a statement or allegation in a declaration, that the plaintiff produces in court a deed or other instrument under seal on which he relies. See Oyer. PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION. The train- ing that fits men for the special vocations in which science is applied to the practical purposes of life. It supposes as its basis the knowledge and discipline which general culture affords. The leading professional schools in the Ignited States, following the example set by European universi- ties, require a liberal education as a prerequisite for matriculation. Professional education in Europe conforms to two general types: the centralized systems of France and Germany, and the more independent institutions of the British Isles. The French system since the Revolution has displayed at cer- tain periods an extensive governmental control. This was confirmed by the Ferry legislation of 1870 and ISSO dealing with secondary and higher instruction, and relaxed somewhat by the act of 1806. which enlarges the powers of the universi- ties and the responsibility of the communities in which they are situated. The bachelor's degree is now required for entrance to State professional courses. Preparation for the professions is af- forded by the faculties and schools of the State universities, and by the free (independent) facul- ties whose graduates must take the State ex- aminations. There are 12 preparatory schools and 4 schools of full functions (rcoles de plein cxcrcice) teaching medical and pharmaceutical science, their students being examined for the doctorate by university- faculties. In 1002 there were in the State institutions 127 students in Protestant theology', 10.472 in law. 8417 in medi- cine, 3346 in pharmacy. In private institu- tions there were 085 in law, 121 in medicine, and 15 in pharmacy. The course in Piotestant theology covers three years; in law three years, there being added requirements in each for a doctorate; in medicine four, after which two years must be spent in hospital practice. Midwives are obliged to study for a year in an institution of medical instruction and undergo an examina- tion. Diplomas are granted to foreign stu- dents, which confer the doctor's degree without conveying the right to follow a specilied profession in France. The Govern- ment alone bestows degrees. With a few ex- ceptions, the departments of France and Algiers ■ maintain elementary primary normal schools for men and for women; some maintain superior primary normal schools; and Paris has two superior normal schools for men and for women teachers of secondary schools. Professional training in Germany shows less than in France the influence of legislation and to a greater degree is built on the foundation of the early universities. The certificate of a gymnasium admits to professional courses. The 21 universities maintain faculties of theology, jurisprudence, and medicine, with the exception of iliinster. which has no medical school. In 1002 the students of theology numbere<l 3026: of law, 11,335: of medicine, 7341. The numerous pedagogic systems which (iernian thought has ])roduced have profoundly inlluenced the special preparation of the teacher and stimulated the development of teachers' training schools. Professional education in Great Britain and Ireland is supplied by the universities of Ox- ford, Cambridge, Scotland's four university foundations, and the University of Dublin, and by a number of newer institutions, including London. Durham, and Victoria universities and the University of Wales. The Royal University of Ireland holds examinations in law and medi- cine. The Catholic University of Ireland com- prises a medical school and several colleges in which theology is taught. -A. joint board appoint- ed by the four Inns of Court in London examines candidates for admission to legal study in the Inns, and the Council of Legal Education, nom- inated b.y the Inns, superintends studies and examines students for the bar. There arc numer- ous provincial medical schools. The preparation of teachers has enlisted much effort, denomina- tional and undenominational; and many training colleges, for women as well as men, have been established. In the United States there existed only two professional schools in 177'!: the Medical Col- lege of Philadelphia (now the medical depart- ment of the University of Pennsylvania) and the medical department of King's (now Cohimliia) College, the former established in 1765, the latter
