PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION. 431 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION. in 1768, Harviud University Medical School was established in 17S2. and the Dartmouth Medical College in 1797. Theological instrnction was ol.i- tained in the few colleges then existing, which were usually provided with chairs in Hebrew and theology. Private schools of divinity were not unknown ; bvit the theological seminary proper was the product of a somewhat later day. The Seminary of the Reformed Dutch Cluirch was established in 1784; Saint Mary"s, in Baltimore, under the direction of the Society of Saint Sulpice, in 1791 ; and the Theological Seminarv of the Associate Presbyterian Church to education in husbandry and engineering, par- ticularly the latter. In 1901 the departments of engineering and architecture in universities and colleges and the schools of technologv' reported students as follows: ^Mechanical engineering. .5023 ; civil engineering, .3532 ; electrical engi- neering, 2696; chemical engineering, .536; mining engineering, 1509; textile engineering, 234? arclii- tectnre, 391. The following table shows the respective ratios at the three periods between the numbers engaged in seven of the professions and the total popula- tion: Clergymen Lawyers Physicians Dentists Veterina- rians Engineers - Teachers 18C0 1890 837 710 680 947 C99 663 676 59S 575 5.608 3.579 2,563 80.212 9,643 9,303 1,145 1,448 808 284 183 1900 173 of Xorth America, at Service, Beaver county. Pa., 1794. The earliest law school in America was established at Litchfield. Conn., in 1784. The growth since the eighteenth century in the num- ber, teaching force, equipment, endowment, and attendance of American professional schools has been remarkable. In 1901 there were 150 schools of theolog>-. with 7567 students, 988 instructors, grounds and buildings worth .$15,217,164. en- dowments amounting to -$21,165,174, and libra- ries containing 1.531,038 volumes. The law schools numl)ered 100, having 13,642 students, 1106 instructors, grounds and buildings valued at .$1,875,000. endowment funds equal to $1,151,- 920, and 338.167 volumes in their libraries. Scliools of medicine numbered 154, having 26,- 757 students, 4752 instructors, grounds and buildings worth $14,472,635. funds of the value of $2,048,182, and 187,207 volumes. The 57 dental scliools were attended by 8308 students, in- struction was given by 1184 instructors, the value of grounds and buildings was $1,213,122. and books numbered 68(50. There were 58 schools of pharmacy, with 4429 students and 522 instruc- tors. There were 12 veterinary schools, with 4G1 students, 189 instructors. Not less than 448 schools, connected with hospitals, with courses of two or three years, were engaged in the train- ing of nurses, the numljer of whom under in- struction was 11.599. In 1833 the first teachers' classes were formed in Xew York academies. The first American normal school was established at Lexington, Mass., in 1839. The number of public normal schools in 1901 was 170, with an attend- ance of 43.372. There were also 118 private nor- mal schools, with an attendance of 20,030, while normal schools, universities, colleges-, and high schools, aggregating 1461 institutions, were giving normal instruction to 94.157 students. That year 10,383 students graduated from nor- mal schools. Delaware and Xevada are the only States without normal schools, and these make provision for the training of teachers. Engineer- ing keeps step in develo]mient with the sciences of which it is an application and the material expansion which has called it forth. Provisions for instruction in the sciences which lead to the engineer's diploma have multiplied in an extra- ordinary degree in the last 40 years. The es- tablishment of State colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts in all the commonwealths under the Federal act of 1862 gave an impulse The history of professional education is dis- tinguished by the development of new profes- sions, which for the most part have sprung out of the older professions by differentiation. Den- tistry is an otTshoot from the surgeon's art. Modern veterinary medicine may be said to have originated in attempts to apply the principles of pathology- and therapeutics to treating the dis- eases of animals. In 1873 systematic training for nurses began in the Philadeljihia Lying-in, Charity, and Xurse School, which opened in 1828. Medical practice has developed numerous special- ties, such as the oculist's, the aurist's. the ob- stetrician's, besides the major division into physic and surgery. A comparatively recent division of medical practice is State medicine, which has to do with public restrictions for the protection of the general health. It should be noted that the profession of teaching is constantly subdividing; and in this movement a new educational function has been evolved, that of supervision and inspec- tion, not yet recognized generally in special teach- ing courses, but accepted in all successful school systems. The decreasing proportion of men in the secondary schools of the United States is a fact which educators regard with interest and some concern. Closely related to teaching is the new profes- sion librarianship, already represented by four prominent schools, besides the departments of library science maintained in several universities. The X'ew York .State Library School receives only gi'aduates of registered colleges, and the Univer- sity of Illinois Library School limits admission to persons who have done three years of college work. The course in these two institutions is two years and leads to the degree of B.L.S. The four prominent schools have 36 instructors be- sides non-resident lecturers and 171 students. Ac- countancy is taking rank as a profession and is so recognized by statute in Xew Y'ork. Pennsyl- vania, Maryland, and California. The la.st few years have recorded the appearance of commercial courses in universities and academies, leading to diplomas and certificates as well as a title, certi- fied public accountant ( C.P.A. ) , which is pro- tected by law. Some of the States have exercised a potent in- fluence by assisting in the rapid extension of the: high-school system, thus afTording the means of a thorough preparation for the professional school. State universities maintaining profes-
