PSYCHOLOGY. 512 defective organism, and so has its 'abnormal' J.ot us apply this classification to psychology. We liavc, ill llic oidiuary text-book of psychology, a morphology and a pliysioloj,'y of miiul. Some a;ilh(irs lay more stress upon the analysis of structure (Ki'-'l'C Titcliener), others upon the analysis of function (James, Stout, Ward) : this is mainly a matter of the psychologist's training, oi the direction (scientific or philosophical) friini which he approaches the psychological problem. The important thing is to keep the two lines of inquiry distinct, not to hypostatize function, to invent separate structures that shall carry its separate phases, as is done, e.g. by a ])sycho!ogy that speaks of 'memories' and 'memory ideas' as qualitatively unique processes; and not to trans- late structure directly into function, as is done, e.g. by a psychology that makes sensation the primary source of knowledge. We have, again, in infant and child psychology, a mental embry- ology. Spinoza's classification of the emotions and Wundt's classification of the forms of asso- ciation — to bring together instances from differ- ent periods of time — are essays in mental tax- onomy. Social psychology and etlino])sychol()g3', so far as they have gone, fall for the most jiart under the head of mental bionomics. Animal psychology, and such comparative psychological systems as those of Sjiencer and Komanes, are the counterparts of paleontology'. We may bracket together the study of the child and ani- mal minds, of the growth of the individual and racial mind, as genetic psychology. Mental path- ology, the psychology of the abnormal, deals with such topics as the space ideas of the blind (study of defect or lack), dreaming and hypnosis (tem- porary mental derangement), and insanity (per- manent mental derangement). Finally, individ- ual psycliology investigates the variations of normal mental function. The inquiry may be pursued in the interests of genetic psychology (Gallon) or of mental pliysiology (Stern). The present quasi-independence of individual psychol- ogj' is due to the fact that it has but recently attracted any widespread attention: psychol- ogists have been concerned to discover mental uniformities rather than to examine mental dif- ferences. There can be no doubt that, in course of time, it will be absorbed into general psychol- ogy. If now, in the light of the above classification, we attempt to lay out a complete psychological programme, we shall arrive at some such result as the following. The psychologist will prepare himself for his work by a study of the nervous system at its various developmental levels. Enter- ing upon ])sychologA' proper, he will seek to de- termine, on the structural side of mind, the number and nature of the mental elements, the patterns upon which they are arranged in the complex processes, and the gradual growth in intricacy of these patterns as mental develop- ment proceeds; on the functional side, the nature of the root-functions of mentation, the mode of coiiperation of these functions in the developed mind, and their gradual growth in complexity from the infant to the man. In his study of function, he will be keen to note differences, in- dividual variations, as well as uniformities. He will, further, give some attention to the questions of classification and arrangement of the typical mental formations, keeping the genetic [irineiple PSYCHOLOGY. well ill view. He will endeavor to extend his knowledge of mental function beyond civilized huinanity to the animals and the lower races of man, and to trace the psychological laws underlj'ing the great products of the collective mind — language, custom, and myth. Here, too, his work will be informed by the genetic spirit. During his occupation with normal phenomena, he will not neglect the observation of the abnor- mal. I'lnally, he may attack the questions that lie on the border line between science and jihi- losophy, the questions of the appearance of mind in the evolution of the universe, of the criterion of mentality in the lowest animals, of the ulti- mate nature of mind, of the relation of mind to body: or he may turn the results of his scientific inquiries to immediate practical account, em- bodying them in some psychologically grounded system of education. The programme is too large for any one man to cover; and the interests which it dcmaiids — philosophical, scientific, prac- tical — would hardly appeal, in any case, to a single personality. But we can see, assisted by imr biological analogj', that it is unitary and self-consistent. BiM,iotiR.PHY. Special references will be found under the headings Anim.l Psycholouy ; Child PSYCIIOLOOY; PSYC'TIOLOOY, ETIIMT; P.SYCHOf.- OGY, ExPEKiMEXT.r. : Genetic P.syciiology; In- dividual P.STCHOLOoY ; Mental PATiioi.otiv ; PsYciiopiiYsics; Social Psychology. General introductions to psychology are: Baldwin. Klunj of the Mind (New York, 1898) ; Buell, Essrtitiah of Psyckoloijii (Boston, 1898) ; Ladd, Primer (New York, 1894) ; and Titchener, Primer (New York, 1900). Useful works of text-book size are Baldwin, Elcmenls (New York, 189.'J): Dewey, rsi/cholofiy (New Y'ork, 1898): Hiilfding, Out- lines (London, 1891); James. Text-hoot; (New York, 1892) ; Ladd, Outlines of Oe.seriptive Psy- eholoijy (New York, 1898) ; Maher, Psyeliology (I^ondon, 1900); Mercier, >San(7»/ and Insanity (London, 1890); Moll, Hypnotism (London, 1891); Morgan, Introduetion to Comparative Psyclwlof/y (London, 1894); Murray, Handbook (lioston.' 1890) ; Ribot, Psyeholoffy'of the Emo- tions (London, 1897), and other works; Scrip- ture, The New Psycholoqy (London, 1897); Kiiipe, Outlines (London. 189.")) ; Ladd, Elements (London, 1889) : Titchener, Outline (New York, 1899); Wundt, Humnu and Animal Psychology (trans., London, 1896); id.. Outlines (trans., Leipzig, 1898) ; Ziehen, Introduction to Physi- oloyical Psyeliology (London, 189.5). Larger treatises are Bain, Senses and Intellect (London, 1808) ; id.. Emotions and Will (London, 1880); ' Baldwin, Handbook (New York. 1890-91); id., : Mental Development (New York, 189.5-97) : Cor- ■ nelius. Psychologic (Tjcipzig, 18!t7) : Hiifler, Psy- eholoi/ie (Vienna. 1897) : James. Principles (New I York,' 1890) : .Todl, Ijchrhnch (Stuttgart, 189G) ; : Ladd. Elements of Physiological Psychology (New Y'ork, 1889) : id,. Psychology. Descriptive and Ei- planatory (New York, 1894) ; Lipps, (Irundtkat- sachen des Seelenlcbens (Bonn. 1883) : Maisliall, Instinct and Iteason (New Y'ork, 1898) : Morgan, Animal Life and Intelligence (London, 1891 ) : id,. Habit and Instinct (London, 1890) : Romanes, Mental Erolntion (London. 1888) : Stout. Annly- tie Psychology (London, 1890) ; Sully, Human Mind ' (London, 1892) : Volkmann, Lehrhnch (Kiithen, 1884) : Wundt. Physiologische Psycho- logic (Leipzig. 1893). It must be understood
