Plough-Penny, 488
Plumbing, invention of, 337-38, 388, 587
Plurality, 588
Plutarch, 2, 38-39 , 99, 597
Po River, 12, 17, 342
Podestà , 351-52, 354. 357, 577, 599
Podiebrad, George of, King of Bohemia, 558, 571, 615
Poema del Cid , 410
Poet laureate, 588
Poetics , of Aristotle, 22
Poetry, see Arabian, Literature, etc.
Poggio, 589
Poisoning, 268, 566, 578, 626, 635
Poitevins, 260
Poitiers, 179, 366, 376, 422; battle of, 517, 519-20, 522
Poitou, 272, 278, 457, 482, 494, 497, 508, 510, 518
Poland, 228, 263, 307, 336, 390, 453, 532, 544-47, 551-53 , 556, 558, 561, 566, 568, 571
Police, 50, 188, 238, 484, 494
Politian, 590
Politics, 5, 24; and see Government
Politics , of Aristotle, 22
Poll taxes, 523-24
Polo brothers, 344, 394; and see Marco Polo
Polonius, 365
Polybius, 9, 18
Polygamy, 57, 172, 174-75, 188
Pomerania, 307, 546
Pomerelia, 544, 546
Pontifex Maximus , 95
Pontus Steppe, 53-54 , 139, 229
Poor Brethren of the Hospital of St. John, see Hospitalers
Poor Catholics, 450
Poor Clares, 450
Poor priests, 563
Poor students, 392 ; and see Poverty
Popolo , 347, 577, 584
Population (including Depopulation and Overpopulation), of Roman Empire, 36, 58, 60, 67, 92; effect of invasions on, 119; of Byzantine Africa, 135; Constantinople, 149; Balkan peninsula, 151; Slavs, 139, 228; Cordova, 185; Scandinavia, 217; in feudal period, 236, 249, 301, 309, 312, 327, of medieval towns, 328, 334, 341, 367, 370; England and France, 367; effect of Black Death, 515; effect of Hundred Years War, 530; of Tabriz, 551; of Burgundian possessions, 617
Porphyry, 379
Portals, cathedral, 422, 428-29, 433
Portcullis, 248
Portolani , 395
Portrait painting and sculpture, 604-05
Portugal, 303-05 , 323, 366, 394, 456, 566, 574, 608-14, 632-33 , 637
Portuguese language, 399, 410
Postal service, 34, 141, 550
Poverty, 155, 175, 516-17, 562
Præmunire, Statute of , 518, 562
Presides , 71
Prætorian guards, 29, 69
Prætorian prefects, 71, 80
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 573, 638
Prague, University of, 389, 552, 568; Archbishop of, 571; and see Jerome of Prague
Prato, 603
Preaching, 439, 443,446, 562-63,568-69, 634; of the friars, 449-51; and see Sermons
Precarium , 240-41
Predestination, 564
Pregadi , 581
Prehistoric period, 3-4
Premonstratensians, 298, 308
Prémontré, 298
Presbyter , 100
Presentation, right of, 282
Pressburg, Treaty of, 615
Prévôt , or provost, 268, 363, 492, 494
Prices, 70, 332-33, 336, 516, 603, 608
Priesthood, Oriental and Greek, 21; early German, 48-49; Roman, 95; Jewish, 98; Christian, 105, 439-41, 564
Primate, 296
Primogeniture, 241, 533
Prince, The , of Machiavelli, 578-80, 596, 635, 640
Prince of Wales, 488, 519; and see Black Prince
Printing, invention of, 16, 391, 587, 594-95
Priories, Cluniac, 281-82
Priors, Six, of Florence, 410, 584
Private war, 263, 520, 534, 538, 631; and see Feudalism
Privileged towns, 358, 363
Privileges, academic, 391; of crusaders, 323; and see Clergy
Privy Council, 492
Procopius, 130, 140, 145-46, 149, 153; and see Secret History
Prophecy, Hebrew, 98; early German, 46, 400; early Christian, 100-01; Mohammed and, 174-75; 549, 607, 635-36
Prose, earliest medieval, 399; sagas, 401; first French, 409; Spanish, 410; English, 563