- Scaliger, House of, 580
- Scanderbeg, 558
- Scandinavia, 10-11, 40-41 , 192, 217, 224-25, 301, 398, 448, 453, 546-47, 561, 566
- Scenery, outside castle and town, 249, 338; in Giotto's paintings, 602; Italian, 605; and see Landscape
- Schaffhausen, 340
- Scheldt, 119
- Scheltberger, Hans, 557
- Schisms, religious, 108-09, 134; papal, 285, 287, 290-91, 297, 299, 352, 540, 565-68
- Scholasticism, 381-82, 393, 515, 563, 589-90, 592
- Schools, see Education, Learning, Universities
- Schwyz, canton of, 541-42
- Science, and history, 3; Hellenistic, 23; scientific character of Roman law, 30; and Christianity, 112-14, 159, 168; Koran and, 181; Anglo-Saxon, 223; medieval, 375, 379, 383, 385-89, 393, 396, 408, 413, 442, 587, 599, 606, 611
- Scipio Africanus, 588
- Scotch Highlands, 398
- Scotch-Irish, 6
- Scotland, 11-12, 40, 166, 168, 220, 225, 276, 278, 484-85, 487-88, 499, 503-04, 512, 514, 566-68, 623
- Scots, 84, 166
- Scriptorium, 163
- "Scrutiny," 585
- Sculpture, ancient, 2, 21-25, 32; its decline, 66, 95; early Christian, 113; Byzantine, 147-48; Gothic, 426-30; other medieval, 248, 337, 408, 422-23, 432-33; Renaissance, 587, 598-607, 636
- Scutari, 558
- Scythians, 53-54, 58
- Sea power, see Shipping
- Second Crusade, 320-21, 323, 492
- Secret History, of Procopius, 128-31, 135, 141
- Secular spirit, rise of, 373
- Seigneur, 235, 275
- Seigneurial exploitation and regime, 235,241,277,363
- Seine River, 12, 17, 219, 266, 275, 363-64, 513, 526
- Self-help, 50-51, 127, 535
- Seljuk Turks, 309-10, 313, 318, 549
- Semitic, 177
- Sempach, battle of, 542
- Senate, Roman, 26-28, 86, 95, 121, 125; in medieval Italian towns, 343, 347, 350, 581
- Seneca, 24, 65, 374
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- Senegal, 278, 609
- Seneschals, 507-10
- Senlac, battle of, 276
- Senlis, 266-67, 510
- Sens, 510
- Sentences, of Peter Lombard, 382, 439
- Septimania, 90, 179, 200, 213
- Serbia, 229, 453, 455, 549, 554-58
- Serbs, 151-52, 308
- Serena, 404
- Serfdom, 47, 73, 93, 123, 155, 187, 210, 233-38, 241, 246, 259, 277, 301, 305, 486, 523, 534, 546, 572; and see Coloni, Emancipation
- Sermons, 8, 65, 157-58, 495; and see Preaching
- Servia, see Serbia
- Seven crusades, 321
- Seven deadly sins, 413
- Seven electors, see Electors
- Seven liberal arts, 124
- Seven planets, 413
- Seven sacraments, 439
- Severinus, St., 11, 116
- Seville, 125, 186, 189, 304, 328
- Sforza, Francesco, 580
- Sforza, Lodovico, 634, 636
- Sheriff, 221, 277, 477, 492, 627
- Shetland Islands, 12, 166, 220, 276, 395
- Shipping, ancient, 19, 34, 73; of the barbarians, 44, 54, 83, 151; Mohammedan, 184, 186; Northmen, 218; medieval, 226-27, 313, 318, 322, 325, 341-43, 345-46, 364, 367, 465, 467-68, 513, 522, 543-44, 581, 583; in the Atlantic, 394-95, 511, 608-11, 617; and see Piracy
- Shires, 221, 276-77, 476, 478-79, 481, 484, 488
- Shops, 35, 184-85, 338-39
- Siam, 393
- Sib, 47, 52
- Siberia, 56, 557
- Sibyls, 607; and see Erythrean
- Sic et Non, 381-82
- Sicilian Vespers, 471, 499
- Sicily, ancient, 19-20, 23, 26, 60; during the invasions, 81, 83, 118; Byzantine, 133, 136, 138, 154-55, 157, 196, 209; Mohammedan, 180, 216, 226-27, 313; Norman, 225-26, 289, 302, 312; miscellaneous references, 260, 321, 324, 341, 343, 383-84, 401, 410, 497; Kingdom of, 302, 461-63, 466-73, 482, 496, 586, 626, 630
- Sidonius Apollinaris, 124
- Siebenbürgen, 308
- Siegfried, 401
- Siena, 286, 354, 584, 603, 605
- Sierra Leone, 609
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