Roofs, basilican, 146; Romanesque, 420; at Pisa, 421; Rhenish, 422; Norman, 423; English, 431; and see Vaulting
Roosebek, battle of, 524
Rōs, 224
Rose , see Romance of Rose window, 428-30
Roses, see Wars of the
Rosetta, 608
Rothenburg on the Tauber, 340
Rouen, 219, 340, 364, 524, 529; cathedral of, 432
Rouergue, 510
Roumania, 39, 151, 229, 554, 556
Round Table, of King Arthur, 406
Rousseau, 96
Roussillon, 273, 634
Royal courts, 268, 277, 296-97, 336, 476, 497, 523
Royal domain, 193, 267, 275, 288, 477, 493-94, 497, 508, 625, 627
Royal grants of land, 240, 256, 267, 276, 303
Royal writs, 476
Roye, 366
Rudder, invention of, 345, 487
Rudolf of Hapsburg, Holy Roman Emperor, 537-38 , 541-42
Rügen, Island of, 305
Ruins, 2-4, 32-33, 36, 135, 246, 249, 261, 416, 557, 599
Rules, monastic, 96, 110-11, 160-62, 166, 168, 171
Runes , 44Rupert, imperial claimant, 439
Rural communes, 362-63, 541
Rural deans, 438
Rurik, Grand Prince of Russia, 224
Russ, see Rōs
Russia, 11-12, 14, 40, 58, 139-40, 183-84, 223-26 , 229-31, 233, 308, 369, 393, 543-44, 548-49 , 551-52, 568, 608
Rustication, 600
Saale River, 398
Sabbath, Jewish, 99; Christian, 160
Sacraments, of Oriental cults, 63-64; Christian, 101, 439-42 , 452, 454, 562, 564, 572
Sacrosancta , 572Safe conduct, 569, 625
Sagas, 42, 216-17, 230, 401, 415
Sages, Sixteen, of Venice, 581
Sahara Desert, 328
Saints, veneration of, 158; patron, 335; statues of, 337; of Italian cities, 371; days, 392; in Gothic art, 426-29; of Joan of Arc, 528; Louis XI and, 624
St. Gall, 167, 542, 589
St. George , of Donatello, 604St. Gotthard Pass, 542
St. James, shrine of, see Compostella
St. Mark, church of, 148, 343, 599
St. Martin, church of, 164
St. Ouen, church of, 432
St. Paul, church of, 226
St. Peter, church of, 200, 208, 226-27, 455-56, 462, 600-01
St. Pol, Count of, 625-26
St. Quentin, 360
St. Sebaldus Kirche, 539
St. Sophia, church of, 134, 143-46 , 195, 558, 601
St. Truth, 517
Saintonge, 494, 508, 510
Saladin, 321, 469
Salerno, 291, 377
Salian Franks, 88-90 , 119, 213
Salic law , 122-23, 127 , 211Saloniki, 77, 229, 314, 557
Salvian, 93-94 , 238
Salzburg, 167
Samaria, 99
Samarkand, 185, 551, 557
Samnites, 53
San Gemignano, 340
San Salvador, 610
San Vitale, church of, 147, 212
Sanitation in medieval towns, 337-38
Sanskrit, 10
Sant' Angelo, castle of, 291
Sant' Apollinare in Classe, church of, 146
Sant' Apollinare Nuovo, church of, 146
Saône River, 88
Sappho, 21
Saracens, 172, 189, 192, 216, 226-27, 232, 265, 301-02, 308, 312-13, 316, 318, 342, 383, 402, 467; and see Mohammedans, Moslems, Paynims
Saragossa, 189
Sardika, Council of, 107
Sardinia, 83, 118, 135-36, 155, 313, 342, 464, 470
Sarmatians, 53~54, 5 8
Sarto, Andrea del, 598
Satire, medieval, 392, 404, 408-09, 516-17
Satires , of Juvenal, 39Saumur, 274
Savages, 5, 13-14
Savonarola, 607, 634-36 , 640
Savoy, 88, 271, 435, 482, 620, 624, 626
Saxons, in England, 85, 118, 164, 166-67, 202; on the Continent, 122, 194, 198-204, 206, 212-14, 289, 323, 375, 435, 552; and see Anglo-Saxons
Saxony, Duchy of, 227, 262, 305, 349, 533, 540, 616
