view to save him from the indignity of arrest in his own provinces. Hist. Verdad., 231. But this is doubtful.
The original authorities which I have consulted on Guzman's expedition are as follows: Relatione di Nvnno di Gvsman, in Ramusio, iii. 331-9. This is a letter of Guzman dated Omitlan, July 8, 1530, directed to the emperor, and giving a detailed account of progress down to the date. The Spanish original has been published in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., xiii. 356-93, and a very impefect condensation in English may be found in Purchas, His Pilgrimes, iv. 1556-9. The writer admits only such outrages on the Indians as were merited through disloyalty to the emperor or infidelity to the white man's God; but in such cases speaks of his orders to hang and burn with a coolness that is revolting. The narrative is marked by hypocritical expressions of submission to the divine and royal will, extreme eveu for that time. The Relaciones Anónimas (1a, 2a, a, and 4a) de la Jornada que hizo Nuño de Guzman á la Nueva Galicia were written by eye-witnesses of the events described, including both friends and foes of the leader, were drawn out apparently by the official investigation of Guzman's conduct, and are to be found only in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., ii. 288-306, 439-60, 461-83. 'The first and second seem to have been written by the same person, whose name is unknown, as is that of the writer of the third. Icazbalceta finds much reason to identify the author of the fourth with Cristóbal Flores. Similar to these narratives is the Relacion of Gonzalo Lopez, in Pacheco and Cárdenas, Col. Doc., xiii. 411-61; the Relacion de García del Pilar and the Relacion de la Conquista de los Teules Chichimecas by Juan de Sámano, in Icazbalceta's Collection, ii. 249-87. Yet the similarity between the statements of López and Sámano, as also between those given by Pilar and the author of the 4a Rel. Anón., implies that they were not made quite independently. The testimony of Lépez may claim, as to facts, perhaps more reliability than the other when we consider that during the last part of Guzman's campaign he held the position of a maestre de campo. Pilar was a young interpreter of Nahua dialects, and one of the original conquistadores, but not of good repute, if we may credit Bishop Zumárraga's allusions to his maguinaciones diabólicas and to his unfortunate escapes from being hanged. Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série ii. tom. v. 26. He was a willing tool of Guzman during the campaign, but a bitter foe afterward, showing all his leader's acts in their worst light, and relieving himself of all complicity by throwing the blame on the other interpreter, Juan Pascual. In addition to this narrative, Pilar's testimony taken at Guzman's trial is published by Ramirez and Beaumont, whose works are noticed below. Juan de Sámano was one of Guzman's captains, and afterward held a high position in Mexico.
Of the early chroniclers who claim or may be supposed to have had access to original sources of information, are Oviedo, Hist. Gen., iii. 561-77, who consulted several members of the expedition, especially Francisco de Arzeo; Padre Tello, Hist. de la N. Galicia, written about 1650 by a Franciscan who had spent over 50 years of his life in the country of which he writes, but whose work, or such portions of it as have been preserved, is valuable rather for information on aboriginal manners and customs than as an historical narrative; Herrera, dec. iv. lib. vii. cap. viii.; lib. viii. cap. i. — it.; lib. ix. cap. ix.-xii., who consulted some of the anonymous manuscripts; Mota Padilla, Cong. N. Gal., 23-66, 75, who also saw some of the original documents and often cites Tello; Beaumont, Crón. Mich., iii. 266-7, 352-422, MS., 133, 174-207, who cites Tello and Herrera, and gives Pilar's testimony. See aiso Salazar y Olarte, Cong. Mex., 426-35; Torquemada, i. 338, 600-4; Gomara, Hist. Ind., 56, 271; Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 229-31; Villa Señor, Theatro, ii. 203-4, 229; Calle, Not. y. Mem., 89-90; Cavo, Tres Siglos, i. 14, 95, 101-2.
Among modern writers the only ones who have treated this expedition at length are Frejes, Hist. Breve, 41-68, 118-21, Ramirez, Proceso de Resid. contra Alvarado y Guzman, 187-258, and Navarrete, Compendio de la Hist. de Jalisco, 27-61, 85-6. The second gives some of the original documents of the residencia, and draws his historical sketch chiefly from Beaumont and Mota
