Index:Vol 2 History of Mexico by H H Bancroft.djvu

Title	History of Mexico (Bancroft)/Volume 2
Author	Hubert Howe Bancroft
Year	1883
Publisher	The Bancroft Company
Location	New York
Source	djvu
Progress	Proofread—All pages of the work proper are proofread, but not all are validated
Transclusion	Advertising not transcluded
Volumes	Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 6

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CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.
CHAPTER I.
REBUILDING OF MEXICO.
1521-1523.
page
Quarrelling over the Booty — Poor Results — Torture of Quauhtemotzin — Treasure-hunting — A Disappointment — Pasquinades — Financial Measures — A Sabine Capture — Looking for a Capital — Mexico Selected — Municipality Formed — Planning the City — Architectural Features — Cortés' Palaces — Building Material — Fort and Aqueduct — Attracting Serfs and Settlers — Merry Toilers — Arms of Tenochtitlan	1
CHAPTER II.
PREPARATION FOR FURTHER CONQUEST.
1521-1522.
Centralization and its Effect — A Fallen Athens — Reward of a Traitor — Career of a Precocious Prince — Ixtlilxochitl's Disappointment — Policy toward Native Princes — Tezcuco and Acolhuacan — -Tlascala and her Reward — New Conquest Projects — Search for Ammunition — Climbing a Volcano — Descending into the Burning Crater — Casting Cannon — Tochtepec Expedition — A Boaster's Discomfiture — Gold-hunting in Xaltepec — Espíritu Santo Founded — Zapotecapan and Miztecapan — The Mystic Prophet — Orozco Invades Oajaca — Antequera Established — Cociyopu's Dilemma — Alvarado Overruns Tututepec — Segura Founded Anew	19
CHAPTER III.
RAIDS ALONG THE SOUTH SEA.
1521-1524.
King Zwanga's Warning — First Entry into Michoacan — Montaño's Visit to the Court of Tangaxoan — A Narrow Escape — Tarascan Envoys — Olid Invades Michoacan — Outrages at Tangimaroa and Tzintzuntzan — Colonization Attempted — Visions of the South Sea — Shipbuilding at Zacatula — The Route to the Spice Islands — Alvarez' Mishap in Colima — Olid Avenges Him — Chimalhuacan Region — Isle of the Amazons — Cortes Hastens to Appropriate a Rich Field — The Queen of Jalisco — Tradition of a Shipwrecked Cross	43
CHAPTER IV.
TAPIA'S DISCOMFITURE.
1521-1522.
Velazquez still Longing for Mexico — A Governor Sent from Spain — Intrigues of Tapia — Counter-intrigues — Conference of Cempoala — The Claimant Ousted — Bono de Quejo's Mission — Revolt of the Aztecs — A Terrible Lesson — Conspiracies against Cortés — Narvaez at his Feet	65
CHAPTER V.
AFFAIRS OF CORTÉS IN SPAIN
1522.
Cortés Finds Favor with the Audiencia — His Third Letter — Treasures for the Emperor — An Ominous Loss — Chased by Corsairs — What King Francis Said — The Curse of Montezuma — Cardinal Adrian Interferes — Cortés' Case before the Sovereign — His Achievements Reviewed — Refutation of Charges — Velazquez Crushed and Fonseca Humbled — Cortés Appointed Governor and Captain-general	79
CHAPTER VI.
CORTÉS AND GARAY IN PÁNUCO.
1522-1523.
Rivalry for Pánuco — Cortés Hastens to Occupy It — Battle at Ayotochtitlan — Operations at Chila — Native Tactics — Founding of San Estévan del Puerto — A Shipwreck Incident — Disappointing Results — Campaign in Tututepec Mountains — Rejoicings on the Receipt of Cortés' Commission — Alluring Projects for Southern Conquests — Startling News — Garay Prepares to Descend on Pánuco — His Lack of Ability and Firmness — March from Las Palmas — Negotiations with Vallejo	94
CHAPTER VII.
THE PÁNUCO AFFAIR AND ITS SEQUEL.
1523-1524.
Alvarado Appears upon the Scene — Naval Strategy — Double Dealings — How Cortés Settled the Affair — Garay's Sudden Death — General Uprising in Pánuco — Massacres — Desperate Efforts of the Settlers — Sandoval to the Rescue — His Ruse at the Pass — Terrible Retaliation — Burning of the Patriots — Garayan Conspiracy — An Estimable Judge — His Shipwreck and Island Life — Alvarado and Olid Depart for Southern Conquests — Marin's Campaign in Chiapas, and Rangel's Entry into Zapotecapan	111
CHAPTER VIII.
ORDINANCES AND STATESMANSHIP OF CORTÉS.
1523-1524.
Cortés as Governor — His Ordinances — Armament of Settlers — Promoting Agriculture — Pallas and Demeter — Antillean Jealousy — Social Reforms — Sumptuary Laws — Taking Wives — Cortés Shoulders his Cross — Suspicious Death of Catalina — Local Government — Efforts to Exclude Lawyers — Removal of Vera Cruz — Markets and Trade Regulations — Royal Officials Arrive — Traits and Intrigues — Colonial Policy — Enslavement of Native Americans — Suppression of Repartimientos Opposed — Encomienda Regulations — Work and Pay of Serfs — Entrapping Slaves — Representations of the Council — Extorting Tribute	130
CHAPTER IX.
APOSTOLIC LABORS.
1522-1526.
Religious Feeling among the Conquerors — The First Ministers — Juan Diaz and Friar Olmedo — Papal Interest Displayed — Francisco de Los Angeles' Proposed Mission — Brother Gante and his Companions — Father Valencia — Franciscan Rules and Privileges — The Twelve Apostles — Indian Astonishment — Cortés at the Feet of the Friars — Politic Self-abasement — First Synod — Monastic Discipline — Convents and Hospitals — Methods of Conversion — Choirs and Orchestras — Tricks of Trade — Friars and Disciples — Stubbornness of Proselytes — Baptism en Masse and Bestowal of Names — Legality of the Rite — The Marriage Question — Native Catechists and Missionaries — Iconoclasts and Martyrs — Progress of Conversion and its Causes — Christian-like Rites among the Natives — Attractive Features of the Roman Church — Festivals — Character of the Friars	156
CHAPTER X.
INTRIGUES AGAINST CORTÉS.
1524.
Intrigues of Disappointed Officials — Insinuations against Cortés — His Fourth Letter — The Silver Cannon — Convoy System — Deferred Contract with the Sovereign — Cortés under a Cloud — Prepares for the March to Honduras — Acting Governors Appointed — Machinations of Salazar — The Hypocrite and the Tool — Attempt to Oust the Treasurer — Subtle Duplicity — Zuazo Made Prisoner- — Casas and Gonzalez Appear on the Scene	193
CHAPTER XI.
SALAZAR'S USURPATION AND OVERTHROW.
1525-1526.
Overthrow of Paz — His Terrible Fate — Persecution of the Friends of Cortés — Alvarado Considers the Matter — Search for Cortés — His Funeral Honors — Spoliation of his Property — Lashing a Wife — Tyrannical Proceedings of Salazar — It Leads to Revolt — General Alarm — Expeditions against Rebels — Chirinos' Fiasco — The Friars Hurl Anathemas — The Governors Humbled — The Mysterious Messenger — Rising of the Men of Cortés — Election of Estrada and Albornoz — Assault on the Government House — Salazar Encaged — Conspiracy to Release Him	215
CHAPTER XII.
THE PONCE DE LEON EPISODE.
1526.
Altamirano Sent to Bring Cortés — His Arrival at Medellin — Demonstrative Reception — Reform Measures — A Juez de Residencia Sent to New Spain — Ponce de Leon and his Instructions- — How Cortés Received the Blow — The Banquet — A Scheming Friar — Ponce de Leon Assumes the Government — The Residencia of Cortés — Death of Ponce de Leon — Aguilar Succeeds him — His Unfitness and Death	238
CHAPTER XIII.
ESTRADA'S RULE — CORTÉS DRIVEN TO SEEK JUSTICE IN SPAIN.
1527.
Campaign in Zapotecapan — Spice Island Projects — Loaisa's Expedition — Guevara Finds the Way to Zacatula — Saavedra's Voyage to the Moluccas — Cortés Slighted — He is Exiled from the Capital — Reconciliation with Estrada — Guzman Appointed Governor of Pánuco — Finding No Gold He Turns Oppressor — Encroachments on Mexico — Raid into Las Palmas Region — Slave-trade Horrors — Cortés to Plead before the Sovereign — Fears that He will Revolt — Preparing for the Voyage to Spain	254
CHAPTER XIV.
THE FIRST AUDIENCIA AND ITS MISRULE.
1528-1529.
Oidores Appointed — Stringent Measures Proposed against Cortés — Guzman Made President — Power and Jurisdiction of the Audiencia — Its Instructions — Laws of Alfonso the Wise — Reception of the New Rulers — Their Avarice Excited — Intrigue against Cortés — Robbery and Extortion — Abuse of Friars and Clergy — Residencia of Cortés — The Bishop's Anathema — Shameless Conduct of Oidores — Guzman's Palliative Schemes of Conquest — Smuggling Despatches	273
CHAPTER XV.
ERECTION OF BISHOPRICS — CORTÉS IN SPAIN.
1527-1529.
Vicissitudes of the First See — Bishop Julian Garcés — The Iconoclast Zumárraga — Lamentable Vandalism — Character of the Clergy — Arrival of Dominicans — Rivalry of the Orders — Introduction of Nuns — Meeting of Cortés and Pizarro — Death of an Ideal Soldier — Excitement over Cortes' Arrival in Spain — Playing the Gallant — His Reception by the Emperor — Marks of Favor — He is Made a Marquis with Large Grants — Politic Soothings of Discontent — Why He Lost the Governorship — His Contract for South Sea Discoveries — His Bride and Jewels — Papal Concessions — Return to New Spain — Ovation to the Hero — Hostility of the Oidores	296
CHAPTER XVI.
THE SECOND AUDIENCIA AND ITS REFORMS.
1530-1532.
The New President and Oidores — Their Instructions — Measures for Settlers and Natives — Sumptuary Laws — Impressive Entry of the Oidores — The Government House — Swearing Allegiance to the Sovereign — Residencia and Fate of Matienzo and Delgadillo — Corregimiento System Introduced — A Check to Slavery — Advancement of Natives — Social Reforms — Founding of Puebla of the Angels — Secret Order to Restrict Encomiendas — General Clamor against It — The Conquerors and their Reward	320
CHAPTER XVII.
CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA.
1526-1534.
Coruña's Mission — Advance of the Cross — Entry of Guzman into Michoacan — His Atrocities — Terrible Fate of King Tangaxoan — Campaign in Cuinas, Cuitzco, and along Chapala Lake — Battle of Tonalá — Raids from Nochistlan — El Gran Teul — Operations in Jalisco — In Quest of the Amazons — The Greater Spain — Crossing the Espíritu Santo — On to Etzatlan — Devastating Floods — Branding Slaves — The Amazon Myth — Change of Plans — Founding of Towns — Guzman Defies the Audiencia — Castilla's Discomfiture — Nemesis — Bibliography	341
CHAPTER XVIII.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A VICEREGAL GOVERNMENT.
1535-1537.
Appointment of Mendoza — His Instructions and Prerogatives — Arrival and Reception of the First Viceroy — Inaugural Ceremonies — Retirement of the Oidores — Difficulties of the Administration — City Improvements — Defensive Measures — Apparent Weakness of the Spaniards — Proclivities and Condition of Negroes — Their Conspiracy and its Suppression — Muster of Spaniards in the Capital	375
CHAPTER XIX.
A DECADE OF CHURCH MATTERS.
1530-1540.
Troubles of Bishop Zumárraga — He Goes to Spain — His Consecration and Return to Mexico — First Churches in the Capital — Uncertain Priority and Sites — The First Cathedral — Necessity of More Bishoprics — Dioceses of Oajaca and Michoacan Established — Franciscan Progress — Custodia of Santo Evangelio Raised to a Province — Labors of the Padres — Dominican Provincia Established — Unseemly Strife — Successful Propagandism — Arrival of Augustinians — Labors and Hardships — Provincia Established — Miraculous Shrine at Chalma — Dagon Overthrown — The Virgin of Guadalupe — A Glorious Vision — A Modest Shrine and a Costly Church — A Wonderful Painting — Multitudes of Converts — Secret Idolatry	386
CHAPTER XX.
FUTILE ATTEMPTS TOWARD DISCOVERY.
1530-1540.
Authority of Cortés Curtailed — Indian Conspiracy Suppressed — Disturbances in Oajaca — An Empty Title — Cortés and the Colonists of Antequera — Further Disputes with the Audencia — Cortés Persistent — Baffled Efforts at Discovery — High Hopes and a Lowly Dwelling — Misfortune Follows Misfortune — Guzman's Animosity — Cortés Defiant — He Sails Northward — Failure of the Enterprise — Rivalry of Mendoza — Cortes Disgusted — He Returns to Spain	410
CHAPTER XXI.
CONQUEST OF YUCATAN.
1527-1549.
Aboriginal Yucatan — Francisco de Montejo Appointed Governor — Battle of Aké — The Spaniards March on Chichen Itza — Alonso de Ávila and his Band in Quest of Gold — His Message to the Lord of Chetumal — The Chieftain's Reply — Ávila's Command Besieged — Their Escape and Departure for Honduras — Montejo Defeated — The Canine Bellringer — Flight of the Spaniards — The Adelantado's Narrow Escape — Gallantry of Blas Gonzalez — The Governor Departs for Tabasco — The Spaniards Driven into the Sea — Montejo Transfers his Rights to his Son — The Spaniards Again Besieged — Torture of Diego and Juan Cansino — Santillan Takes Montejo's Residencia — Missionary Labors.	428
CHAPTER XXII.
NUEVA GALICIA AND MICHOACAN.
1536-1542.
Torre Appointed Juez de Residencia — An Unpleasant Meeting — The Vulture Encaged — Guzman's Release and Departure to Spain — Clipped Wings — Guzman's Death and Character — Torie's Official Investigations — His Wise Administration — Indian Revolt — A Catastrophe — Torre's Last Hours — His Character — Coronado Succeeds Him as Governor — His Incompetency — Delusive Hopes — A Profitless Expedition — Niza Revives Enthusiasm — Visions of Conquest and Wealth — Troubles Foreshadowed — Coronado's Expedition Northward — His Disappointment and Return — Contemporary Progress in Michoacan — A Useful Visitador — Reforms and Prosperity — Quiroga Made Bishop of Michoacan — His Beneficent Rule	457
CHAPTER XXIII.
DEATH OF CORTÉS.
1540-1547.
Departure of Cortés for Spain — His Arrival and Reception — Hollow Show — Vain Hopes — He Joins the Expedition to Algiers — And Suffers Shipwreck — Loss of the Famous Emeralds — He is Slighted at a Council of War — Return to Madrid — A Fruitless Petition — More Indignities — Last Touching Appeal — Determination to Return to Mexico — Last Illness and Death of the Conqueror — Disposition of the Remains — His Last Will — The Estate — The Descendants of Cortés — Résumé of his Character	474
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE MIXTON WAR.
1541-1542.
Rule of Oñate in Nueva Galicia — His Difficult Position — Rebellion Rife — Departure of Coronado — Causes of Dissatisfaction — Beginning of Hostilities — Defeat of Ibarra — Alvarado Arrives at Navidad — And is Appealed to for Aid — He Receives a Summons from Mendoza, and Departs for Tiripitio — Agreement between Them — Alvarado Returns to Oflate's Relief — Precipitous Attack on Nochistlan — Defeat of the Spaniards — And Death of Alvarado — Arrival of Mendoza with Reenforcements — His Successful Campaign — End of the Mixton War — Expeditions of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo and Ruy Lopez de Villalobos — The Survivors of Soto's Florida Expedition Arrive at Pánuco.	490
CHAPTER XXV.
THE NEW LAWS.
1543-1546.
Causes for Enactment of New Laws — Success of Las Casas — Provisions of the New Code — They Cause Excitement among the Colonists — Efforts to Introduce Them in New Spain — Visitador Francisco Tello de Sandoval — He Publishes the New Laws in Mexico — Indignation of the Encomenderos — They Send Procuradors to Spain — Who Obtain the Revocation of a Portion of the New Laws — The Emperor's Views on the Subject — Ravages of Pestilence — Eruptions of Volcanoes — Reduction of Tribute — Small Coins — Interestedness of the Clergy — Land Grants — Ambiguous Attitude of Mendoza — Convention of Bishops — Arrival of Las Casas — Mendoza Prohibits Discussion on Indian Affairs — Decision of Ecclesiastics Declaring Slavery Unlawful — Return of the Visitador to Spain	516
CHAPTER XXVI.
END OF MENDOZA'S RULE.
1547-1550.
General Improvements — Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce — Encouragement of Marriages — Aid to Peru — Conspiracy and Revolt — Chichimecs and Otomís — Conquest of Querítaro — Removal of Guadalajara — -Coronado Returns — His Resignation — Audiencia at Compostela — Removal to Guadalajara — Discovery of Mines — Settlement of Zacatecas — The Archdiocese of Mexico — Death of Bishop Zumárraga — His Last Will — Character of the Prelate and the Man — A False Visitador's Audacity — Last Acts of the Viceroy — He is Appointed to Peru and is Superseded by Luis de Velasco — Mendoza's Departure for Peru — And his Death	535
CHAPTER XXVII.
INDIAN POLICY.
1550-1560.
Luis de Velasco, Second Viceroy — Royal Instructions and Subsequent Regulations — Enforcement of the New Laws — Consternation Caused by their Execution — Slaves Set Free — Diego Ramirez' Commission — Caciques' Abuses Checked — The Crown Assumes Full Jurisdiction — Encomienda Entail — Opposition of the Audiencia — Bad Effects of the New Laws on Mining and Revenue — Population and its Character — Reform Measures — Powers of the Viceroy Restricted — The Audiencia Made his Council — Philip II. Proclaimed King — He Begs for Money	563
CHAPTER XXVIII.
VICEROY VELASCO'S RULE.
1551-1564.
Arrival of Martin Cortés, Second Marqués del Valle — Visitador Valderrama and his Relations with Cortés — New Policy Regarding Encomiendas — Cortés' Troubles — Threatened Revolt and Velasco's Wise Course — Royal Orders Affecting the Audiencia — The Visitador's Exactions of the Indians — His Efforts to Check Abuses, and Proposed Reforms — His Disagreements with the Viceroy — Condition and Character of Velasco — His Death, Burial, and General Regret- — Public Education — Floods in the Mexican Valley — Disastrous Expedition to Florida — Settlements in Zacatecas and Guanajuato — Conquest of the North-western Region — Kingdom of Nueva Viscaya — Expedition to the Philippines and its Results	579
CHAPTER XXIX.
THE ÁVILA-CORTÉS CONSPIRACY.
1564-1568.
The Audiencia's Weak Rule — Ill Feeling toward the Marqués del Valle — Encomienda Policy — Alonso de Ávila's Masquerade — Plot against the Crown — Valderrama Returns to Spain — Conspiracy Reported — Great Christening of the Marqués' Twins — Arrest of the Marqués and Others- — Trial and Execution of the Brothers Ávila — Marqués de Falces, Third Viceroy — Marqués del Valle Sent to Spain — Falces Deposed by Muñoz and Carrillo — Their Cruel Course — Martin Cortés Tortured — His Courage — Complaints Reach the Crown — Summary Removal of Muñoz and Carrillo — Their Fate — Falces Vindicated — Second Rule of the Audiencia — Sufferings of the Marqués — Final Acquittal — Loss of Domain and Property — His Death — Return of Luis Cortés — Later Life of Martin Cortés	602
CHAPTER XXX.
RULE OF VICEROY ENRIQUEZ.
1568-1580.
Temporary Government of the Audiencia — John Hawkins Invades Vera Cruz — His Defeat and Expulsion — Fate of the English Prisoners — Viceroy Martin Enriquez de Almansa — Drake's Operations — Foreign Raids — Yucatan, its Government and Indian Affairs — First Acts of Enriquez — Organization of Military Forces — Campaigns against the Chichimecs — Presidios and Movable Block-houses — Matlalzahuatl Epidemic and its Havoc — Famine — Inundation — Recall of Enriquez — His Government Policy — His Death	637
CHAPTER XXXI.
CHURCH GOVERNMENT.
1550-1600.
Archbishop Alonso de Montúfar — Jealousy between the Secular and Regular Clergy — Royal Support of the Friars — Differences between the Friars and the Civil Power — Father Gerónimo de Mendieta Defends the Religious — His Works — Position of the Friars and their Influence with the Natives — Persons Excluded from the Priesthood — Religious Riot in Mexico — The Sacramental Dispute — First and Second Ecclesiastic Councils of Mexico — Archbishop Montúfar's Death — The Inquisition — Its Establishment, Privileges, Objects, and Acts — Father Landa's Treatment of Idolaters — Archbishop Moya y Contreras — Third Ecclesiastic Council and its Acts — Archbishop Montúfar's Departure — Alonso Fernandez de Bonilla Succeeds Him — Other Dioceses in the Country and their History	663
CHAPTER XXXII.
RELIGIOUS ORDERS.
1550-1600.
The Society of Jesus in New Spain — Distinguished Patrons of the Order and their Services — Importation of Holy Relics — Spread of the Jesuits through the Country — Brothers of Charity and St Hyppolytus — Purposes of the Association — The Carmelites — Their Labors and Advancement — Benedictines and their Priory in Mexico — The Franciscans and their Several Provinces — Their Work and Influence — Troubles with the Viceroys — Noted Franciscans in the Several Provinces — Order of Barefooted Franciscans — Their Custodial and Provincial Organization The Dominicans and their Successes — Their Distinguished Men — The Order of St Augustine — Strict Rules — The Mercenaries, or Order of Mercy — Their Settlement in Mexico — Religious Brotherhoods and the Objects of their Devotion — Nunneries in Mexico, Oajaca, and Michoacan, and their Uses	700
CHAPTER XXXIII.
FIFTH, SIXTH, AND SEVENTH VICEROYS.
1580-1589.
Suarez de Mendoza, Count de la Coruña — A too Benignant Rule — Golden Times for the Corrupt Officials — Suarez well out of It — Archbishop Moya y Contreras Made Visitador — Then Viceroy — A Stem Ruler — He Makes Money for his Master — Hard Times for the Wicked Officials — They Beg Deliverance from Moya — And Receive It — Zúñiga, Marqués de Villamanrique — A Just and Moderate Rule — Pirates on the West Coast — Cavendish Captures a Galleon — A Rare Prize — California Coast Defences — Commerce on the Atlantic — Epidemic, Earthquakes, and Social Disruption — Villamanrique Deposed and Humiliated	739
CHAPTER XXXIV.
CLOSE OF THE CENTURY.
1589-1600.
Rumored Insurrection — Fears of Velasco, the New Viceroy — Reception — City Improvements — The Chichimecs — The Mines of Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, and Zacatecas — Founding of Towns — Philip Wants More Money — Velasco's Astute Measure — Conde de Monterey, Viceroy — Futile Efforts to Move the Indian — Race Intermixtures — Nuevo Leon — Occupation of the Northern Country — Governor Carabajal — Review of the Century- — Bibliographical — Writers Subsequent to the Conquest — Torquemada among Others	757