Pleasant art of money-catching (1)

THE

PLEASANT ART

OF

MONEY-CATCHING,

AND

The Way to Thrive,

BY

Turning a Penny to Advantage:

WITH

A New Method of Regulating Daily Expences.

---

FALKIRK:

PRINTED BY T. JOHNSTON.

THE

PLEASANT ART

OF

MONEY CATCHING.

WHEN commerce and traffic was first began in the world and men came to trade one with another, there was no use for money, nor need of it; for men bartered their goods. in exchange with each other; and as in the infancy of the world, some were tillers of the ground and others were keepers of sheep; the one gave the other corn, and took of their sheep in exchange for it. And this sort of trading is now generally in use in our foreign Plantations to supply the want of money. But in process of time, as trading increased, so did luxury begin to abound; and as luxury abounded, so mens want’s grew greater, which begat a necessity of some other way of commerce, and this was money; which is of such antiquity, that Josephus tell us, that Cain (the son of Adam and the first born of men) was very greedy in gathering money together: though of what metal that money was made, and whether it was coined or not, he is silent.

Herodotus writeth. that the first that coined silver and gold, to buy and sell with, were the Lydians. For silver and gold being the most precious of metals, was so much valued. that whatever any man wanted, might be purchased for it.

Homer indeed tells us, that before the siege of Troy men used to change or barter one commodity for another. But it is undeniable, that money was in use long before that time; for when Abraham purchased the field of Machpelah, and the field in which it was, for a burying place for his family, he gave four hundred shekels of silver for it; which the sacred text tells us, was current money with the merchant; and that was about the year of the world 2088, which was near 700 years before the destruction of Troy. But though the money was current with the merchant, yet I question whether it was coined or not; for it rather appears; that it received its value from its weight than from any stamp that was upon it: The weight of a shekel being a quarter of an ounee, and the true value of that 15 pence of our money. Abraham paid 251 .English money, for that burying place.

We read likewise of pieces of silver, or silver lings, before this, which was currnt money among the nation at that day: for Abimelech, king of Gerar, having taking Abraham's wife from him, upon a supposition that she was his sister; when he came to understand the truth of the matter, not only restored his wife to him again, but also gave him a thousand pieces of silver, or silverlings; the value of which thousand pieces (each piece being worth 2s. 6d.) came to 1251 which at that day was a noble present for a king to give.

But besides shekels and silverlings. there were talents also, the weight of which was 750 ounces. A talent of silver contained the value of 187l. 10s. Of each of these coins there is frequent mention in the Holy Scriptures of the Old Testament. In the New Testament. Our Saviour, commanded Peter to take up the fish that first came to hand, and when he had opened its mouth, he should find therein a piece of money which he was to take and give the tax-gatherers for his Master and himself: which piece of money was called a Stator, which consisted of half an ounce of silver, the value of which was 2 shillings. And when the Jews came to ensnare our Saviour, about the lawfulness of paying tribute to Cæsar, he desired him to shew the tribute-money, and they shewed him a Penny, of value 7d-halfpenny; and that this money was coined and stamped, appears by our Saviour’s asking them, whose image and superscription was upon it? To which they answered, Cæsar.

But I need uot quote Scripture to prove that the Jews and Romans used to coin money, the image and superscription given a value to it, and promoting the currency of it; for silver was coined in Rome, in the year of the world 3672, which was about 300 years before the Christian era.

History tells us, that silver was first cf all coined in the Isle Engina, and that in Rome it was stamped with the impression of a chariot and horses. And Janus caused brass to be coined with a face on the one side, and a ship on the other, in memory of Saturnus, who arrived there in a ship. Servius Tustus, a king of the Romans, first coined brass with the image of a sheep and an ox. And in some places leather cut into pieces, has had the stamp of authority put upon it, and so it was made to pass for money. And in New England, the Indians have money which they call Wampompege, which is of two sorts. one white, which they make of the stem or stock of the Periwinkle, which they call Meteauhockt, when all the shell is broken off: and of this sort six of their small beads, (which they make with holes to string the bracelets) are current with the English for a penny. The other sort is black, inclined to blue, which is made of the shell of a fish, which they call Pequanhock: and of this sort, three makes an English penny. They who live upon the sea side generally make of it, and as many make as will, none being denied the liberty of making it. This coin or money the Indians set such a value upon, that they bring down all sorts of furs which they take in the country, and sell to the Indians and English too, for this Indian money; and the currency of it among them, makes them look on it as a good equivalent for what commodities they have to sell. Both the English, Dutch, and French treading to the Indians with it, above six hundred miles north and south from England.

Which is sufficient to show, that the use of money is very ancient, and is made use of by all nations, in trading with each other; and was first invented as a medium in trade, and an equivalent to all sorts of commodities.

The Misery of those that want Money, and are in Debt, &c.

THERE is no wise man that will covet money for itself, but for the use that is to be made of it: for money itself cannot satisfy; and so we are told by the wisest of men. Eccles. v. 10. He that loveth silver shall not be satisfied with silver; nor be that loveth abundance with increase."—In a time of famine. or in a beseiged city, a man may have money enough by him, and yet may want a piece of bread. Money therefore is prized not for itself, but for its use; because, as Solomon also says, "Money answers all things." And seeing without money a men can have nothing, they must be very miserable that are without it.

Charity. in this last and iron age of the world, is grown so cold, that there is scarce any thing to be got upon that account. If you are cold, charity will not warm you; neither, if you are hungry, will it fill your belly; but if you have money, you may do both.

If you have money, you may become one of the Livery-men of London an Assistant, a Warden, or a Master of a Company; but if you want money you will never arrive to the honour of a beadle; for even for such an interior employment you must make friends, and that cannot be done without bribes, nor can you bribe without money.

If you have money, you may be an honest man and a good man; but if you want money, you must be a knave by consequence.

Enquire of a rich man among his neighbours. what he is. meaning only whether he be a substantial man, and one that is responsible; and, they will presently tell you, "he's a very good man, I'll assure you:" though at the some time, with respect to his morals, he is as profligate a fellow as any in the whole parish, and one that lives by oppressing his neighbours, and doing all manner of injustice; his noney making amends for all his enormities.

I knew a certain tradesman in London, that had an uncle, a rich covetous fellow, that was worth many a thousand; this poor man addressed bimself to his uncle, to give him a 100l. to set him up; but he knew the worth of money better than to part with it, before death forced it from him, and told him plainly, he would give him nothing while he lived but it might be he would leave him something when he died. especially if he found him industrious, and that he put himself in a way to live. The poor man had but little money, and less eredit, and how to put bimself in a way to live he knew not, his trade being none of the best for journeymen. However, picking up a little eredit at one place, and a little at another, he addressed himself to the company he was free of, and would fain have borrowed 50l. of them; but truly they would not lend it him, but upon such sceurity as he could not proeure; in this extremity having put himself into a shop he goes again to his uncle, to desire him to lend nim a little money, telling him he had set up in trade, and was got into a shop, but wanted money to carry on his business, and desired him to lend him a little. His uncle finding he was getting into a way. out of his generosity lends him 20l. but makes him give him a bond to pay him again in a year's time. The poor man had almost as good been without his money, as to have been under such an obligation; but he was resolved to keep touch with him, though he lived so poorly all the while that he was the scorn of his neighbours and fellow tradesmen, who looked upon him as a poor and consequently a pitiful fellow; but for all that, though with much ado he had the good fortune to pay back his uncle the 20l. within the time limited: which his uncle took so well, that he told him, Since he took such care to keep his word, he would remember him another time. And so he did; for having neither wife nor child, when he died, he divided his estate amongst his relations, and left this poor kinsman of his, thirty thousand pounds in ready money, and 1500l. per annum. And now this pour man, whose poverty made him the scorn of his neighbours and acquaintances before, became a very good man all on a sudden, insomuch that the city took notice of him, and chose him sheriff the very next year; and the company that before refused to lend him 50l. now chose him their master, and were all his humble servants; and he was applauded and cried up by every one. Here was now a mighty change, and yet the man was the same still; it was money only made the difference. Judge therefore whether want of money be not an extraordinary misery and a great unhappiness.

This puts me in mind of a story I have heard related of Jocelin Percy, Esq. brother to the Earl of Northumberland, who going by a butcher's shop near Cow-Cross affronted his dog, who there upon fell a-barking at him, and the Esquire drew his sword and run him through. The butcher, who was troubled for the loss of his dog, charged a constable with the Esquire, who carried him before a Justice that knew him not: the Justice asked him why he killed the butcher's dog? The Esquire answered him very carelessly. Because the dog run at him. Run at you, says Mr. Justice! How did he run at you? To which Percy (being a comical sort of a man) replied, He run at me thus Bough, wough wough!!! and therewith taking a little run upon the Justice, threw him and his chair down together! When Mr. Justice looked upon as such affront to his Worship, that nothing would atone for but committing him to Nswgate, aggravating the crime of killing the butcher's dog, ⟨telling⟩ him, His dog was his servant, and that for ought he knew, himself or some of his gang, designed to rob his shop; but he would make an example of him. Percy seemed very little concerned at what the Justice said, which provoked him the more; and therefore he called the clerk to make his mittimus, who asking him what his name was, he said, Jocelin. What besides Jocelin? said the Clerk. Percy said he. Of what place? replied the Clerk. Of Northumberland-house, near Charing-Cross, said he. The Justice hearing this, and knowing there was a very comical gentleman of that name, who was brother to the Earl of Northumberland, then a great favorite with his Majesty, changed his tone at once and asked him if he was brother to the Earl? On being answered in the affirmative, he addressed himself to the butcher in an angry tone, telling him, he would examine into the affair, and that he would learn him better than let his dog loose to molest gentlemen as they walked the street, and that he would have him bound over to the peace at the Quarter-Sessions for his future behaviour, Which he would have done, and perhaps more, had not Percy interfered in his behalf. At this alteration the poor butcher was terrified. The Justice then addressed himself to the Esquire, and begged his pardon for using him in such a manner. imputing it to his not knowing his quality. The Esquire, with a smile; replied. that he must also beg his pardon for throwing him and his chair over.The Justice answered, there was no offence.

Thus we may see the misery of wanting money. The butcher could certainly have punished Percy for killing his dog in such an unprovoked manner, and would have obtained it, had not the Justice discovered Percy's family, and let justice wink rather than offend the brother of a favorite of his Majesty's. The poor Butcher must not only content himself with the loss of his dog, but be glad he escaped so well. It is just so, generally speaking, in every state of life; if a man be ever so virtuous, and of the best principles, if he want that principle of principles, money, he wants every thing, and is looked upon as a mean pitiful fellow; on the contrary, if a man be possessed of that, he has every thing, though otherwise of the most consummate ignorance debauched life, and insignificant conversation.

I confess, if we look backward into the better and wiser ages of the world, virtue tho' clothed in rags was more esteemed than the trappings of the gold ass; it is in these last and worst of days that vice has got such an ascendant in the world as to make men think all that are poor are miserable; for in the primitive times, poverty was the badge of religion and piety: and well it might for not many great, nor many noble were called; and the study of wisdom, and contempt of the world was then in esteem among the wisest philosophers in the earliest ages. But as Ovid

The times are chang'd, and even we
Seem changed with the times to be.

So that in these times. considering the misery of wanting money is so great we may say with the wise man, "My son, is better to die than to be poor." Which saying was perhaps the occasion of an old miser's mistake. who bid his son observe what Solomon said, "Always keep a penny in your pocket." But his son answered again, He did not remember that Solomon said any such thing. The miser replied, "Then Solomon was not so wise as I took him to be."

Indeed money is now become the worldly man's God, and the card which the devil turns up triumph to win the game; for it gives birth, breeding, beauty, honour, and credit; and makes the possessors think themselves wise, tho' their very thinking so, declares them fools. But because money answers all things, and is in such vogue with the world, therefore many are so willing to purchase it though with the loss of soul and body.

But the want of money does not only cause men to be condemned and rediculed, but it also puts men upon taken wicked and unlawful courses to obtain it: which made one say

O wretched poverty! a tool thou'rt made,
To every evil act and wicked trade.

For it wresteth and maketh crooked the best natures; which are forced by their necessities, to do those things which they blush to think of, while they are doing them: such as borrowing, and not being able to pay; to speak untruths. to cover and disguise their poverty: to deceive, and sometimes to cheat their nearest relations. And all because when they are in want, they are scorned, and despised, and perhaps disowned by them.

Bnt before I leave this subject, of shewing the misery of wanting money, it is necessary I should say something of the misery of borrowing money, or running in debt, which is a consequent of wanting money: for he that does not want, has no occasion to borrow, and is, in that respect happy; for being out of debt, he is out of danger, and therefore needs not seek for by-ways, to avoid his creditors. but can walk in the open streets without fear, and whet his knife even at the gates of the prison.

But on the contrary, he that borrows money, has made himself such a slave to his creditors, that he dares hardly say his head is his own, and is afraid that every one he meets is a serjeant or a bailiff, that intends to captivate his outward tabernacle: like the man that in the night-time, having his coat catched by a nail, and so stopped, he presently cried out, "At whose suit?" Supposing it was a serjeant that had arrested him.

The causes of Men's wanting Money.

SINCE money is a thing so necessary and so useful, and the want of a competency of it, makes a man so very miserable, rendering him liable to all the scorn and contempt that an ill-natured world can throw upon him; it seems strange so many should want it, especially those that know the worth of it. And therefore it may be worth our enquiring into the causes from whence this want proceeds: I mean the common and ordinary causes; for there are some causes that are ⟨extraordinary⟩, such as all our wit and prudence can ⟨neither⟩ foresee nor avoid. Such was that ⟨extraordinray⟩ and surprising storm in November 1703, ⟨whereby⟩ many thousands were undone, as to their ⟨estates⟩, besides the many lives that were lost: and ⟨such⟩ also was the dreadful fire in London whereby ⟨some⟩ that had great estates the one week had ⟨scarce⟩ breed to eat the next: and in the time of war ⟨many⟩ are unavoidable losers. But these must not ⟨be⟩ reckoned the common and ordinary ways that ⟨make⟩ and keep men poor. We know indeed, ⟨that⟩ by the divine providence, in the body of a ⟨common⟩-wealth there must be both poor and rich, ⟨even⟩ as an human body cannot subsist without ⟨hands⟩ and feet to labour, and walk about to pro(illegible text)d for the other members; the rich being the ⟨belly⟩, which devour all, yet do no part of the ⟨work⟩: but the cause of every man's poverty is ⟨not⟩ one and the same; some are poor by condition ⟨and⟩ content with their calling, and neither seck ⟨nor⟩ can work themselves into better condition; (illegible text)et God raiseth up, as by a miracle, the children ⟨and⟩ posterity of these, oftentimes, to possess the ⟨most⟩ eminent places either in church or common ⟨wealth⟩, as to become Archbishops, Bishops, Judges Commanders-general in the field, Secretaries of State, Statesmen, and the like: so that it proveth not always true, which the poet say,

If poor thou art, then poor thou shalt remain;
Rich men alone do now rich gifts obtain.

Of this condition are the greatest number in every kingdom: others there are, who have possessed great estates, but those estates have not thriven, ⟨nor⟩ continued, being gotten by oppession, deceit, usury, and the like, which commonly lasteth not to the third generation, according to the poet,

It seldom is the grandchild's lot,
To be the heir of goods not justly got.

Others come to want and misery, by spending their fair estates in ways of vicious living, as of drink and women; for Bacchus and Venus are inseparable companions; and he that is familiar with the one, is never a stranger to the other.

In same way manner and end.
Both wine and women do offend.

Some again live in perpetual want, being naturally wholly given to idleness: these are the drones of a common-wealth, who deserve not to live. "He that laboureth not, should not eat.—Labour night and day, rather than be burthensome," saith the apostle Paul: both country and city swarm with this kind of people; "The diligent hand, saith Solomon, shall make rich: but the sluggard shall have a scarcity of bread."

I remember, when I was in the Low Countries, there were three soldiers, a Dutch-man, a Scot, and an Englishman. who, for their misdemeanors, were condemned to be hanged; yet their lives were begged by three several men one a brick-layer, that he might help him to make bricks, and carry them to the walls; the other was a brewer of Delft, who begged his man to fetch water, and do other work in the brew house: and the third by a gardner, to help him to work in and dress a hop garden. The first two accepted their offers thankfully; but the last, the Englishman, told his Master in plain terms. his friends had never brought him up to gather hops; and therefore desired rather to be hanged.

Others having had great estates left unto them (illegible text) their friends, and who never knew the pain ⟨and⟩ care in getting of them, have as one said truly, ⟨galloped⟩ through them in a very short time: ⟨these⟩ are such as Solomon speaketh of, "who ⟨having⟩ riches, have no hearts, or rather the wit, ⟨to⟩ use them.” These men are most aptly ⟨compared⟩ to the willow-tree, because the palms of ⟨the⟩ willow-tree are no sooner ripe, but blown ⟨away⟩ with the wind.

I remember to have heard of a wealth citizen ⟨in⟩ London, in Queen Elizabeth’s time, who left ⟨his⟩ son a great sum of money, who imagined he ⟨would⟩ never be able to spend it; would usually (illegible text)ake ducks and drakes in the Thames with ⟨shillings⟩, as boys were wont to do with tile sheards ⟨and⟩ oyster shells: and in the end came to such ⟨extreme⟩ want, that he was under the necessity of ⟨borrowing⟩ sixpence, having many times more shoes ⟨than⟩ feet, and sometimes more feet than shoes, as ⟨one⟩ beggar said in the comedy.

Money also there are, who having been born ⟨to⟩ a good estate, have quite undone themselves by ⟨marriage⟩, and that after a two fold manner: first ⟨by⟩ matching themselves without advice of parents ⟨or⟩ friends, in heat of youth, unto proud, foolish, ⟨and⟩ light women, that one would better live on ⟨small⟩ allowance at a distance, than have a full ⟨meal⟩ at home where he is always trouble with ⟨her⟩ never ceasing tongue. And this is the reason ⟨so⟩ many husbands travel beyond seas; or at home go from town to town, or from tavern to tavern, ⟨to⟩ look for company! and in a word, to spend any thing, to live any where, save at home in their ⟨own⟩ houses, whero they are sure to hear nothing ⟨but⟩ the brawlings of a scolding woman.

DIRECTIONS

How persons may supply themselves with Money at all times.

Now, if you would ask me, what course he should take, or what he should do that wanteth money? Let him first bethink himself to what profession or trade he hath been formerly brought up to. If of the inferior middle sort of tradesmen or artificers, (for those are chiefly concerned in this unhappiness) let such,

First, be very diligent and industrious in their respective trades and callings, and not be slothful in business.

Secondly, Let him take heed of idleness, and of all vain and idle companions, that loiter up and down and squander away their time as if it were of no value, though it is the most precious thing in the world, there being nothing in the world that is a more certain indication of ruin and destruction, than the wasting and misimproving of our time. And yet this is done by those that would take it ill to be charged therewith: as for instance. How many are there that spend a great deal of their time in Coffee-houses and Weekly-Clubs! where, tho' but little money is pretended to be spent, yet a great deal of precious time is squandered away and lost! which many that frequent these places never think of! but measure their expences, only by what goes out of their pockets, not considering what they might have gained in that time by their labour, and what they might have saved by keeping in their shops.

Let us therefore reckon, when a tradesman goes ⟨to⟩ the Coffee-house or Ale-house to take a ⟨morning⟩-draught, (let it be of what liquor he wills), while he is spending his twopence, smoaking and talking, he loses at least an hour of his time: and in the evening he goes to his two-penny club, and there tarries from six till ten. Now, it must be a very poor trade, if in that time he could not nave earned a shilling. And if he keeps servants, the want of his presence at home may have occasioned his losing as much as he could have gained himself. So that his spending a groat morning and night, (that is two pence each time) cannot be accounted less than the loss of 2s. 8d. a-day, which comes to 14s. a-week, and 36l. 10s. a-year, Which sum, if saved, until his oldest son arrived at 21. years of age, and so fit for marriage and to set up in trade, would have amounted to 760l 10s. They who would live so as not to want money, must avoid all such idle and needless expences and unnecessary loss of time.

But if the person complaining of the want of money, has been brought up to no trade, then let him consider to what kind of life his genius or natural disposition does most of all incline him. If he cannot find employment in his own country to suit his genius (which can scarcely be supposed in a country such as Great Britain, where arts and science are carried to the greatest perfection, and where a person of any genius, or of little genius, may find employment) let him seek his fortune abroad. He may at once satisfy his curiosity, supply his necessity, and serve his country, by going into the army or navy, and thereby have an opportunity of doing brave actions in the service of his country abroad, and there he may some to advantage both his fortune and family. If he inclines not the employment of the army ⟨or⟩ navy, he may find something to suit him in o(illegible text) Plantations in the East and West Indies, and (illegible text) America, in all which places many a man ⟨had⟩ done well, who could do nothing at home. ⟨There⟩ you shall find great contentment to your ⟨conscience⟩ to be in action, which God commands us all to be

The times in no age was so hard, as to ⟨deny⟩ industry and ingenuity a livelyhood: and, in ⟨a⟩ word, rather to be in misery for want of money let a man undertake any vocation and labour, ⟨and⟩

Never think the labour coarse
That puts a penny in his purse.

The want of money is a great torment, and often puts men on unlawful shifts to procure it therefore let every one who has got money, ⟨be⟩ careful to know its worth, for since we are born we must live, and it is hard to live upon a small share of it. And to conclude this chapter, let us be always careful to get, and cautious in spending money; and when you have it, know how to keep and how to use it, when there is occasion: for money in your pocket is the best companion. As one observed, "be a good husband, and thou wilt soon get a penny to spend a penny to lend, and a penny for thy friend." For I would have none to be such misers as to gain money only to keep, and not make use of it; for to such, money is the greatest curse, of which the world has been furnished with many instances.

Gain a penny, spend a penny,
(Says the frugal man;)
But if you spend before you gain,
You'll ne'er be merry then.

DIRECTIONS

How to turn a Penny to advantage.

⟨MY⟩ first direction shall be that all such persons (illegible text) design to thrive in the world, should always ⟨take⟩ care not to spend a penny idly; for that they ⟨thereby⟩ may purchase a square yard (or 3 feet) ⟨of⟩ good land. This, how improbable soever it ⟨may⟩ seem, is an undoubted truth, as will appear ⟨by⟩ the following demonstration.

1. Sixteen feet and a half, make one rood.

2. Forty such roods in length (that is 600 feet) ⟨and⟩ four such roods in breadth, (that is 66 feet) takes an acre of land.

3. Now, multiply 660 feet, (the length of an ⟨acre⟩) by 66 feet, (the breadth of an acre) and the ⟨product⟩ will be 43,560 square feet, and so many ⟨an⟩ acre cotains.

4. Land that will let at 20s an acre, per annum, (illegible text)m acre of which. if sold as 20 years purchase, may be bought for 20l, that is for 4800 pence.

5. Now, if you divide 43,560, (the number of ⟨pence⟩ for which an acre may be purchased,) the quotions or product thereof is 9, and 360 ⟨remaining⟩: which shews that every penny does purchase nine square feet (that is, three feet long, and three broad) of such land. and somewhat above, which ⟨is⟩ what was to be demonstrated; and consequently it follows, taat for every two shillings. you may purchase 216 square feet: that is a piece of ground of 18 feet long, and 12 feet broad, which is enough to build a little house upon. or make a little garden, which being well planted, the fruit thereof may every year make a man blush, to think ⟨he⟩ should spend the smallest sum unnecessarily, ⟨on⟩ immoderate eating, drinking, cloathing, fa(illegible text) or pocket expences, which perhaps impairs ⟨his⟩ health besides, and exposes him to the ⟨reproach⟩ and redicule of his neighbours, when he has (illegible text) fair a way to turn those idle-spent pence to ⟨his⟩ own advantage. But if a man has not a ⟨mind⟩ ⟨to⟩ purchase land with his penny, he may turn ⟨to⟩ several other ways to still greater advantage (illegible text) trade and commerce.

But there is more required in the art of ⟨thriving⟩ and turning the penny to advantage, than m(illegible text) men imagine: it is true, diligence is good. ⟨and⟩ industry is good, and frugality is good; but man can never thrive. as he should do with(illegible text) he looks higher than all this. I remember I ⟨have⟩ somewhere read the following verses:

Spare not, nor spend too much; be this thy ⟨care⟩
Spare but to spend, and only spend to spare;
Who spends too much, may want, and so ⟨complain⟩
But he spends best, that spares to spend again,
Plow, sow, and reap, and then to Heaven call,
That its kind blessing may on your labour fall;
'Tis vain to look for profit from what's giv'n,
Unless you get the blessed dew from heav'n.

And indeed, unless we are under the influence of a blessing from heaven, all our own endeavours how strenuous soever they may be, will ⟨never⟩ make us thrive: for as the royal Plalmist excellently observes, "Except the Lord build ⟨the⟩ house they labour in vain that build it. ⟨Except⟩ the Lord keep the city, the watchman walketh ⟨but⟩ in vain." So it is in this case, except the Lord give a blessing, our endeavours will be in vain.

A

New Method for ordering Expences.

IT is very hard for an open and easy nature ⟨to⟩ keep within the compass of his fortune; either ⟨shame⟩ to be observed behind others, or else a vain-⟨glorious⟩ itching to out do them leaks away till ⟨the⟩ vessel be low or empty; so that nothing ⟨involves⟩ a man in more unhappiness than a heedless ⟨letting⟩ go, in an imprudence of mispending; for it ⟨alters⟩ the very frame and temper of the mind. When wants come, he that was profuse before, ⟨easily⟩ grows rapacious. It is extreme unhappiness ⟨to⟩ be thus composed of extremes, to be impatient ⟨both⟩ in plenty and want. And therefore let every man, for the better ordering of his expences, observe the following rules.

1. See that your comings in be more than your ⟨payings⟩ out; for unless this be minded, a man may waste away his substance to nothing insensibly, If your income exceed your expences but twenty shillings a-year, you are in a thriving condition; but if on the contrary your expences exceed your income, you are in the highway to ruin.

2: Keep an exact accouut of what you lay out, and what you receive; for without this, you will be always in the dark.

3. Balance your account at least once every quarter; and then you will the better see how the case stands with you, and so may the better retrench matters, if you find you have exceeded.

4. In laying out your money, trust not to your servants: for in-small matters they may deceive you and you be never the wiser: and many such small matters may amount to a great sum.

5. In all your affairs of moment, look after ⟨your⟩ business yourself if you wish them to succeed.

6. Be always sparing, that you may still ⟨have⟩ wherewithal to spend.

7. Never spend presently, in hopes of ⟨gaining⟩ for the future: wise merchants, while their ⟨goods⟩ are at sea, do not increase their expences on ⟨land⟩ but fearing the worst, secure what they have ⟨already⟩ in their hands.

8. Never buy but with ready-money; and ⟨but⟩ where you find things cheap and good rather ⟨than⟩ for friendship or acquaintance sake; for they perhaps may take it unkind, if you will not let ⟨them⟩ cheat you. For you may get experience. if nothing else by going from one shop to another.

9. Be ready to give a good advice to all, ⟨but⟩ be security for none. And if a friend or relation press you to it, refuse it, and rather, if you can lend him money upon another's bond.

10. Let not thy table exceed the fourth ⟨part⟩ of thy revenue. And let thy provisions be solid and not far fetched; fuller of substance than art. Be wisely frugal in thy preparation, and freely cheerful in thy entertainment. Too much is vanity and enough is a feast.

11. If thou wouldst in a little time arrive to worldly preferment, be very industrious in the calling, be what it will; that which is by sparing saved, may be with diligence improved. It hath been observed, that it is not less gainful to navigate in a small vessel, which makes quick and frequent returns, that in that which returns, but seldom, though deeply laden. Therefore Solomon directs the sluggard to go to the bee and ant; which infirm creatures plainly shew, how much the assiduity of industrious labour can effect.

A few serious and necessary Advices to ⟨all⟩ those that desire to thrive in the world, ⟨and⟩ have the blessing of God with it.

1. ASSURE yourself there can be no honest ⟨thriving⟩ without the fear of GOD. and the ⟨exercise⟩ use of a good conscience: and therefore, above ⟨all⟩ things, disengage yourself from that business ⟨and⟩ those diversions that stand in conpetition with ⟨that⟩ godly fear, that ought to be a guide to you ⟨in⟩ all your actions.

2. Avoid the company of all vicious persons, ⟨whatsoever⟩, as much as you can; for no vice is ⟨alone⟩, and all are infectious: Especially avoid all ⟨such⟩ persons as are scandalous, either for ⟨profession⟩ or manners, for you run his hazard, and ⟨espouse⟩ his disreputation; and such as swearers, ⟨prophane⟩ blasphemers, scoffers, &c.

3. Be sure not to keep company with drunkards ⟨and⟩ busy bodies, and all such as are apt to talk ⟨much⟩ to little purpose; for no man can be ⟨provident⟩ of his time, that is not prudent in the ⟨choice⟩ of his company.

4. Beware of idleness, aud fill up all the empty ⟨spaces⟩ of your time in useful employments: for ⟨vice⟩ creeps in, when the soul is unemployed, and ⟨the⟩ body at ease.

5. Avoid the filthy sin of whoredom, which ⟨brings⟩ the curse of GOD upon men's bodies and ⟨estates⟩: "For a whorish woman is a deep ditch, ⟨and⟩ he that is abhorred of the Lord, shall fall ⟨therein⟩."

6. Pray to GOD when you begin any work, ⟨that⟩, by his help, you may bring it to a good ⟨conclusion⟩.

PROVERBS

To be observed by all who wish to ⟨thrive⟩

WHEN riches increase, the body decreaseth;
For men grow old before they grow rich.
Spend, and be free, but do not waste.
Who more than he is worth doth spend,
Will be a beggar at the end.
Whoso spendeth more than he should,
Shall not have to spend when he would.
The table robs more than the thief.
Trade is the mother of money.

When the tree is fallen, every man goeth to with his hatchet. Or, when the man's dow down with him.

For want of a nail the shoe is lost,
For want of a shoe the horse is lost,
For want of a horse the rider is lost.
To him that is willing, ways are not wanting.
They must hunger in frost, that will not work in heat.
Go not to the physician on every disorder,
Nor to the Lawer on every quarrel,
Nor to the tavern always when dry.
Patience, time, and money, accommodate all things
Prayer and provinder hinders no journey.

Fear nothing but sin.

FINIS.