Polar Exploration/Index

by William Spiers Bruce

 

 

INDEX

 

• Adélie Land, 23
• Amundsen, Captain Roald, 166, 170, 242
• Animals, land, absence of, in Antarctic, 109–110
• Antarctic Regions, extent of, 15, 17–18, 32, 93; coasts of, 19, 22–23; connection with adjacent continents, 20–22, 125–127, 173; continental character of, 197, 234–235; former climate of, 126–127; interior of, 19
• Atmosphere, transparency of, 214–215
• Aurora, 220–233

 

• Bacteria, 85–87
• Balloons for meteorological purposes, 210–216
• Barents Sea, 166, 170, 201, 203
• Bathymetrical survey, 169–176, 195–196
• Bay Ice, 54–56
• Bear, Polar, 74–76, 111–116
• Beardmore Glacier, 39–43
• Beaufort Sea, 244
• Ben Nevis Observatory, 193–194, 215, 221
• Bipolarity, 147–148
• Birds In Antarctic, 137–146; in Arctic, 134–137
• Black ice, 56
• Black snow, 83
• Blue mud, 173, 191–192
• Brown, Dr. Robert, 79, 130
• Brown, Dr. R. N. Rudmose, 78, 91–95
• Buchan, Dr. Alex, 224, 233
• Buchanan, J. Y., 38, 70, 182–185
• Burn, Murdoch, W. G., 29

 

• Cape pigeon, 142–144
• Challenger, 51–62, 149, 171–172, 175, 182–185, 186, 190
• Charcot, Dr. Jean, 20, 81, 90, 94, 165, 198, 229–230
• Coats, Major Andrew, 166, 170
• Coats Land, 19, 23–25, 172, 186, 196
• Cook, Captain James, 42
• Currents, cold, 182–190; warm, 180–184, 187. See also Ocean currents.

 

• Deeps, ocean, 172–173, 175
• Density of sea-water, 176–178
• Deposits of sea bottom, 190–192
• Diatoms of sea, 77–80, 159–160; on ice, 76–77; ooze, 80, 190–192
• Discoloured ice, 74–77
• Dredging in Antarctic, 151–152
• Driftwood in Arctic, 85–92
• Drygalski, Dr. von, 23

 

• Edward Land, 37
• Emperor penguin, 137–138
• Enderby Land, 19, 24, 151
• Equipment for expeditions, 110
• Expedition, organisation of, 239–242, 248–251
• Exploration, aims of, 236–254
• Exploration of sea, importance of, 169, 245–247

 

• Fauna, characteristics of marine, 89
• Fauna of Antarctic and relations with other faunas, 148
• Ferns in Antarctic, 94
• Field ice, 58, 65
• Floe ice, 58, 60
• Flowering plants in Antarctic, 90, 93–94; in Arctic, 90, 95–102
• Föhn winds, 196
• Food in Polar expeditions, 103–108
• Foxes, Arctic, 122–124
• Fram, 77, 112, 189, 200, 239, 242
• Franklin expedition, 104, 110
• Franz Josef Land, 59, 80–81, 84, 91, 96, 99, 106, 115, 118, 179, 181, 200–201, 221–224, 225–229, 231
• Freezing-point of sea-water, 64, 71

 

• Graham Land, 19–22, 24, 38, 41, 45, 81, 90, 94
• Green snow, 83
• Greenland, 100, 116, 134, 188–189
• Greenland Sea, soundings in, 170–176; physics of, 177–178, 180–181, 201
• Grinnell Land, 100, 116, 124
• "Growlers," 46
• Gulf Stream, 181

 

• Hansa, 189
• Hare, 121
• Health in Arctic regions, 85–87
• Hummocks, 61
• Hunters, 120, 122, 130, 133, 243

 

• Ice, discoloured, 74–77; formation of, 54–58; islands, 35; movements of, 60–65; navigation, 65–67; pack, 60–68; pancake, 57–58
• Icebergs, Antarctic, 26–27, 35–38, 42–53; Arctic, 44; danger to ships, 47–53; effect on density of water, 177; weathering of, 39–40
• Ice-cap, formation of, 34–35
• Invertebrate life, 146–152, 155–168

 

• Kerguelen, 90, 141, 143
• Kites for meteorological purposes, 207–210

 

• Lichens in Antarctic, 95
• Lime-Juice, 105–106

 

• Magnetic observations, 217, 219, 222–224
• Markham, Admiral A. H., 124, 177
• Melting of snow, 68–69
• Meteorological work, importance of, 193–195, 197–199, 202
• Meteorology of high atmosphere, 207–216
• Michael Sars, 181
• Mid-Atlantic rise, 174, 249–250
• Monaco, Prince of, 158, 166–167, 170, 178, 208–216, 242
• Monsoons, relation of, to meteorology of Polar regions, 197, 202– 203
• Moose, 121
• Mosses in Antarctic, 94
• Motor-power on sledge journeys, 253–254
• Musk-ox, 116

 

• Nansen, Dr. F., 77, 112–114, 170, 176, 178, 200
• Névé 34–35, 38–42
• Nimrod, 187. See also Shackleton
• Nordenskjold, Baron A. E., 166, 170, 178–179, 180
• Nordenskjold, Dr. Otto, 38, 41–42, 126, 195–196, 229
• Novaya Zemlya, 81, 96, 100, 179, 181, 200

 

• Observations at the Poles, 11–14
• Ocean currents, 77, 188–190, 200. See also Currents
• Oceanographical research, 149–168, 160–192

 

• Pack ice, 60–68; danger of, 63–64
• Pancake ice, 57–58
• Peary, Admiral R. E., 170, 176, 202
• Penguins, 137–141
• Petrels, 142–145
• Pole hunting, 236
• Pourquoi Pas?, 94, 149, 164–165, 172, 190

 

• Red snow, 81–83
• Reindeer, 118
• Ross Barrier, 22, 36–43
• Ross Sea, 19, 36–43
• Rotifers, tenacity of life of, 84–85

 

• Salinity of sea, 177, 185
• Salt in sea-ice, 59–60, 70–71
• Scenery amid ice, 15–17, 26–31, 72–74
• Scotia, 24, 32, 52–53, 63, 95, 149, 160–161, 171–175, 184–187, 189, 191, 193–198, 207–208, 233–235
• Scott, Captain, R. F., 37, 38–39, 187, 252
• Scottish Antarctic Expedition, 141–142, 152–163, 186, 195, 218, 248, 254. See also Scotia
• Scurvy, 104–108
• Scurvy grass, 97–102
• Sea elephant, 131
• Seaweed, 88–89
• Seals, Antarctic, 131–132; Arctic, 130, 132–133
• Shackleton, Sir Ernest, 19, 37, 127, 188, 218, 234, 252
• Soundings, difficulty of, 173
• South Georgia, 90, 128, 142, 174, 198
• Southern Ocean, 25, 32
• Spitsbergen, 45, 81, 85, 91, 96, 99, 101, 102, 120, 122–124, 129, 177, 178, 181, 201–202, 211, 215, 243

 

• Temperature, lowest recorded, 33
• Temperature of sea, 54, 177–178, 182–185
• Termination Land, 23, 171
• Terns, 146
• Thermometers, exposure of, 203–206
• Thunderstorms and auroræ, 220–221
• Tidal observations, 233–235
• Townets, 159–160
• Trawling, deep sea, 151–158, 161–162, 186

 

• Unicorn, 130

 

• Victoria Land, 21–22, 94

 

• Walrus, 132
• Water, supply of drinking, 68–70
• Weddell Sea, 19, 24, 37, 43, 171–173, 186, 191–192, 197, 203, 252
• Whales in Antarctic, 127–129; in Arctic, 129–130
• "White ice," 56
• Wilhelm Land, 23–24, 94