Sanskrit Grammar (Whitney)

by William Dwight Whitney

SANSKRIT GRAMMAR

Including both the Classical Language, and
the older Dialects, of Veda and Brahmana

BY

WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY

Late Professor of Sanskrit in Yale University, Knight of the Prussian Order
Pour le Mérite, Corresponding Member of the Académie des Inscrip-
tions et Belles-Lettres of the Institute of France, etc., Editor-
in-Chief of The Century Dictionary, an Encyclopedic
Lexicon of the English Language

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON: GEOFFREY CUMBERLEGE

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

1950

CONTENTS.

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Chap.		Page.
	Preface	v
	Introduction	xi
I.	Alphabet	1–9
II.	System of Sounds; Pronunciation	10–34
	Vowels, 10; Consonants, 13; Quantity, 27; Accent, 28.
III.	Rules of Euphonic Combination	34–87
	Introductory, 34; Principles, 37; Rules of Vowel Combination, 42; Permitted Finals, 49; Deaspiration, 53; Surd and Sonant Assimilation, 54; Combinations of Final s and r, 56; Conversion of s to ṣ, 61; Conversion of n to ṇ, 64; Conversion of Dental Mutes to Linguals and Palatals, 66; Combinations of Final n, 69; Combinations of Final m, 71; the Palatal Mutes and Sibilant, and h, 72; the Lingual Sibilant, 77; Extension and Abbreviation, 78; Strengthening and Weakening Processes, 81; Guṇa and Vṛddhi, 81; Vowel-lengthening, 84; Vowel-lightening, 85; Nasal Increment, 86; Reduplication, 87.
IV.	Declension	88–110
	Gender, Number, Case, 88; Uses of the Cases, 89; Endings of declension, 103; Variation of Stem, 107; Accent in Declension, 108.
V.	Nouns and Adjectives	111–176
	Classification etc., 111; Declension I., Stems in a, 112; Declension II., Stems in i and u, 116; Declension III., Stems in Long Vowels (ā, ī, ū): A. Root-words etc., 124; Stems in Diphthongs, 130; B. Derivative Stems etc., 131; Declension IV., Stems in ṛ or ar, 137; Declension V., Stems in Consonants, 141; A. Root-stems etc., 143; B. Derivative Stems in as, is, us, 153; C. Derivative Stems in an, 156; D. in in, 161; E. in ant or at, 163; F. Perfect Participles in vāṅs, 169; G. Comparatives in yāṅs or yas, 172; Comparison, 173.
VI.	Numerals	177–185
	Cardinals, 177; Ordinals etc., 183.
VII.	Pronouns	185–199
	Personal, 185; Demonstrative, 188; Interrogative, 194; Relative, 195; other Pronouns: Emphatic, Indefinite, 196; Nouns used pronominally, 197; Pronominal Derivatives, Possessives etc., 197; Adjectives declined pronominally, 199.
VIII.	Conjugation	200–226
	Voice, Tense, Mode, Number, Person, 200; Verbal Adjectives and Nouns, 203; Secondary Conjugations, 203; Personal Endings, 204; Subjunctive Mode, 209; Optative, 211; Imperative, 213; Uses of the Modes, 215; Participles, 220; Augment, 220; Reduplication, 222; Accent of the Verb, 223.
IX.	The Present-System	227–278
	General, 227; Conjugations and Conjugation Classes, 228; Root-Class (second or ad-class), 231; Reduplicating Class (third or hu-class), 242; Nasal Class (seventh or rudh-class), 250; nu and u-Classes (fifth and eight, or su- and tan-classes), 254; nā-Class (ninth or krī-class), 260; a-Class (first or bhū-class), 264; Accented á-Class (sixth or tud-class), 269; ya-Class (fourth or div-class), 271; Accented yá-Class or Passive Conjugation, 275; So-called tenth or cur-class, 277; Uses of the Present and Imperfect, 278.
X.	The Perfect-System	279–296
	Perfect Tense, 279; Perfect Participle, 291; Modes of the Perfect, 292; Pluperfect, 295; Uses of the Perfect, 295.
XI.	The Aorist-Systems	297–330
	Classification, 297; I. Simple Aorist: 1. Root-Aorist, 299; Passive Aorist 3d sing., 304; 2. the a-Aorist, 305; II. 3. Reduplicated Aorist, 308; III. Sibilant Aorist, 313; 4. the s-Aorist, 314; 5. the iṣ-Aorist, 320; 6. the siṣ-Aorist, 323; 7. the sa-Aorist, 325; Precative, 326; Uses of the Aorist, 328.
XII.	The Future-Systems	330–339
	I. The s-Future, 331; Preterit of the s-Future, Conditional, 334; II. The Periphrastic Future, 335; Uses of the Futures and Conditional, 337.
XIII.	Verbal Adjectives and Nouns: Participles, Infinitives, Gerunds	340–360
	Passive Participle in tá or ná, 340; Past Active Participle in tavant, 344; Future Passive Participles, Gerundives, 345; Infinitives, 347; Uses of the Infinitives, 351; Gerunds, 355; Adverbial Gerund in am, 359.
XIV.	Derivative or Secondary Conjugation	360–391
	I. Passive, 361; II. Intensive, 362; Present-System, 365; Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc., 370; III. Desiderative, 372; Present-System, 374; Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc., 376; IV. Causative, 378; Present-System, 380; Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc., 383; V. Denominative, 386.
XV.	Periphrastic and Compound Conjugation	391–403
	The Periphrastic Perfect, 392; Participial Periphrastic Phrases, 394; Composition with Prepositional Prefixes, 395; Other Verbal Compounds, 400.
XVI.	Indeclinables	403–417
	Adverbs, 403; Prepositions, 414; Conjunctions, 416; Interjections, 417.
XVII.	Derivation of Declinable Stems	418–480
	A. Primary Derivatives, 420; B. Secondary Derivatives, 454.
XVIII.	Formation of Compound Stems	480–515
	Classification, 480; I. Copulative Compounds, 485; II. Determinative Compounds, 489; A. Dependent Compounds, 489; B. Descriptive Compounds, 494; III. Secondary Adjective Compounds, 501; A. Possessive Compounds, 501; B. Compound with Governed Final Member, 511; Adjective Compounds as Nouns and as Adverbs, 512; Anomalous Compounds 514; Stem-finals altered in Composition, 514; Loose Construction with Compounds, 515.
Appendix		516–520
	A. Examples of Various Sanskrit Type, 516; B. Example of Accentuated Text, 518; Synopsis of the conjugation of roots bhū and kṛ, 520.
Sanskrit Index		521–539
General Index		540–551