The Art of Bookbinding/Index

by Joseph William Zaehnsdorf

• Acids, effect of, on leather, 133.
• Advantage, comparative, of paste and glue, 93.
• —— of flexible binding, 28.
• —— of giaining calf, 144.
• —— of vinegar over paste water when finishing, 127.
• Albumen, 171.
• Antique finishing, 122.
• —— tools, method of working, 122.
• Arming press, 117.
• Artificial heat, 46.
• Artists' vellum, 147.
• Athenæum letter on trimming, 43.
• Azuré tools, 113.

• Back, calf, polishing a, 140.
• —— finishing a (cut), 130.
• —— full gilt, 129.
• —— mitred, 129-139.
• —— run up, 129-140.
• Backs, flat, 48.
• —— suitable for calf work (cut), 138.
• Backing, 48.
• —— (cut), 49.
• —— boards (cut), 48, 50.
• —— flexible work, 50.
• —— hammer (cut), 49.
• —— machines, 50.
• Band nippers (cut), 93.
• Bands, putting on, 88.
• Bar roll, 133.
• Bath, effect upon stains of wrong, 158.
• Beating, 9.
• —— hammer (cut), 9.
• —— gold books, 10.
• Beating stone, 9.
• Bibles, etc, edges of, 122.
• —— end papers for, 33.
• —— finishing of, 122.
• Bindings, monastic, 111.
• Blind finishing, 122.
• —— beauty of, 125.
• —— colour of, 122.
• Blocking, 149.
• —— calf, 153.
• —— cloth, 153.
• —— in gold, 153.
• —— morocco, 153.
• —— old method of, 116.
• —— press, 150.
• —— sides, 151.
• —— silk, 146.
• —— velvet, 146.
• Blocks, 151.
• Blood stains, removing, 163.
• Board, backing, 48.
• —— cutting, 54.
• —— trimming, 41.
• Boards, cutting in, 64.
• —— cutting out of, 64.
• —— made, 55.
• —— for photographs, 170.
• Bolt knife (cut), 61.
• Books, enemies of, 166.
• Book-worms, 167.
• —— to keep away, 168.
• Brass type, 129.
• Bread, cleaning with, 161.
• Bronze end paper, 34.
• Brush, finder, 68.
• —— sprinkling, 68.
• Burnishers, 79.
• —— edge (cuts), 81.
• Burnishing edges, 81.
• —— marbled paper, 73.
• Burnt documents, deciphering, 166.
• Burr on knife, 79.

• Calf, back polishing, 137.
• —— blocking, 153.
• Cambridge, 104.
• —— colouring, 100.
• —— colouring, preparing for, 102.
• —— colouring, black, 101.
• —— colouring, brown, 102.
• —— colouring, yellow, 102.
• —— covering in, 94.
• —— dabbing, 106.
• —— effect of glue on, 89.
• —— extra, 142.
• —— finishing, 135.
• —— graining, 144.
• —— graining, advantage of, 144.
• —— green and light, 139-141.
• —— handling, 94.
• —— lettering, 140.
• —— marbling, 105.
• —— marbling, preparing for, 104.
• —— neat, 137.
• —— pasting down, 99.
• —— sides, finishing, 141.
• —— sides, polishing, 142.
• —— work, backs suitable for (cut), 138.
• —— sprinkling, 103.
• —— sprinkling, emblematic, 103.
• —— sprinkling, preparing for 103.
• Cambridge calf, 104.
• Capping up edges, 82.
• Cat's paw, 106.
• Charcoal fire for finishing, 121.
• Chemical colouring of leather, 133.
• Chloride of lime solution, 159.
• Chlorine, restoring writing effaced by, 165.
• Cleaning, 157.
• —— off stick, 58-59.
• —— removing single leaf for, 162.
• Cleaning silver mountings, 172.
• —— sponges, 172.
• —— with india-rubber, 161.
• —— with bread, 161.
• Cloth blocking, 153.
• —— covering with, 95.
• —— joints, 38.
• —— smooth, 95.
• Cobb paper, 33.
• Collating, 13.
• Colour of blind work, 122.
• Colours for books, suggested, 96.
• —— for marbling, 69.
• —— for sprinkling, 68.
• Coloured edges, fancy, 69.
• —— paste paper, 35.
• —— plates, 17.
• Colouring calf, 100.
• —— calf preparing for, 102.
• —— calf, black, 101.
• —— calf, brown, 102.
• —— yellow, 102.
• Colouring edges, 67.
• —— of leather, chemical, 133.
• —— plain, for edges, 69.
• Comb marble, 72.
• Cord, sizes of, 22.
• Cords, lay, 23.
• Cotton wool, 120.
• Covers, cutting leather, 90.
• Covering, 90.
• —— half bound work, 96.
• —— preparing for, 87.
• —— with calf, 94.
• —— with cloth, 95.
• —— with morocco, 90.
• —— with parchment, 94.
• —— with roan, do.
• —— with russia, 94.
• —— with satin, 95.
• —— with silk, 95.
• —— with vellum, 94.
• —— with velvet, 95.
• Cut against, 54.
• —— true, to tell if boards are, 56.
• —— to tell if book is, 64.
• Cushion, gold, 78.
• Cutting, 59.
• Cutting in boards, 64.
• —— out of boards, 64.
• —— board, 54.
• —— foredge, 62.
• —— gold leaf, 80.
• —— head, 61.
• —— leather covers, 90.
• —— machines (cuts), 65, 66.
• —— mill-board, 52.
• —— press and plough (cut), 60.
• —— tail, 62.

• Dabbing calf, 106.
• Damp stains, 162.
• —— repairing books damaged by, 162.
• Deciphering burnt documents, 166.
• Dentelle border, 132.
• Derome tools (cuts), 115.
• Dibdin, Dr, 95.
• Disadvantage of backing machines, 51.
• —— flat backs, 48.
• —— lettering pieces, 136.
• —— wire sewing, 30.
• Dishes for washing, 159.
• Documents, deciphering burnt, 166.
• Double, 132.
• Down, pasting, 97.
• Dragon, gum, 70.
• Drawing in, 57.
• Drawings, fixing, 165.
• —— preserving, 165.
• Dry preparation, 145.
• —— making, 145.
• Drying, artificial heat in, 46.
• Duplicate sheets, 19.
• Dust, removing, 161.
• Dutch marble paper, 34.

• Edge burnishers (cuts), 81.
• Edges of bibles and religious books, 122.
• —— of boards, finishing, 132.
• —— burnishing, 81.
• —— capping up, 82.
• —— coloured, fancy, 69.
• —— coloured, plain, 69.
• —— colouring, 67.
• —— gilding, 80.
• —— gilt, 78.
• —— gilt, dull, 81.
• —— gilt, painted, 82.
• —— gilt, on red, 82.
• —— gilt, in the round, 81.
• —— gilt, solid, 81.
• —— gilt, tooled, 82.
• —— marbled, 69.
• —— marbled, paper, transfer ring to, 74-75.
• —— marbling, 73.
• —— marbled, on gilt, 78.
• —— marbled, under gilt, 78.
• —— sprinkled, 67.
• —— sprinkled marble, 67.
• —— transferring marbled paper to, 74-75.
• —— uncut, 41.
• Effaced by chlorine, restoring writing, 165.
• —— by oxymuriatic acid, restoring writing, 165.
• Emblematic sprinkling, 103.
• —— tooling, 117.
• End papers, 33.
• —— papers, bronze, 34.
• —— papers, cobb, 33.
• —— papers, coloured paste, 35.
• —— papers, making, 35.
• —— papers, marbled, 33.
• —— papers, printed and fancy, 34.
• —— papers, putting on, 38.
• —— papers, surface, 33.
• —— papers, for bibles, etc. , 33.
• —— papers, for school and public library books, 41.
• Ends, sewing (cut), 40.
• Enemies of books, 166.
• Extra, calf, 142.

• Faded MSS. , restoring, 165.
• —— writing, restoring, 165.
• Fat stains, removing, 164.
• Fillet (cut), 118.
• Filling up, 137.
• —— up, saw cuts, 89.
• Finger brush, 68.
• Finger-marks, 163.
• —— removing, 163.
• Finishing, 111.
• —— ancient, 117.
• —— a back (cut), 130.
• —— a back, calf, 135.
• —— a back, full gilt, 137.
• —— a back, run up, 139.
• —— blind, antique or monastic, 122.
• —— blind, tools for, 122.
• —— calf sides, 141
• —— charcoal fire for, 121.
• —— edges of boards, 132.
• —— extra calf sides, 142.
• —— flexible work, 124.
• —— gold, 125.
• —— gold, tools for, 122.
• —— half morocco book, 127.
• —— inside of a book, 132-141.
• —— medium, 126.
• —— medium, importance of proper, 126.
• —— morocco sides, 131.
• —— morocco imitation, 133.
• —— paper, 144.
• —— press (cuts), 121-122.
• —— religious books, 122.
• —— roan, 133.
• —— russia, 145.
• —— sides calf, 135.
• —— sides calf extra, 142.
• —— sides morocco, 131.
• —— sides, morocco imitation, 133.
• —— silk, 146.
• —— stove (cuts), 120.
• —— taste in, 117.
• —— tools, 118-122.
• —— tools, heat for, 128.
• —— vellum, 147.
• —— velvet, 146.
• —— with dry preparation, 145.
• Fixing drawings, 165.
• Flat backs, 48.
• Flexible binding, advantages of, 28.
• —— how to tell, 29.
• —— not to show, 29, 89.
• Flexible work, backing, 50.
• Flexible work, cleaning off, 59.
• —— work, covering, preparing for, 89.
• —— work, finishing, 124.
• —— work, gluing up, 45.
• —— work, marking up, 20.
• —— work, mock, 90.
• —— work, sewing, 23.
• —— work, sewing (cut), 27.
• Folding, 3.
• —— stick, 4.
• —— machine (cut), 7.
• —— maps, 15.
• Folio, 4.
• Foredge, cutting, 62.
• Forwarding, 33.
• Fox-marks, 163.
• —— marks, removing, 163.
• French, dab, 106.
• —— method of pressing, 19.
• —— method of trimming, 42.
• —— paring knife (cut), 90.
• —— paring knife, method of using (cut), 91.
• Full gilt back, finishing, 137.

• Gall, ox, for marbling, 71.
• Gascon, 115.
• —— tools (cuts), 114.
• Gathering, 8.
• —— machine, 8.
• German, method of gluing up, 45.
• —— paring knife (cut), 91.
• —— paring knife, method of using (cut), 91.
• Giggering, 124.
• Gilding edges, 80.
• Gilt back, full, 129.
• —— edges, 78.
• —— edges, dull, 81.
• —— edges, painted, 82.
• —— edges, solid, 81.
• —— edges, tooled, 82.
• —— in the round, 81.
• —— marbling on, 78.
• —— marbling under, 78.
• —— on red, 82.
• —— top, 41.
• Glaire, 119.
• —— how to make, 119.
• —— water, 79.
• Glue, 169.
• —— comparative advantages of paste and, 93.
• —— effect on calf of, 89.
• —— rice, 169.
• —— to tell good, 169.
• Gluing up, 45.
• —— up flexible work, 45.
• —— up, German method of, 45.
• Gold, blocking in, 153.
• —— cushion, 78.
• —— finishing, 125.
• —— finishing, tools for, 128.
• —— knife, 79.
• —— leaf, 79-119.
• —— leaf, cutting, 80.
• Grain, treatment of straight, 92.
• —— treatment of leather with no, 92.
• Graining calf, 144.
• —— advantage of, 144.
• Graining up, 92.
• Grolier tools (cuts), 113.
• Groove, 7.
• Guarding plates, etc., 15.
• Guards, object of, 16.
• Gum Tragacanth (Gum Dragon), 70.

• Half binding, 96.
• —— binding, covering, 96.
• —— binding, lining for, 53.
• —— binding, pasting down, 100.
• Hammer, beating (cut), 9.
• Hand finishing, 116.
• —— letters, 118.
• Handling calf, 94.
• Head band, setting, 93.
• —— bands, stuck on, 80.
• —— banding, 83.
• —— banding (cut), 84.
• —— banding on old books, 84.
• —— of book cutting, 61.
• Heat, artificial, 46.
• —— for finishing tools, 128.
• —— for polishing tools, 140.
• Henry III., bindings of, 114.
• Holes in back, filling up, 89.
• Hollow backs, 87.

• Imitation morocco, finishing, 133.
• Importance of proper finishing medium, 126.
• Incombustible, to render paper, 166.
• India rubber, 119.
• —— rubber, how to use, 161.
• Ink stains, removing, 163.
• —— stains, marking, 164.
• Inlaid work, 133.
• Inlaying, 134.
• —— Viennese method of, 135.
• Insects, 166.
• —— poison for, 168.
• Inside of book, finishing, 132-141.
• Interleaving, 18.
• Iron, knocking-down (cut), 6.
• —— polishing (cut), 119.

• Joint, 7.
• Joints, cloth, 38-99.
• —— morocco, 98.

• Kettle stitch, 25-28.
• Keys (sewing), 23,
• Knife, bolt (cut), 61.
• —— burr on, 79.
• —— gold, 79.
• —— paring, French (cut), 90.
• —— paring, method of holding, (cut), 91.
• —— paring, German (cut), 91.
• —— paring, German, method of holding (cut), 92.
• —— sliding (cut), 60.
• —— trimming, 42.
• Knocking down iron (cut), 6.

• Lard, 124.
• Lay cords, 23.
• Lead type, 129.
• Leaf, gold, 79.
• —— gold, cutting, 80.
• —— gold, thickness of, 80.
• —— removing single, 162.
• Leather covers, cutting, 90.
• —— kinds of, 90.
• —— non-porous, 126.
• —— porous, 126.
• Leaves, re-sizing, 162.
• Lettering, 117.
• —— calf, 140.
• —— pieces, 136.
• —— pieces, disadvantages of, 136.
• —— pieces, for vellum books, 148.
• —— pieces, substitute for, 136.
• Letters, hand, 129.
• Lining boards, 55.
• —— boards, half binding, 55.
• —— boards, whole binding, 55.
• —— paper for, 88.
• —— up, 87.

• Machine, backing, 50.
• —— cutting (cuts), 65, 66.
• —— folding (cut), 7.
• —— gathering, 8.
• —— mill-board cutting (cuts), 54.
• —— mill-board cutting, steam, (cut), 54.
• —— rolling (cut), 11.
• —— rounding, (cut), 47.
• —— sawing in (cut), 22.
• —— sewing (cut), 31.
• —— sewing, 32.
• —— sewing wire, 32.
• Machines, to prevent, rusting, 171.
• Making end papers, 35.
• Maps, mounting (cut), 14.
• —— throwing out, 13.
• Marble comb, 72.
• —— edges, sprinkled, 67.
• —— nonpareil, 72.
• —— shell, 72.
• —— Spanish, 72.
• —— spot, 72.
• —— tree, 105.
• Marbled edges, 69.
• —— paper, 33.
• —— paper, burnishing, 73.
• —— paper, old Dutch, 34.
• Marbled paper, transferring to
• —— edges,.74-75.
• Marblers, mechanical (cuts), 75.
• Marbling, 34-71.
• —— ancient instructions for, 76.
• —— calf, 105.
• —— colours for, 69.
• —— edges, 73.
• —— edges, on gilt, 78.
• —— edges, under gilt, 78.
• —— ox gall for, 71.
• —— paper, 73.
• —— preparing for, 104.
• —— requisites for, 69.
• —— set, 77.
• —— size for, 70.
• —— trough (cut), 70.
• Margins, 3-43.
• Marking ink stains, removing, 164.
• —— up, 20.
• Mechanical marblers (cuts), 75.
• Medium for fnishing, 126.
• —— importance of proper, 126.
• Mill-board, cutting, 52.
• —— cutting machine (cut), 53.
• —— cutting machine, steam, (cut), 54.
• —— shears, 52.
• Mill-boards, 51.
• —— made, 55.
• —— name of, 51.
• —— sizes of, 52.
• —— price of, 51.
• Missing sheets, 19.
• Mitre piece (cut), 131.
• Mitred back, 129.
• Mock flexible binding, 90.
• Monastic, bindings. 111.
• —— finishing, 122.
• —— tools (cuts), 112.
• Morocco, blocking, 153.
• —— imitation, finishing, 133.
• —— joints, 98.
• —— pasting down, 97.
• —— sides, finishing, 141.
• Mosaic work, 133.
• Mounting, maps, 15.
• —— photographs, 171.
• Mountings, cleaning silver, 172.
• MSS., preserving, 165.
• —— restoring faded, 165.
• Mull, 89.
• Mud stains, 162.
• —— removing, 162.

• Neat, calf, 137.
• Nippers, band (cut), 93.
• Nitric acid, effect upon leather, 133.
• Nonpareil marble, 72.
• Non-porous leathers, 126.

• Object of guards, 16.
• —— of trimming, 42.
• Old books, beating, 10.
• —— head-banding in, 84.
• —— sewing, 25.
• Old writing, reviving, 164.
• Opening books, care in, 169.
• Overcasting, 18.
• Oversewing, 18.
• Ox gall for marbling, 71.
• Oxford vellum, 147.
• Oxymuriatic acid, restoring writing effaced by, 165.

• Painting covers, 133.
• Pallet (cut), 118.
• —— using the, 123.
• Paper, bronze end, 34.
• —— burnishing marbled, 73.
• —— Cobb, 33.
• —— finishing, 145.
• —— for lining up, 88.
• —— incombustible, to render, 166.
• —— marbled, 33.
• —— marbled, old Dutch, 34.
• —— marbling, 73.
• —— paste, .35.
• —— printed and fancy end, 34.
• —— surface, 33.
• —— waterproof, to render, 165.
• Papers, end, 33.
• —— end, making, 35.
• Parchment, 147.
• —— covering with, 94.
• —— vegetable, 147.
• Paring, 91.
• —— knife, French (cut), 90.
• —— knife, French, method of using (cut), 91.
• —— knife, German (cut), 91.
• —— knife, German, method of using, 92.
• Paste, 170.
• —— and glue, comparative advantages, 93.
• —— for white morocco, 94.
• —— for paper, 35.
• —— rice, 169,
• —— to prevent, moulding and souring, 170.
• —— water, effect upon leather, 127.
• Pasting, 36.
• —— calf, 99.
• —— down, 97.
• —— down half bindings, 100.
• —— Russia, 99.
• —— single sheets, 17.
• —— up, 36.
• Peel, 159.
• Photographs, boards for, 170.
• —— mounting, 171.
• —— removing, 170.
• Pieces, lettering, 136.
• —— lettering, disadvantages of, 136.
• —— lettering, substitute for, 136.
• Plates, 14.
• —— coloured, 17.
• —— guarding, 15.
• Plough, round, 42.
• Polishing calf back, 140.
• —— calf sides, 142.
• —— heat for, 140.
• Polishing iron (cut), 119.
• Porous leathers, 126.
• Preparation, dry, 145.
• Preparing for covering, 87.
• —— for covering flexible work, 89.
• —— for covering flexible work, not to show, 89.
• —— for covering mock flexible work, 90.
• Preserving drawings, MSS., etc., 165.
• Press, arming, 117.
• —— blocking, 150.
• —— cutting (cut), 60.
• —— finishing (cut), 121-122.
• —— lying, 7, 37.
• —— sewing (cut), 24.
• —— standing, 18.
• —— standing, American (cut), 19.
• Pressing, 58, 143.
• —— Parisian, mode of, 19.
• —— various sized books, 58.
• Proof, 57.
• Public library books, 41.
• Pulling, 5.
• Putting on bands, 88.
• —— on end papers, 38.

• Refolding, 5.
• Register, 3.
• Religious books, edges, 122.
• —— books, end papers, 33.
• —— books, finishing, 122.
• Removing blood stains, 163.
• —— damp stains, 162.
• —— dust, 161.
• —— fat stains, 164.
• —— finger-marks, 163.
• —— fox-marks, 163.
• —— ink stains, 163.
• —— marking ink stains, 164.
• —— mud stains, 161.
• —— single leaf for cleaning, 162,
• —— photographs, 171.
• —— water stains, 161.
• —— writing, 163.
• Repairing books damaged by damp, 162.
• Re-sizing leaves, 162.
• Restoring faded MSS., 165.
• —— writing effaced by chlorine, 165.
• —— writing effaced by oxymuriatic acid, 165.
• —— writing effaced by sea water, 165.
• —— writing faded by time, 165.
• Reviving old writing, 164.
• Rice glue or paste, 169.
• Roan, covering with, 95.
• —— finishing, 133.
• Roll, bar, 133.
• Rolling, 10.
• Rolling machine (cut), 11.
• Round plough, 42.
• Rounding, 46.
• —— machine, 47.
• Roman vellum, 147.
• Runner, 54.
• Run up back, 129, 139.
• Russia, finishing, 145.
• —— imitation, 96.
• —— pasting down, 99.
• —— treatment of, 94.
• Rusting, to prevent, tools, etc., 171.

• Satin, covering with, 95.
• Saw cuts, depth of, 22.
• —— cuts, filling up, 89.
• —— marks (cut), 21.
• —— tennon, 21.
• Sawing in, 21.
• —— in machine (cut), 22.
• School books, end papers for, 41.
• Scrapers, 79.
• Set, marbling, 77.
• Set off, 12.
• Setting head band, 93.
• Sewing, 23.
• —— disadvantage of wire, 30.
• —— ends, mode of (cut), 40.
• —— flexible (cut), 27.
• —— flexible work, 23.
• —— keys, 23.
• —— machine, 32.
• —— machine (cut), 31.
• —— old books, 25.
• —— ordinary (cuts), 26.
• —— press (cut), 24.
• —— thread, 27.
• —— wire, 30.
• —— machine, 32.
• Shears, mill-board, 52.
• Sheets, 3.
• —— duplicate, 19.
• —— missing, 19.
• Shell marble, 72.
• Sides, blocking, 151.
• —— calf, finishing, 141.
• —— calf, extra finishing, 142.
• —— calf, polishing, 142.
• —— morocco, finishing, 131.
• —— siding, 142.
• —— tooling, 125.
• Sieve, sprinkling, 68.
• Signatures, 4.
• Silk blocking, 146.
• —— covering with, 95.
• —— finishing, 146.
• Silver mountings, to clean, 172.
• Single sheets, pasting, 17.
• Size, 74-79, 160.
• —— for marbling, 70.
• Sizes of books, 4-5.
• —— of cord, 22.
• —— of mill-boards, 52.
• Sizing, 74-159.
• Siding sides, 142.
• Sliding knife (cut), 60.
• Smooth cloth, covering with, 95.
• Spanish marble, 72.
• Sponges, 119.
• —— cleaning, 172.
• Spot marble, 72.
• Sprinkled edges, 67.
• —— marble edges, 67.
• Sprinkling brush, 68.
• —— calf, 103.
• —— calf, fancy, 103.
• —— calf, preparing for, 103.
• —— colours, 68.
• —— sieve, 68.
• Stains, blood, removing, 163.
• —— damp, 162.
• —— effect of wrong bath upon, 158.
• —— fat, removing, 164.
• —— ink, removing, 164.
• —— mud, removing, 162.
• —— removing, 158.
• —— removing, different, 158.
• —— water, how to tell, 161.
• —— water, removing, 161.
• Stamps, 151.
• Standing press, 18.
• —— press, American (cut), 19.
• Steel-faced backing boards, 50.
• Stick, folding, 4.
• —— cleaning off, 58, 59.
• Stone, beating, 9.
• Stove, finishing (cut), 120.
• Straight grain leather treatment, 92.
• Stuck on head bands, 86.
• Substitute for lettering pieces, 136.
• Surface paper, 33.
• Swelling, 27.

• Tail, cutting, 62.
• Taste in finishing, 117.
• Tennon saw, 21.
• Thread, sewing, 27.
• Throw up backs, 89.
• Throwing out maps (cut), 16.
• Thumb marks, removing, 163.
• Time, restoring writing faded by, 165.
• Title, 128.
• Tools, Derome, 115.
• —— finishing, 118.
• —— for antique finishing, 122.
• —— for gold finishing, 122.
• —— Grolier, 113.
• —— Le Gascon, 114.
• —— monastic, 112.
• —— to prevent, rusting, 171.
• —— Venetian (cuts), 113.
• Tooled gilt edges, 82.
• Tooling, emblematic, 117.
• —— sides, 125.
• Top, gilt, 41.
• Tree marble, 105.
• Trimming, 41.
• —— board, 41.
• —— French method of, 42.
• —— knife, 42.
• —— letter on, 43.
• —— machine, 44.
• —— machine (cut), 42.
• —— object of, 42.
• Trindles, 62.
• Trough, marbling (cut), 70.
• —— two sheets on, 29.
• Type, 118-128.
• —— brass, 129.
• Type holder (cut), 118.
• —— lead, 129.

• Uncut edges, 41.
• Unsized paper, to tell, 80.

• Varnish, 120.
• Varnishing, 143.
• —— object of, 120.
• Vegetable parchment, 147.
• Vellum artists, 147.
• —— binding, lettering pieces, 149.
• —— binding, old, 94.
• —— covering with, 94.
• —— finishing, 147.
• —— Oxford, 147.
• —— Roman, 147.
• Velvet, blocking, 146.
• —— covering with, 95.
• —— finishing, 146.
• Venetian tools (cuts), 113.
• Viennese method of inlaying, 135.
• Vinegar, advantage of, 127.

• Washing, 158.
• —— dishes for, 159.
• —— requisites for, 159.
• Water, glaire, 79.
• —— stains, how to tell, 161.
• —— stains, removing, 161.
• Waterproof, rendering paper, 165.
• White morocco, paste for, 92.
• Whole binding, lining boards for, 55.
• Wire sewing, 30.
• —— sewing, disadvantage of, 30.
• —— sewing, machine, 32.
• Writing effaced by chlorine, restoring, 165.
• —— effaced by oxymuriatic acid, restoring, 165.
• —— faded by sea water, reviving, 165.
• —— faded by time, reviving, 165.
• —— removing, 164.
• —— reviving old, 164.
• Wrong bath, effect upon stains of, 158.