The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 7/Translation of writings/Memoirs of European Travel I
MEMOIRS OF EUROPEAN TRAVEL
I
Om Namo Nârâyanâya, ("Salutations to the Lord"; the usual form of addressing
a Sannyasin. These memoirs of his second journey to the West were addressed
to Swami Trigunatitananda, Editor, Udbodhan and hence this form of address.)
Swâmi. — Pronounce the last syllable of the second word in a high pitch,
brother, in the Hrishikesh fashion. For seven days we have been on board the
ship and every day I think of writing to you something about our mode of
life, and of writing materials also you have given me enough, but the
characteristic lethargy of a Bengali stands in the way and foils everything.
In the first place, there is idleness; every day I think of writing — what
do you call it — a diary, but then, on account of various preoccupations, it
is postponed to the endless "tomorrow", and does not progress an inch. In
the second place, I do not remember the dates etc., at all; you must do me
the favour to fill these up yourselves. And, besides, if you be very
generous, you may think that like the great devotee, Hanuman, it is
impossible for me to remember dates and such other trivialities — owing to
the presence of the Lord in the heart. But the real truth is that it is due
to my foolishness and idleness. What nonsense! What comparison can there be
between "the Solar Dynasty" (Swamiji here refers to Kâlidâsa's famous line
of the Raghuvamsham: "O the difference between the majestic Solar Dynasty
and my poor intellect!") — I beg your pardon — between Hanuman with his
whole heart given to Shri Râma, the crown of the Solar Dynasty, and me, the
lowest of the low! But then he crossed at one bound the ocean extending a
hundred Yojanas, while we are crossing it confined within a wooden house, so
to say, being pitched this side and that and somehow keeping ourselves on
our feet with the help of posts and pillars. But there is one point of
superiority on our side in that he had the blessed sight of Râkshasas and
Râkshasis after reaching Lankâ, whereas we are going in company with them.
At dinner time that glittering of a hundred knives and the clattering of a
hundred forks frightened brother T __ (Turiyananda) out of his wits. He now
and then started lest his neighbour with auburn hair and grey, cat-like
eyes, through inadvertence might plunge her knife into his flesh, and the
more so, as he is rather sleek and fat. I say, did Hanuman have sea-sickness
while crossing the sea? Do the ancient books say anything on that? You are
all well-read men, proficient in the Ramayana and other scriptures, so you
may settle that question. But our modern authorities are silent on that
point. Perhaps he had not; but then the fact of his having entered into the
jaws of somebody raises a doubt. Brother T__ is also of opinion that when
the prow of the ship suddenly heaves up towards heaven as if to consult with
the king of gods, and immediately after plunges to the bottom of the ocean
as if to pierce king Vali, residing in the nether worlds — he at that time
feels that he is being swallowed by the terrible and wide-gaping jaws of
somebody.
I beg your pardon, you have entrusted your work to a nice man! I owe you a
description of the sea-voyage for seven days which will be full of poetry
and interest, and be written in a polished, rhetorical style, but instead of
that I am talking at random. But the fact is, having striven all my life to
eat the kernel of Brahman, after throwing away the shell of Maya, how shall
I now get the power of appreciating nature's beauties all of a sudden? All
my life I have been on the move all over India, "from Varanasi to Kashmir,
and thence to Khorasan, and Gujarat (Tulsidâs.)". How many hills and rivers,
mountains and springs, and valleys and dales, how many cloud-belted peaks
covered in perpetual snow, and oceans tempestuous, roaring and foamy, have I
not seen, and heard of, and crossed! But sitting on a shabby wooden bedstead
in a dark room of the ground floor, requiring a lamp to be lighted in the
day-time, with the walls variegated by the stain of chewed betel leaves and
made noisy by the squeaking and tickling of rats and moles and lizards, by
the side of the main street resounding with the rattle of hackneys and
tram-cars and darkened by clouds of dust — in such poetic environment, the
pictures of the Himalayas, oceans, meadows, deserts, etc., that poet
Shyamacharan, puffing at the all too familiar hookah, has drawn with such
lifelike precision, to the glory of the Bengalis — it is vain for us to try
to imitate them! Shyamacharan in his boyhood went for a change to the
up-country, where the water is so stimulating to the digestive functions
that if you drink a tumblerful of it even after a very heavy meal, every bit
of it will be digested and you will feel hungry again. Here it was that
Shyamacharan's intuitive genius caught a glimpse of the sublime and
beautiful aspects of nature. But there is one fly in the pot — they say that
Shyamacharan's peregrinations extended as far as Burdwan (in Bengal) and no
further!
But at your earnest request and also to prove that I am not wholly devoid of
the poetic instinct either, I set myself to the task with God's name, and
you, too, be all attention.
No ship generally leaves the port in the night — specially from a commercial port like Calcutta and in a river like the Hooghly or Ganga. Until the ship reaches the sea, it is in the charge of the pilot, who acts as the Captain, and he gives the command. His duty ends in either piloting the ship down to the sea or, if it be an incoming ship, from the mouth of the sea to the port. We have got two great dangers towards the mouth of the Hooghly — first, the James and Mary Banks near Budge-Budge, and second, the sandbank near the entrance to Diamond Harbour. Only in the high tide and during the day, the pilot can very carefully steer his ship, and in no other condition; consequently it took us two days to get out of the Hooghly.
Do you remember the Ganga at Hrishikesh? That clear bluish water — in which
one can count the fins of fishes five yards below the surface — that
wonderfully sweet, ice-cold "charming water of the Ganga (From Valmiki's
hymn.)", and that wonderful sound of "Hara, Hara" of the running water, and
the echo of "Hara, Hara" from the neighbouring mountain-falls? Do you
remember that life in the forest, the begging of Mâdhukari (Meaning,
collected from door to door, in small bits.) alms, eating on small islands
of rock in the bed of the Ganga, hearty drinking of that water with the
palms, and the fearless wandering of fishes all round for crumbs of bread?
You remember that love for Ganga water, that glory of the Ganga, the touch
of its water that makes the mind dispassionate, that Ganga flowing over the
Himalayas, through Srinagar, Tehri, Uttarkasi, and Gangotri — some of you
have seen even the source of the Ganga! But there is a certain unforgettable
fascination in our Ganga of Calcutta, muddy, and whitish — as if from
contact with Shiva's body — and bearing a large number of ships on her
bosom. Is it merely patriotism or the impressions of childhood? — Who knows?
What wonderful relation is this between mother Ganga and the Hindus? Is it
merely superstition? May be. They spend their lives with the name of Ganga
on their lips, they die immersed in the waters of the Ganga, men from far
off places take away Ganga water with them, keep it carefully in copper
vessels, and sip drops of it on holy festive occasions. Kings and princes
keep it in jars, and at considerable expense take the water from Gangotri to
pour it on the head of Shiva at Rameshwaram! The Hindus visit foreign
countries — Rangoon, Java, Hongkong, Madagascar, Suez, Aden, Malta — and
they take with them Ganga water and the Gitâ.
The Gita and the sacred waters of the Ganga constitute the Hinduism of the
Hindus. Last time I went to the West, I also took a little of it with me,
fearing it might be needed, and whenever opportunities occurred I used to
drink a few drops of it. And every time I drank, in the midst of the stream
of humanity, amid that bustle of civilisation, that hurry of frenzied
footsteps of millions of men and women in the West, the mind at once became
calm and still, as it were. That stream of men, that intense activity of the
West, that clash and competition at every step, those seats of luxury and
celestial opulence — Paris, London, New York, Berlin, Rome — all would
disappear and I used to hear that wonderful sound of "Hara, Hara", to see
that lonely forest on the sides of the Himalayas, and feel the murmuring
heavenly river coursing through the heart and brain and every artery of the
body and thundering forth, "Hara, Hara, Hara!"
This time you, too, I see, have sent Mother Ganga, for Madras. But, dear brother, what a strange vessel have you put Mother in! Brother T__ is a Brahmachârin from his boyhood, and looks "like burning fire through the force of his spirituality (Kâlidâsa's Kumârasambhavam.)". Formerly as a Brâhmana he used to be saluted as "Namo Brahmané", and now it is — oh, the sublimity of it! — "Namo Nârâyanâya", as he is a Sannyâsin. And it is perhaps due to that, that Mother, in his custody, has left her seat in the Kamandalu of Brahmâ, and been forced to enter a jar! Anyhow, getting up from bed late at night I found that Mother evidently could not bear staying in that awkward vessel and was trying to force her passage out of it. I thought it most dangerous, for if Mother chose to re-enact here those previous scenes of her life, such as piercing the Himalayas, washing away the great elephant Airâvata, and pulling down the hut of the sage Jahnu, then it would be a terrible affair. I offered many prayers to Mother and said to her in various supplicatory phrases, "Mother, do wait a little, let us reach Madras tomorrow, and there you can do whatever you like. There are many there more thick-skulled than elephants — most of them with huts like that of Jahnu — while those half-shaven, shining heads with ample hair-tufts are almost made of stone, compared to which even the Himalayas would be soft as butter! You may break them as much as you like; now pray wait a little." But all my supplications were in vain. Mother would not listen to them. Then I hit upon a plan, and said to her, "Mother, look at those turbaned servants with jackets on, moving to and fro on the ship, they are Mohammedans, real, beef-eating Mohammedans, and those whom you find moving about sweeping and cleaning the rooms etc., are real scavengers, disciples of Lâl Beg; and if you do not hear me, I will call them and ask them to touch you! Even if that is not sufficient to quiet you, I will just send you to your father's home; you see that room there, if you are shut in there, you will get back to your primitive condition in the Himalayas, when all your restlessness will be silenced, and you shall remain frozen into a block of ice." That silenced her. So it is everywhere, not only in the case of gods, but among men also — whenever they get a devotee, they take an undue advantage over him.
See, how I have again strayed from my subject and am talking at random. I
have already told you at the outset that those things are not in my line,
but if you bear with me, I shall try again.
There is a certain beauty in one's own people which is not to be found
anywhere else. Even the denizens of Paradise cannot compare in point of
beauty with our brothers and sisters, or sons and daughters, however uncouth
they may be. But, if, even roaming over Paradise and seeing the people
there, you find your own people coming out really beautiful, then there is
no bound to your delight. There is also a special beauty in our Bengal,
covered with endless verdant stretches of grass, and bearing as garlands a
thousand rivers and streams. A little of this beauty one finds in Malabar,
and also in Kashmir. Is there not beauty in water? When there is water
everywhere, and heavy showers of rain are running down arum leaves, while
clumps of cocoanut and date palms slightly bend their heads under that
downpour, and there is the continuous croaking of frogs all round — is there
no beauty in such a scene as this? And one cannot appreciate the beauty of
the banks of our Ganga, unless one is returning from foreign countries and
entering the river by its mouth at Diamond Harbour. That blue, blue sky,
containing in its bosom black clouds, with golden-fringed whitish clouds
below them, underneath which clumps of cocoanut and date palms toss their
tufted heads like a thousand chowries, and below them again is an assemblage
of light, deep, yellowish, slightly dark, and other varieties of green
massed together — these being the mango, lichi, blackberry, and jack-fruit
trees, with an exuberance of leaves and foliage that entirely hide the
trunk, branches, and twigs — while, close by, clusters of bamboos toss in
the wind, and at the foot of all lies that grass, before whose soft and
glossy surface the carpets of Yarkand, Persia, and Turkistan are almost as
nothing — as far as the eye can reach that green, green grass looking as
even as if some one had trimmed and pruned it, and stretching right down to
the edge of the river — as far down the banks as where the gentle waves of
the Ganga have submerged and are pushing playfully against, the land is
framed with green grass, and just below this is the sacred water of the
Ganga. And if you sweep your eye from the horizon right up to the zenith,
you will notice within a single line such a play of diverse colours, such
manifold shades of the same colour, as you have witnessed nowhere else. I
say, have you ever come under the fascination of colours — the sort of
fascination which impels the moths to die in the flame, and the bees to
starve themselves to death in the prison of flowers? I tell you one thing
— if you want to enjoy the beauty of Gangetic scenery, enjoy it to your
heart's content now, for very soon the whole aspect will be altered. In the
hands of money-grabbing merchants, everything will disappear. In place of
that green grass, brick kilns will be reared and burrow-pits for the
brickfields will be sunk. Where, now, the tiny wavelets of the Ganga are
playing with the grass, there will be moored the jute-laden flats and those
cargo-boats; and those variegated colours of cocoanuts and palms, of mangoes
and lichis, that blue sky, the beauty of the clouds — these you will
altogether miss hereafter; and you will find instead the enveloping smoke of
coal, and standing ghostlike in the midst of that smoke, the half-distinct
chimneys of the factories!
Now our ship has reached the sea. The description, which you read in
Kalidasa's Raghuvamsham of the shores "of the sea appearing blue with
forests of palm and other trees" and "looking like a slender rim of rust on
the tyre of an iron wheel" etc. — is not at all accurate and faithful. With
all my respects for the great poet, it is my belief that he never in his
life saw either the ocean or the Himalayas. (Swamiji afterwards changed his
opinion with regard to the last part, i.e. Kalidasa's acquaintance with the
Himalayas.)
Here there is a blending of white and black waters, somewhat resembling the
confluence of the Ganga and Jamuna at Allahabad. Though Mukti (liberation)
may be rare in most places, it is sure at "Hardwar, Allahabad, and the mouth
of the Ganga". But they say that this is not the real mouth of the river.
However, let me salute the Lord here, for "He has His eyes, and head and
face everywhere (Gita, XIII, 13.)".
How beautiful! As far as the eye reaches, the deep blue waters of the sea
are rising into foamy waves and dancing rhythmically to the winds. Behind us
lie the sacred waters of the Ganga, whitened with the ashes of Shiva's body,
as we read in the description, "Shiva's matted locks whitened by the foam of
the Ganga (Shankaracharya's hymn.)". The water of the Ganga is comparatively
still. In front of us lies the parting line between the waters. There ends
the white water. Now begin the blue waters of the ocean — before, behind and
all round there is only blue, blue water everywhere, breaking incessantly
into waves. The sea has blue hair, his body is of a blue complexion, and his
garment is also blue. We read in the Puranas that millions of Asuras hid
themselves under the ocean through fear of the gods. Today their opportunity
has come, today Neptune is their ally, and Aeolus is at their back. With
hideous roars and thundering shouts they are today dancing a terrible
war-dance on the surface of the ocean, and the foamy waves are their grim
laughter! In the midst of this tumult is our ship, and on board the ship,
pacing the deck with lordly steps, are men and women of that nation which
rules the sea-girt world, dressed in charming attire, with a complexion like
the moonbeams — looking like self-reliance and self-confidence personified,
and appearing to the black races as pictures of pride and haughtiness.
Overhead, the thunder of the cloudy monsoon sky, on all sides the dance and
roar of foam-crested waves, and the din of the powerful engines of our ship
setting at naught the might of the sea — it was a grand conglomeration of
sounds, to which I was listening, lost in wonder, as if in a half-waking
state, when, all of a sudden, drowning all these sounds, there fell upon my
ears the deep and sonorous music of commingled male and female voices
singing in chorus the national anthem, "Rule Britannia, Britannia rules the
waves!" Startled, I looked around and found that the ship was rolling
heavily, and brother T__, holding his head with his hands was struggling
against an attack of sea-sickness.
In the second class are two Bengali youths going to the West for study,
whose condition is worse. One of them looks so frightened that he would be
only too glad to scuttle straight home if he were allowed to land. These two
lads and we two are the only Indians on the ship — the representatives of
modern India. During the two days the ship was in the Ganga, brother T__,
under the secret instructions of the Editor, Udbodhan, used to urge me very
much to finish my article on "Modern India" quickly. I too found an
opportunity today and asked him, "Brother, what do you think is the
condition of modern India?" And he, casting a look towards the second class
and another at himself, said, with a sigh, "Very sad, getting very much
muddled up!"
The reason why so much importance is attached to the Hooghly branch of the
Ganga, instead of the bigger one, Padmâ, is, according to many, that the
Hooghly was the primary and principal course of the river, and latterly the
river shifted its course, and created an outlet by the Padma. Similarly the
present "Tolley's Nullah" represents the ancient course of the Ganga, and is
known as the Âdi-Gangâ. The sailing merchant, the hero of Kavikankan's work,
makes his voyage to Ceylon along that channel. Formerly the Ganga was
navigable for big ships up to Triveni. The ancient port of Saptagrâm was
situated a little distance off Triveni ghat, on the river Saraswati. From
very ancient times Saptagram was the principal port for Bengal's foreign
trade. Gradually the mouth of the Saraswati got silted up. In the year 1539
it silted up so much that the Portuguese settlers had to take up a site
further down the Ganga, for their ships to come up. The site afterwards
developed into the famous town of Hooghly. From the commencement of the
sixteenth century both Indian and foreign merchants were feeling much
anxiety about the silting up of the Ganga. But what of that? Human
engineering skill has hitherto proved ineffectual against the gradual
silting up of the river-bed which continues to the present day. In 1666 a
French Missionary writes that the Ganga near Suti got completely silted up
at the time. Holwell, of Black-Hole fame, on his way to Murshidabad was
compelled to resort to small country-boats on account of the shallowness of
the river at Santipur. In 1797 Captain Colebrook writes that country-boats
could not ply in the Hooghly and the Jalangi during summer. During the years
1822-1884, the Hooghly was closed to all boat-traffic. For twenty-four years
within this period the water was only two or three feet deep. In the
seventeenth century, the Dutch planted a trade settlement at Chinsura, one
mile below Hooghly. The French, who came still later, established their
settlement at Chandernagore, still further down the river. In 1723 the
German Ostend Company opened a factory at Bankipore, five miles below
Chandernagore on the other side of the river. In 1616 the Danes had started
a factory at Serampore, eight miles below Chandernagore, and then the
English established the city of Calcutta still further down the river. None
of the above places are now accessible to ships, only Calcutta being open
now. But everybody is afraid of its future.
There is one curious reason why there remains so much water in the Ganga up
to about Santipur even during summer. When the flow of the surface water has
ceased, large quantities of water percolating through the subsoil find their
way into the river. The bed of the Ganga is even now considerably below the
level of the land on either side. If the level of the river-bed should
gradually rise owing to the subsidence of fresh soil, then the trouble will
begin. And there is talk about another danger. Even near Calcutta, through
earthquakes or other causes, the river at times dried up so much that one
could wade across. It is said that in 1770 such a state of things happened.
There is another report that on Thursday, the 9th October, 1734, during
ebb-tide in the noon, the river dried up completely. Had it happened a
little later, during the inauspicious last portion of the day, I leave it to
you to infer the result. Perhaps then the river would not have returned to
its bed again.
So far, then, as regards the upper portion of the Hooghly; now as regards
the portion below Calcutta. The great dangers to be faced in this portion
are the James and Mary Banks. Formerly the river Damodar had its confluence
with the Ganga thirty miles above Calcutta, but now, through the curious
transformations of time, the confluence is over thirty-one miles to the
south of it. Some six miles below this point the Rupnarayan pours its waters
into the Ganga. The fact is there, that these two feeders rush themselves
into the Ganga in happy combination — but how shall this huge quantity of
mud be disposed of? Consequently big sandbanks are formed in the bed of the
river, which constantly shift their position and are sometimes rather loose
and sometimes a compact mass, causing no end of fear. Day and night
soundings of the river's depth are being taken, the omission of which for a
few days, through carelessness, would mean the destruction of ships. No
sooner will a ship strike against them than it will either capsize or be
straightway swallowed up in them! Cases are even recorded that within half
an hour of a big three-masted ship striking one of these sandbanks, the
whole of it disappeared in the sand, leaving only the top of the masts
visible. These sandbanks may rightly be considered as the mouth of the
Damodar-Rupnarayan. (There is a pun on the words Damodar-Rupnarayan which
not only imply the two rivers, but also mean "Narayana as Damodara, or
swallowing everything (Damodara-rupa-Narayana).") The Damodar is not now
satisfied with Santhal villages, and is swallowing ships and steamers etc.
as a sauce by way of variety. In 1877 a ship named "County of Sterling",
with a cargo of 1,444 tons of wheat from Calcutta, had no sooner struck one
of these terrible sandbanks than within eight minutes there was no trace
left of it. In 1874 a steamer carrying a load of 2,400 tons suffered the
same fate in two minutes. Blessed be thy mouth, O Mother Ganga! I salute
thee for allowing us to get off scot-free. Brother T__ says, "Sir, a goat
ought to be offered to the Mother for her benignity." I replied, "Exactly
so, brother, but why offer only one day, instead of everyday!" Next day
brother T__ readverted to the topic, but I kept silent. The next day after
that I pointed out to him at dinner-time to what an extent the offering of
goats was progressing. Brother seemed rather puzzled and said, "What do you
mean? It is only you who are eating." Then at considerable pains I had to
explain to him how it was said that a youth of Calcutta once visited his
father-in-law's place in a remote village far from the Ganga. There at
dinner-time he found people waiting about with drums etc., and his
mother-in-law insisted on his taking a little milk before sitting to dinner.
The son-in-law considered it might perhaps be a local custom which he had
better obey; but no sooner had he taken a sip of the milk than the drums
began to play all around and his mother-in-law, with tears of joy, placed
her hand on his head and blessed him, saying, "My son, you have really
discharged the duties of a son today; look here, you have in your stomach
the water of the Ganga, as you live on its banks, and in the milk there was
the powdered bone of your deceased father-in-law; so by this act of yours
his bones have reached the Ganga and his spirit has obtained all the merits
thereof." So here was a man from Calcutta, and on board the ship there was
plenty of meat preparations and every time one ate them, meat was being
offered to mother Ganga. So he need not be at all anxious on the subject.
Brother T__ is of such a grave disposition that it was difficult to discover
what impression the lecture made on him.
What a wonderful thing a ship is! The sea, which from the shore looks so
fearful, in the heart of which the sky seems to bend down and meet, from
whose bosom the sun slowly rises and in which it sinks again, and the least
frown of which makes the heart quail — that sea has been turned into a
highway, the cheapest of all routes, by ships. Who invented the ship? No one
in particular. That is to say, like all machinery indispensable to men —
without which they cannot do for a single moment, and by the combination and
adjustment of which all kinds of factory plants have been constructed — the
ship also is the outcome of joint labour. Take for instance the wheels; how
absolutely indispensable they are! From the creaking bullock-cart to the car
of Jagannath, from the spinning wheel to the stupendous machinery of
factories, everywhere there is use for the wheel. Who invented the wheel? No
one in particular, that is to say, all jointly. The primitive man used to
fell trees with axes, roll big trunks along inclined planes; by degrees they
were cut into the shape of solid wheels, and gradually the naves and spokes
of the modern wheel came into vogue. Who knows how many millions of years it
took to do this? But in India all the successive stages of improvement are
preserved. However much they may be improved or transformed, there are
always found men to occupy the lower stages of evolution, and consequently
the whole series is preserved. First of all a musical instrument was formed
with a string fixed to a piece of bamboo. Gradually it came to be played by
a horsehair bow, and the first violin was made; then it passed through
various transformations, with different sorts of strings and guts, and the
bow also assumed different forms and names, till at last the highly finished
guitar and sarang etc., came into existence. But in spite of this, do not
the Mohammedan cabmen even now with a shabby horsehair bow play on the crude
instrument made of a bamboo pipe fixed to an earthen pot, and sing the story
of Majwar Kahar weaving his fishing net? Go to the Central Provinces, and
you will find even now solid wheels rolling on the roads — though it
bespeaks a dense intellect on the part of the people, specially in these
days of rubber tyres.
In very ancient times, that is, in the golden age, when the common run of
people were so sincere and truthful that they would not even cover their
bodies for fear of hypocrisy — making the exterior look different from the
interior — would not marry lest they might contract selfishness, and
banishing all ideas of distinction between meum and tuum always used to look
upon the property of others "as mere clods of earth", on the strength of
bludgeons, stones, etc. (Swamiji is ironically describing the naked
primitive man, to whom marriage was unknown, and who had no respect for
person or property.); — in those blessed times, for voyaging over water,
they constructed canoes and rafts and so forth, burning out the interior of
a tree, or by fastening together a few logs of trees. Haven't you seen
catamarans along the sea-coast from Orissa to Colombo? And you must have
observed how far into the sea the rafts can go. There you have rudiments of
ship-building.
And that boat of the East Bengal boatmen boarding which you have to call on the five patron-saints of the river for your safety; your house-boat manned by Chittagong boatmen, which even in a light storm makes its helmsmen declare his inability to control the helm, and all the passengers are asked to take the names of their respective gods as a last resort; that big up-country boat with a pair of fantastic brass eyes at the prow, rowed by the oarsmen in a standing posture; that boat of merchant Shrimanta's voyage (according to Kavikankan, Shrimanta crossed the Bay of Bengal simply by rowing, and was about to be drowned owing to his boat getting caught in the antennae of a shoal of lobsters, and almost capsizing! Also he mistook a shell for a tiny fish, and so on), in other words the Gangasagar boat — nicely roofed above and having a floor of split bamboos, and containing in its hold rows of jars filled with Ganga water (which is deliciously cool, I beg your pardon, you visit Gangasagar during hard winter, and the chill north wind drives away all your relish for cooling drinks); and that small-sized boat which daily takes the Bengali Babus to their office and brings them back home, and is superintended over by the boatman of Bally, very expert and very clever — no sooner does he sight a cloud so far away as Konnagar than he puts the boat in safety! — they are now passing into the hands of the strong-bodied men from Jaunpur who speak a peculiar dialect, and whom your Mahant Maharaj, out of fun ordered to catch a heron — which he facetiously styled as "Bakâsur (A demon of the shape of a big heron, mentioned in the Bhagavâta.)", and this puzzled them hopelessly and they stammered out, "Please, sire, where are we to get this demon? It is an enigma to us"; then that bulky, slow-moving (cargo) boat nicknamed "Gâdhâ (donkey)" in Bengali, which never goes straight, but always goes sideways; and that big species of boats, like the schooner, having from one to three masts, which imports cargoes of cocoanuts, dates and dried fish from Ceylon, the Maldives, or Arabia; — these and many others too numerous to mention, represent the subsequent development in naval construction.
To steer a ship by means of sails is a wonderful discovery. To whichever
direction the wind may be blowing, by a clever manipulation of the sails,
the ship is sure to reach her destination. But she takes more time when the
wind is contrary. A sailing ship is a most beautiful sight, and from a
distance looks like a many-winged great bird descending from the skies.
Sails, however, do not allow a ship to steer straight ahead, and if the wind
is a little contrary, she has to take a zigzag course. But when there is a
perfect lull, the ship is helpless and has to lower her sails and stand
still. In the equatorial regions it frequently happens even now. Nowadays
sailing ships also have very little of wood in them and are mostly made of
iron. It is much more difficult to be the captain or sailor of a sailing
ship than in a steamer, and no one can be a good captain in sailing ship
without experience. To know the direction of the wind at every step and to
be on one's guard against danger-spots long ahead — these two qualifications
are indispensably necessary in a sailing ship, more than in a steamer. A
steamer is to a great extent under human control — the engines can be
stopped in a moment. It can be steered ahead, or astern, sideways or in any
desired direction, within a very short time, but the sailing ship is at the
mercy of the wind. By the time the sails can be lowered or the helm turned,
the ship may strike a bank or run up on a submarine rock or collide with
another ship. Nowadays sailing ships very seldom carry passengers, except
coolies. They generally carry cargo, and that also inferior stuff, such as
salt etc. Small sailing ships such as the schooner, do coasting trade.
Sailing ships cannot afford to hire steamers to tow them along the Suez
Canal and spend thousands of rupees as toll, so they can go to England in
six months by rounding Africa.
Due to all these disadvantages of sailing ships, naval warfare in the past was a risky affair. A slight change in the course of the wind or in the ocean-current would decide the fate of a battle. Again, those ships, being made of wood, would frequently catch fire, which had to be put out. Their construction also was of a different type; one end was flat and very high, with five or six decks. On the uppermost deck at this end there used to be a wooden verandah, in front of which were the commander's room and office and on either side were the officers' cabins. Then there was a large open space, at the other end of which were a few cabins. The lower decks also had similar roofed halls, one underneath the other. In the lowermost deck or hold were the sailor's sleeping and dining rooms, etc. On either side of each deck were ranged cannon, their muzzles projecting through the rows of apertures in the ships' walls; and on both sides were heaps of cannon balls (and powder bags in times of war). All the decks of these ancient men-of-war had very low roofs and one had to carry his head down when moving about. Then it was a troublesome business to secure marines for naval warfare. There was a standing order of the Government to enlist men by force or guile wherever they could be found. Sons were violently snatched away from their mothers, and husbands from their wives. Once they were made to board the ship, (which perhaps the poor fellows had never done in their lives), they were ordered straightway to climb the masts! And if through fear they failed to carry out the order, they were flogged. Some would also die under the ordeal. It was the rich and influential men of the country who made these laws, it was they who would appropriate the benefits of commerce, or ravage, or conquest of different countries, and the poor people were simply to shed their blood and sacrifice their lives — as has been the rule throughout the world's history! Now those laws exist no longer, and the name of the Pressgang does not now send a shiver through the hearts of the peasantry and poor folk. Now it is voluntary service, but many juvenile criminals are trained as sailors in men-of-war, instead of being thrown into prison.
Steam-power has revolutionised all this, and sails are almost superfluous
ornaments in ships nowadays. They depend very little on winds now, and there
is much less danger from gales and the like. Ships have now only to take
care that they do not strike against submarine rocks. And men-of-war of the
present day are totally different from those of the past. In the first
place, they do not at all look like ships, but rather like floating iron
fortresses of varying dimensions. The number of cannon also has been much
reduced, but compared with the modern turret-guns, those of the past were
mere child's play. And how fast these men-of-war are! The smallest of these
are the torpedo-boats; those that are a little bigger are for capturing
hostile merchant-ships, and the big ones are the ponderous instruments for
the actual naval fight.
During the Civil War of the United States of America, the Unionist party
fixed rows of iron rails against the outer walls of a wooden ship so as to
cover them. The enemy's cannon-balls striking against them were repulsed
without doing any harm to the ship. After this, as a rule, the ship's sides
began to be clad in iron, so that hostile balls might not penetrate the
wood. The ship's cannon also began to improve — bigger and bigger cannon
were constructed and the work of moving, loading, and firing them came to be
executed by machinery, instead of with the hand. A cannon which even five
hundred men cannot move an inch, can now be turned vertically or
horizontally, loaded and fired by a little boy pressing a button, and all
this in a second! As the iron wall of ships began to increase in thickness,
so cannon with the power of thunder also began to be manufactured. At the
present day, a battle-ship is a fortress with walls of steel, and the guns
are almost as Death itself. A single shot is enough to smash the biggest
ship into fragments. But this "iron bridal-chamber" — which Nakindar's
father (in the popular Bengali tale) never even dreamt of, and which,
instead of standing on the top of "Sâtâli Hill" moves dancing on seventy
thousand mountain-like billows, even this is mortally afraid of torpedoes!
The torpedo is a tube somewhat shaped like a cigar, and if fired at an
object travels under water like a fish. Then, the moment it hits its object,
the highly explosive materials it contains explode with a terrific noise,
and the ship under which this takes place is reduced to its original
condition, that is, partly into iron and wooden fragments, and partly into
smoke and fire! And no trace is found of the men who are caught in this
explosion of the torpedo — the little that is found, is almost in a state of
mince-meat! Since the invention of these torpedoes, naval wars cannot last
long. One or two fights, and a big victory is scored or a total defeat. But
the wholesale loss of men of both parties in naval fight which men
apprehended before the introduction of these men-of-war has been greatly
falsified by facts.
If a fraction of the volley of balls discharged during a field-fight from
the guns and rifles of each hostile army on the opponents hit their aim,
then both rival armies would be killed to a man in two minutes. Similarly if
only one of five hundred shots fired from a battle-ship in action hit its
mark, then no trace would be left of the ships on both sides. But the wonder
is that, as guns and rifles are improving in quality, as the latter are
being made lighter, and the rifling in their barrels finer, as the range is
increasing, as machinery for loading is being multiplied, and rate of firing
quickened — the more they seem to miss their aim! Armed with the old
fashioned unusually long-barrelled musket — which has to be supported on a
two-legged wooden stand while firing, and ignited by actually setting fire
and blowing into it — the Barakhjais and the Afridis can fire with unerring
precision, while the modern trained soldier with the highly complex
machine-guns of the present day fires 150 rounds in a minute and serves
merely to heat the atmosphere! Machinery in a small proportion is good, but
too much of it kills man's initiative and makes a lifeless machine of him.
The men in factories are doing the same monotonous work, day after day,
night after night, year after year, each batch of men doing one special bit
of work — such as fashioning the heads of pins, or uniting the ends of
threads, or moving backwards or forwards with the loom — for a whole life.
And the result is that the loss of that special job means death to them —
they find no other means of living and starve. Doing routine work like a
machine, one becomes a lifeless machine. For that reason, one serving as a
schoolmaster or a clerk for a whole lifetime ends by turning a stupendous
fool.
The form of merchantmen and passenger-ships is of a different type. Although
some merchant-ships are so constructed that in times of war they can easily
be equipped with a few guns and give chase to unarmed hostile
merchant-ships, for which they get remuneration from their respective
Governments, still they generally differ widely from warships. These are now
mostly steamships and generally so big and expensive that they are seldom
owned by individuals, but by companies. Among the carrying companies for
Indian and European trade, the P. & O. Company is the oldest and richest,
then comes the B. I. S. N. Company, and there are many others. Among those
of foreign nationalities, the Messageries Maritimes (French) the Austrian
Lloyd, the German Lloyd, and the Rubattino Company (Italian), are the most
famous. Of these the passenger-ships of the P. & O. Company are generally
believed to be the safest and fastest. And the arrangements of food in the
Messageries Maritimes are excellent.
When we left for Europe this time, the last two companies had stopped booking "native" passengers for fear of the plague-infection. And there is a law of the Indian Government that no "native" of India can go abroad without a certificate from the Emigration Office, in order to make sure that nobody is enticing him away to foreign countries to sell him as a slave or to impress him as a coolie, but that he is going of his own free will. This written document must be produced before they will take him into the ship. This law was so long silent against the Indian gentry going to foreign countries. Now on account of the plague epidemic it has been revived, so that the Government may be informed about every "native" going out. Well, in our country we hear much about some people belonging to the gentry and some to the lower classes. But in the eyes of the Government all are "natives" without exception. Maharajas, Rajas, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras — all belong to one and the same class — that of "natives". The law, and the test which applies to coolies, is applicable to all "natives" without distinction. Thanks to you, O English Government, through your grace, for a moment at least I feel myself one with the whole body of "natives". It is all the more welcome, because this body of mine having come of a Kâyastha family, I have become the target of attack of many sections. Nowadays we hear it from the lips of people of all castes in India that they are all full-blooded Aryans — only there is some difference of opinion amongst them about the exact percentage of Aryan blood in their veins, some claiming to have the full measure of it, while others may have one ounce more or less than another — that is all. But in this they are all unanimous that their castes are all superior to the Kayastha! And it is also reported that they and the English race belong to the same stock — that they are cousins-german to each other, and that they are not "natives". And they have come to this country out of humanitarian principles, like the English. And such evil customs as child-marriage, polygamy, image-worship, the sutti, the zenana-system, and so forth have no place in their religion — but these have been introduced by the ancestors of the Kayasthas, and people of that ilk. Their religion also is of the same pattern as that of the English! And their forefathers looked just like the English, only living under the tropical sun of India has turned them black! Now come forward with your pretensions, if you dare! "You are all natives", the Government says. Amongst that mass of black, a shade deeper or lighter cannot be distinguished. The Government says, "They are all natives". Now it is useless for you to dress yourselves after the English fashion. Your European hats etc., will avail you little henceforth. If you throw all the blame on the Hindus, and try to fraternise with the English, you would thereby come in for a greater share of cuffs and blows and not less. Blessings to you, O English Government! You have already become the favoured child of Fortune; may your prosperity increase ever more! We shall be happy once more to wear our loin-cloth and Dhoti — the native dress. Through your grace we shall continue to travel from one end of the country to the other, bare-headed, and barefooted, and heartily eat our habitual food of rice and Dâl with our fingers, right in the Indian fashion. Bless the Lord! We had well-nigh been tempted by Anglo-Indian fashions and been duped by its glamour. We heard it said that no sooner did we give up our native dress, native religion, and native manners and customs, than the English people would take us on their shoulders and lionise us. And we were about to do so, when smack came the whip of the Englishman and the thud of British boots — and immediately men were seized by a panic and turned away, bidding good-bye to English ways, eager to confess their "native" birth.
"The English ways we'd copy with such pains, The British boots did stamp out from our brains!"
Blessed be the English Government! May their throne be firm and their rule permanent. And the little tendency that remained in me for taking to European ways vanished, thanks to the Americans. I was sorely troubled by an overgrown beard, but no sooner did I peep into a hair-cutting saloon than somebody called out, "This is no place for such shabby-looking people as you." I thought that perhaps seeing me so quaintly dressed in turban and Gerua cloak, the man was prejudiced against me. So I should go and buy an English coat and hat. I was about to do this when fortunately I met an American gentleman who explained to me that it was much better that I was dressed in my Gerua cloak, for now the gentlemen would not take me amiss, but if I dressed in European fashion, everybody would chase me away. I met the same kind of treatment in one or two other saloons. After which I began the practice of shaving with my own hands. Once I was burning with hunger, and went into a restaurant, and asked for a particular thing, whereupon the man said, "We do not stock it." "Why, it is there." "Well, my good man, in plain language it means there is no place here for you to sit and take your meal." "And why?" "Because nobody will eat at the same table with you, for he will be outcasted." Then America began to look agreeable to me, somewhat like my own caste-ridden country. Out with these differences of white and black, and this nicety about the proportion of Aryan blood among the "natives"! How awkward it looks for slaves to be over-fastidious about pedigree! There was a Dom (a man of the sweeper-caste) who used to say, "You won't find anywhere on earth a caste superior to ours. You must know we are Dom-m-m-s!" But do you see the fun of it? The excesses about caste distinctions obtain most among peoples who are least honoured among mankind.
Steamships are generally much bigger than sailing ships. The steamships that ply across the Atlantic are just half as much bigger than the "Golconda". (The B. I. S. N. steamer in which Swami Vivekananda went to the West for the second time.) The ship on which I crossed the Pacific from Japan was also very big. In the centre of the biggest ships are the first class compartments with some open space on either side; then comes the second class, flanked by the "steerage" on either side. At one end are the sailors' and servants' quarters. The steerage corresponds to the third class, in which very poor people go as passengers, as, for instance, those who are emigrating to America, Australia, etc. The accommodation for them is very small and the food is served not on tables but from hand to hand. There is no steerage in ships which ply between England and India, but they take deck-passengers. The open space between the first and second classes is used by them for sitting or sleeping purposes. But I did not notice a single deck-passenger bound for a long journey. Only in 1893, on my way to China, I found a number of Chinamen going as deck-passengers from Bombay to Hongkong.
During stormy weather, the deck-passengers suffer great inconvenience, and also to a certain extent at ports when the cargo is unloaded. Excepting in the hurricane-deck which is on top of all, there is a square opening in all other decks, through which cargo is loaded and unloaded, at which times the deck-passengers are put to some trouble. Otherwise, it is very pleasant on the deck at night from Calcutta to Suez, and in summer, through Europe also. When the first and second class passengers are about to melt in their furnished compartments on account of the excessive heat, then the deck is almost a heaven in comparison. The second class in ships of this type is very uncomfortable. Only, in the ships of the newly started German Lloyd Company plying between Bergen, in Germany and Australia, the second class arrangements are excellent; there are cabins even in the hurricane-deck, and food arrangements are almost on a par with those of the first class in the "Golconda". That line touches Colombo on the way.
In the "Golconda" there are only two cabins on the hurricane-deck, one on each side; one is for the doctor, and the other was allotted to us. But owing to the excessive heat, we had to take shelter in the lower deck, for our cabin was just above the engine-room of the ship. Although the ship is made of iron, yet the passengers' cabins are made of wood. And there are many holes along the top and bottom of the wooden walls of these, for the free passage of air. The walls are painted over with ivory-paint which has cost nearly £25 per room. There is a small carpet spread on the floor and against one of the walls are fixed two frameworks somewhat resembling iron bedsteads without legs, one on top of the other. Similarly on the opposite wall. Just opposite the entrance there is a wash-basin, over which there is a looking-glass, two bottles, and two tumblers for drinking water. Against the sides of each bed is attached a netting in brass frames which can be fixed up to the wall and again lowered down. In it the passengers put their watch and other important personal necessaries before retiring. Below the lower bedstead, there is room for storing the trunks and bags. The second class arrangements are on a similar plan, only the space is narrower and the furniture of an inferior quality. The shipping business is almost a monopoly of the English. Therefore in the ships constructed by other nations also, the food arrangements, as well as the regulation of the time, have to be made in the English fashion, to suit the large number of English passengers in them. There are great differences between England, France, Germany, and Russia, as regards food and time. Just as in our country, there are great differences between Bengal, Northern India, the Mahratta country, and Gujarat. But these differences are very little observed in the ships, because there, owing to a majority of English-speaking passengers, everything is being moulded after the English fashion.
The Captain is the highest authority in a ship. Formerly the Captain used to
rule in the ship in the high seas, punishing offenders, hanging pirates, and
so forth. Now he does not go so far, but his word is law on board a ship.
Under him are four officers (or malims, in Indian vernacular). Then come
four or five engineers, the chief engineer ranking equally with an officer
and getting first class food. And there are four or five steersmen (sukanis,
in Indian vernacular) who hold the helm by turns — they are also Europeans.
The rest, comprising the servants, the sailors, and the coalmen are all
Indian, and all of them Mohammedans; Hindu sailors I saw only on the Bombay
side, in P. & O. ships. The servants and the sailors are from Calcutta,
while the coalmen belong to East Bengal; the cooks also are Catholic
Christians of East Bengal. There are four sweepers besides, whose duty it is
to clear out dirty water from the compartments, make arrangements for bath
and keep the latrines etc. clean and tidy. The Mohammedan servants and
lascars do not take food cooked by Christians; besides, every day there are
preparations of ham or bacon on board the ship. But they manage to set up
some sort of privacy for themselves. They have no objection to taking bread
prepared in the ship's kitchen, and those servants from Calcutta who have
received the "new light" of civilisation, do not observe any restrictions in
matters of food. There are three messes for the men, one for the servants,
one for the sailors, and one for the coalmen. The company provides each mess
with a cook and a servant; every mess has got a separate place for cooking.
A few Hindu passengers, were going from Calcutta to Colombo, and they used
to do their cooking in one of these kitchens after the servants had finished
theirs. The servants draw their own drinking water. On every deck two pumps
are fixed against the wall, one on each side; the one is for sweet and the
other for salt water, and the Mohammedans draw sweet water from this for
their own use. Those Hindus who have no objection to taking pipe-water can
very easily go on these ships to England and elsewhere, observing all their
orthodoxy in matters of food and drink. They can get a kitchen, and drinking
water free from the touch of any, and even the bathing water need not be
touched by anybody else; all kinds of food such as rice, pulse, vegetables,
fish, meat, milk, and ghee are available on the ship, especially on these
ships where mostly Indians are employed, to whom rice, pulse, radish,
cabbage, and potato, etc. have to be supplied every day. The one thing
necessary is money. With money you can proceed anywhere alone, observing
full orthodoxy.
These Bengali servants are employed nowadays in almost all ships that ply between Calcutta and Europe. They are gradually forming into a class by themselves. Several nautical terms also are being coined by them; for instance, the captain is termed bariwallah (landlord); the officer malim; the mast 'dôl'; a sail sarh; bring down aria; raise habish (heave), etc.
The body of lascars and coalmen have each a head who is called serang, under whom are two or three tindals, and under these come the lascars and coalmen.
The head of the khansamas, or "boys", is the butler, over whom there is a
European steward. The lascars wash and cleanse the ship, throw or wind up
the cables, set down or lift the boats and hoist or strike sail (though this
last is a rare occurrence in steamships) and do similar kind of work. The
Serang and the Tindal are always moving about watching them and assisting in
their work. The coalmen keep the fire steady in the engine-room; their duty
is to fight day and night with fire and to keep the engines neat and clean.
And it is no easy task to keep that stupendous engine and all its parts neat
and tidy. The Serang and his assistant (or "Brother", in the lascar's
parlance) are from Calcutta and speak Bengali; they look gentlemanly and can
read and write, having studied in school; they speak tolerable English also.
The Serang has a son, thirteen years of age, who is a servant of the Captain
and waits at his door as an orderly. Seeing these Bengali lascars, coalmen,
servants, and boys at work, the feeling of despair with regard to my
countrymen which I had, was much abated. How they are slowly developing
their manhood, with a strong physique — how fearless, yet docile! That
cringing, sycophant attitude common to "natives" even the sweepers do not
possess — what a transformation!
The Indian lascars do excellent work without murmur, and go on a quarter of
a European sailor's pay. This has dissatisfied many in England, especially
as many Europeans are losing their living thereby. They sometimes set up an
agitation. Having nothing else to say against them — for the lascars are
smarter in work than Europeans — they only complain that in rough weather,
when the ship is in danger, they lose all courage. Good God! In actual
circumstances, that infamy is found to be baseless. In times of danger, the
European sailors freely drink through fear and make themselves stupid and
out of use. Indian sailors never take a drop of liquor in their life, and up
to now, not one of them has ever shown cowardice in times of great danger.
Does the Indian soldier display any cowardice on the field of battle? No,
but they must have leaders. An English friend of mine, named General Strong,
was in India during the Sepoy Mutiny. He used to tell many stories about it.
One day, in the course of conversation, I asked him how it was that the
sepoys who had enough of guns, ammunition, and provisions at their disposal,
and were also trained veterans, came to suffer such a defeat. He replied
that the leaders among them, instead of advancing forward, only kept
shouting from a safe position in the rear, "Fight on, brave lads", and so
forth; but unless the commanding officer goes ahead and faces death, the
rank and file will never fight with heart. It is the same in every branch.
"A captain must sacrifice his head," they say. If you can lay down your life
for a cause, then only you can be a leader. But we all want to be leaders
without making the necessary sacrifice. And the result is zero — nobody
listens to us!
However much you may parade your descent from Aryan ancestors and sing the
glories of ancient India day and night, and however much you may be
strutting in the pride of your birth, you, the upper classes of India, do
you think you are alive? You are but mummies ten thousand years old! It is
among those whom your ancestors despised as "walking carrion" that the
little of vitality there is still in India is to be found; and it is you who
are the real "walking corpses". Your houses, your furniture, look like
museum specimens, so lifeless and antiquated they are; and even an
eye-witness of your manners and customs, your movements and modes of life,
is inclined to think that he is listening to a grandmother's tale! When,
even after making a personal acquaintance with you, one returns home, one
seems to think one had been to visit the paintings in an art gallery! In
this world of Maya, you are the real illusions, the mystery, the real mirage
in the desert, you, the upper classes of India! You represent the past
tense, with all its varieties of form jumbled into one. That one still seems
to see you at the present time, is nothing but a nightmare brought on by
indigestion. You are the void, the unsubstantial nonentities of the future.
Denizens of the dreamland, why are you loitering any longer? Fleshless and
bloodless skeletons of the dead body of Past India you are, why do you not
quickly reduce yourselves into dust and disappear in the air? Ay, on your
bony fingers are some priceless rings of jewel, treasured up by your
ancestors, and within the embrace of your stinking corpses are preserved a
good many ancient treasure-chests. Up to now you have not had the
opportunity to hand them over. Now under the British rule, in these days of
free education and enlightenment, pass them on to your heirs, ay, do it as
quickly as you can. You merge yourselves in the void and disappear, and let
New India arise in your place. Let her arise — out of the peasants' cottage,
grasping the plough; out of the huts of the fisherman, the cobbler, and the
sweeper. Let her spring from the grocer's shop, from beside the oven of the
fritter-seller. Let her emanate from the factory, from marts, and from
markets. Let her emerge from groves and forests, from hills and mountains.
These common people have suffered oppression for thousands of years —
suffered it without murmur, and as a result have got wonderful fortitude.
They have suffered eternal misery, which has given them unflinching
vitality. Living on a handful of grain, they can convulse the world; give
them only half a piece of bread, and the whole world will not be big enough
to contain their energy; they are endowed with the inexhaustible vitality of
a Raktabija. (A demon, in the Durgâ-Saptashati, every drop of whose blood
falling on the ground produced another demon like him.) And, besides, they
have got the wonderful strength that comes of a pure and moral life, which
is not to be found anywhere else in the world. Such peacefulness, such
contentment, such love, such power of silent and incessant work, and such
manifestation of lion's strength in times of action — where else will you
find these! Skeletons of the Past, there, before you, are your successors,
the India that is to be. Throw those treasure-chests of yours and those
jewelled rings among them, as soon as you can; and you vanish into the air,
and be seen no more — only keep your ears open. No sooner will you disappear
than you will hear the inaugural shout of Renaissant India, ringing with the
voice of a million thunders and reverberating throughout the universe, "Wah
Guru Ki Fateh" — victory to the Guru!
Our ship is now in the Bay of Bengal, which is reported to be very deep. The
little of it that was shallow has been silted up by the Ganga crumbling the
Himalayas and washing down the North-Western Provinces (U.P.). That alluvial
region is our Bengal. There is no indication of Bengal extending further
beyond the Sunderbans. Some say that the Sunderbans were formerly the site
of many villages and towns and were an elevated region. But many do not
admit this now. However, the Sunderbans and the northern part of the Bay of
Bengal have been the scene of many historic events. These were the
rendezvous of the Portuguese pirates; the king of Arakan made repeated
attempts to occupy this region, and here also the representative of the
Mogul Emperor tried his best to punish the Portuguese pirates headed by
Gonzalez; and this has frequently been the scene of many fights between the
Christians, Moguls, Mugs, and Bengalis.
The Bay of Bengal is naturally rough, and to add to this, it is the monsoon season, so our ship is rolling heavily. But then, this is only the beginning and there is no knowing what is to follow, as we are going to Madras. The greater part of Southern India belongs now to the Madras Presidency. What is there in mere extent of land? Even a desert turns into heaven when it falls to the care of a fortunate owner. The unknown petty village of Madras, formerly called Chinnapattanam or Madraspattanam, was sold by the Raja of Chandragiri to a company of merchants. Then the English had their principal trade in Java, and Bantam was the centre of England's Asiatic trade. Madras and other English trade settlements in India were under the control of Bantam. Where is that Bantam now? And what development that Madras has made! It is not whole truth to say that fortune favours the enterprising man; behind there must be the strength that comes of the Divine Mother. But I also admit that it is the enterprising men unto whom Mother gives strength.
Madras reminds one of a typical South Indian province; though even at the
Jagannath Ghat of Calcutta, one can get a glimpse of the South by seeing the
Orissa Brahmin with his border-shaven head and tufted hair, his variously
painted forehead, the involuted slippers, in which only the toes may enter;
that nose irritated with snuff and with that habit of covering the bodies of
their children with sandalpaste prints. The Gujarati Brahmin, the jet-black
Maharashtra Brahmin, and the exceptionally fair, cat-eyed square-headed
Brahmin of Konkan — though all of them dress in the same way, and are all
known as Deccanis, yet the typical southern Brahmin is to be found in
Madras. That forehead covered over with the ample caste-mark of the Ramanuja
sect — which to the uninitiated looks anything but sublime, (and whose
imitation — the caste-mark of the Ramananda sect of Northern India — is
hailed with many a facetious rhyme — and which completely throws into the
shade the custom prevailing in Bengal among leaders of the Vaishnavite sect,
of frightfully imprinting their whole body); that Telugu, Tamil, and
Malayalam speech of which you won't understand a single syllable even if you
hear it spoken for six years and in which there is a play of all possible
varieties of 'I' and 'd' sounds; that eating of rice with 'black-peppered
dal soup' — each morsel of which sends a shiver through the heart (so
pungent and so acid!); that addition of margosa leaves, oats, etc., by way
of flavour, that taking of "rice-and-curd" etc., that bath with gingili oil
rubbed over the body, and the frying of fish in the same oil — without these
how can one conceive the southern country?
Again, the South has Hinduism alive during the Mohammedan rule and even for some time previous to it. It was in the South that Shankaracharya was born, among that caste who wear a tuft on the front of the head and eat food prepared with cocoanut oil: this was the country that produced Ramanuja: it was also the birthplace of Madhva Muni. Modern Hinduism owes its allegiance to these alone. The Vaishnavas of the Chaitanya sect form merely a recension of the Madhva sect; the religious reformers of the North such as Kabir, Dadu, Nanak, and Ramsanehi are all an echo of Shankaracharya; there you find the disciples of Ramanuja occupying Ayodhya and other places. These Brahmins of the South do not recognise those of the North as true Brahmins, nor accept them as disciples, and even to the other day would not admit them to Sannyasa. The people of Madras even now occupy the principal seats of religion. It was in the South that when people of North India were hiding themselves in woods and forests, giving up their treasures, their household deities, and wives and children, before the triumphant war-cry of Mohammedan invaders — the suzerainty of the King of Vidyânagar was established firm as ever. In the South, again, was born the wonderful Sâyanâchârya — the strength of whose arms, vanquishing the Mohammedans, kept King Bukka on his throne, whose wise counsels gave stability to the Vidyanagar Kingdom, whose state-policy established lasting peace and prosperity in the Deccan, whose superhuman genius and extraordinary industry produced the commentaries on the whole Vedas — and the product of whose wonderful sacrifice, renunciation, and researches was the Vedanta treatise named Panchadashi — that Sannyasin Vidyâranya Muni or Sayana (According to some, Sayana, the commentator of the Vedas, was the brother of Vidyaranya Muni.) was born in this land. The Madras Presidency is the habitat of that Tamil race whose civilisation was the most ancient, and a branch of whom, called the Sumerians, spread a vast civilisation on the banks of the Euphrates in very ancient times; whose astrology, religious lore, morals, rites, etc., furnished the foundation for the Assyrian and Babylonian civilisations; and whose mythology was the source of the Christian Bible. Another branch of these Tamils spread from the Malabar coast and gave rise to the wonderful Egyptian civilisation, and the Aryans also are indebted to this race in many respects. Their colossal temples in the South proclaim the triumph of the Veera Shaiva and Veera Vaishnava sects. The great Vaishnava religion of India has also sprung from a Tamil Pariah — Shathakopa — "who was a dealer in winnowing-fans but was a Yogin all the while". And the Tamil Alwars or devotees still command the respect of the whole Vaishnava sect. Even now the study of the Dvaita, Vishishtâdvaita and Advaita systems of Vedanta is cultivated more in South India than anywhere else. Even now the thirst for religion is stronger here than in any other place.
In the night of the 24th June, our ship reached Madras. Getting up from bed in the morning, I found that we were within the enclosed space of the Madras harbour. Within the harbour the water was still, but without, towering waves were roaring, which occasionally dashing against the harbour-wall were shooting up fifteen or twenty feet high into the air and breaking in a mass of foam. In front lay the well-known Strand Road of Madras. Two European Police Inspectors, a Jamadar of Madras and a dozen Constables boarded our ship and told me with great courtesy that "natives" were not allowed to land on the shore, but the Europeans were. A "native", whoever he might be, was of such dirty habits that there was every chance of his carrying plague germs about; but the Madrasis had asked for a special permit for me, which they might obtain. By degrees the friends of Madras began to come near our vessel on boats in small groups. As all contact was strictly forbidden, we could only speak from the ship, keeping some space between. I found all my friends — Alasinga, Biligiri, Narasimachary, Dr. Nanjunda Rao, Kidi, and others on the boats. Basketfuls of mangoes, plantains, cocoanuts, cooked rice-and-curd, and heaps of sweet and salt delicacies, etc. began to come in. Gradually the crowd thickened — men, women, and children in boats everywhere. I found also Mr. Chamier, my English friend who had come out to Madras as a barrister-at-law. Ramakrishnananda and Nirbhayananda made some trips near to the ship. They insisted on staying on the boat the whole day in the hot sun, and I had to remonstrate with them, when they gave up the idea. And as the news of my not being permitted to land got abroad, the crowd of boats began to increase still more. I, too, began to feel exhaustion from leaning against the railings too long. Then I bade farewell to my Madrasi friends and entered my cabin. Alasinga got no opportunity to consult me about the Brahmavadin and the Madras work; so he was going to accompany me to Colombo. The ship left the harbour in the evening, when I heard a great shout, and peeping through the cabin-window, I found that about a thousand men, women, and children of Madras who had been sitting on the harbour-walls, gave this farewell shout when the ship started. On a joyous occasion the people of Madras also, like the Bengalis, make the peculiar sound with the tongue known as the Hulu.
It took us four days to go from Madras to Ceylon. That rising and heaving of waves which had commenced from the mouth of the Ganga began to increase as we advanced, and after we had left Madras it increased still more. The ship began to roll heavily, and the passengers felt terribly sea-sick, and so did the two Bengali boys. One of them was certain he was going to die, and we had to console him with great difficulty, assuring him that there was nothing to be afraid of, as it was quite a common experience and nobody ever died of it. The second class, again, was right over the screw of the ship. The two Bengali lads, being natives, were put into a cabin almost like a black-hole, where neither air nor light had any access. So the boys could not remain in the room, and on the deck the rolling was terrible. Again, when the prow of the ship settled into the hollow of a wave and the stern was pitched up, the screw rose clear out of the water and continued to wheel in the air, giving a tremendous jolting to the whole vessel. And the second class then shook as when a rat is seized by a cat and shaken.
However, this was the monsoon season. The more the ship would proceed
westwards, the more gale and wind she would have to encounter. The people of
Madras had given plenty of fruits, the greater part of which, and the
sweets, and rice-and-curd, etc., I gave to the boys. Alasinga had hurriedly
bought a ticket and boarded the ship barefooted. He says he wears shoes now
and then. Ways and manners differ in different countries. In Europe it is a
great shame on the part of ladies to show their feet, but they feel no
delicacy in exposing half their bust. In our country, the head must be
covered by all means, no matter if the rest of the body is well covered or
not. Alasinga, the editor of the Brahmavadin, who is a Mysore Brahmin of the
Ramanuja sect, having a fondness for Rasam (Pungent and sour dal soup.) with
shaven head and forehead overspread with the caste-mark of the Tengale sect,
has brought with him with great care, as his provision for the voyage, two
small bundles, in one of which there is fried flattened rice, and in another
popped rice and fried peas! His idea is to live upon these during the voyage
to Ceylon, so that his caste may remain intact. Alasinga had been to Ceylon
once before, at which his caste-people tried to put him into some trouble,
without success. That is a saving feature in the caste-system of India — if
one's caste-people do not object, no one else has any right to say anything
against him. And as for the South India castes — some consist of five
hundred souls in all, some even hundred, or at most a thousand, and so
circumscribed is their limit that for want of any other likely bride, one
marries one's sister's daughter! When railways were first introduced in
Mysore, the Brahmins who went from a distance to see the trains were
outcasted! However, one rarely finds men like our Alasinga in this world —
one so unselfish, so hard-working and devoted to his Guru, and such an
obedient disciple is indeed very rare on earth. A South Indian by birth,
with his head shaven so as to leave a tuft in the centre, bare-footed, and
wearing the Dhoti, he got into the first class; he was strolling now and
then on the deck and when hungry, was chewing some of the popped rice and
peas! The ship's servants generally take all South Indians to be Chettis
(merchants) and say that they have lots of money, but will not spend a bit
of it on either dress or food! But the servants are of opinion that in our
company Alasinga's purity as a Brahmin is getting contaminated. And it is
true — for the South Indians lose much of their caste-rigours through
contact with us.
Alasinga did not feel sea-sick. Brother T__ felt a little trouble at the
beginning but is now all right. So the four days passed in various pleasant
talks and gossip. In front of us is Colombo. Here we have Sinhal — Lanka.
Shri Ramachandra crossed over to Lanka by building a bridge across and
conquered Ravana, her King. Well, I have seen the bridge, and also, in the
palace of the Setupati Maharaja of Ramnad, the stone slab on which Bhagavan
Ramachandra installed his ancestor as Setupati for the first time. But the
Buddhist Ceylonese of these sophisticated times will not admit this. They
say that in their country there is not even a tradition to indicate it. But
what matters their denial? Are not our "old books" authorities enough? Then
again, they call their country Sinhal and will not term it Lanka (Means also
"Chillies" in Bengal.) — and how should they? There is no piquancy either in
their words, or in their work, or in their nature, or in their appearance!
Wearing gowns, with plaited hair, and in that a big comb — quite a feminine
appearance! Again, they have slim, short, and tender womanlike bodies. These
— the descendants of Ravana and Kumbhakarna! Not a bit of it! Tradition says
they have migrated from Bengal — and it was well done. That new type of
people who are springing in Bengal — dressed like women, speaking in soft
and delicate accents, walking with a timid, faltering gait, unable to look
any one in the face and from their very birth given to writing love poems
and suffering the pangs of separation from their beloved — well, why do they
not go to Ceylon, where they will find their fellows! Are the Government
asleep? The other day they created a great row trying to capture some people
in Puri. Why, in the metropolis itself are many worth seizing and packing
off!
There was a very naughty Bengali Prince, named Vijaya Sinha, who quarrelled with his father, and getting together a few more fellows like him set sail in a ship, and finally came upon the Island of Ceylon. That country was then inhabited by an aboriginal tribe whose descendants are now known as the Bedouins. The aboriginal king received him very cordially and gave him his daughter in marriage. There he remained quietly for some time, when one night, conspiring with his wife, with a number of fellows, he took the king and his nobles by surprise and massacred them. Then Vijaya Sinha ascended the throne of Ceylon. But his wickedness did not end here. After a time he got tired of his aboriginal queen, and got more men and more girls from India and himself married a girl named Anurâdhâ, discarding his first aboriginal wife. Then he began to extirpate the whole race of the aborigines, almost all of whom were killed, leaving only a small remnant who are still to be met with in the forests and jungles. In this way Lanka came to be called Sinhal and became, to start with, colony of Bengali ruffians!
In course of time, under the regime of Emperor Asoka, his son Mahinda and
his daughter Sanghamittâ, who had taken the vow of Sannyasa, came to the
Island of Ceylon as religious missionaries. Reaching there, they found the
people had grown quite barbarous, and, devoting their whole lives, they
brought them back to civilisation as far as possible; they framed good moral
laws for them and converted them to Buddhism. Soon the Ceylonese grew very
staunch Buddhists, and built a great city in the centre of the island and
called it Anuradhapuram. The sight of the remains of this city strikes one
dumb even today — huge stupas, and dilapidated stone building extending for
miles and miles are standing to this day; and a great part of it is
overgrown with jungles which have not yet been cleared. Shaven-headed monks
and nuns, with the begging bowl in hand and clothed in yellow robes, spread
all over Ceylon. In places colossal temples were reared containing huge
figure of Buddha in meditation, of Buddha preaching the Law, and of Buddha
in a reclining posture — entering into Nirvana. And the Ceylonese, out of
mischief, painted on the walls of the temples the supposed state of things
in Purgatory — some are being thrashed by ghosts, some are being sawed, some
burnt, some fried in hot oil, and some being flayed — altogether a hideous
spectacle! Who could know that in this religion, which preached "noninjury
as the highest virtue", there would be room for such things! Such is the
case in China, too, so also in Japan. While preaching non-killing so much in
theory, they provide for such an array of punishments as curdles up one's
blood to see. Once a thief broke into the house of a man of this non-killing
type. The boys of the house caught hold of the thief and were giving him a
sound beating. The master hearing a great row came out on the upper balcony
and after making inquiries shouted out, "Cease from beating, my boys. Don't
beat him. Non-injury is the highest virtue." The fraternity of junior
non-killers stopped beating and asked the master what they were to do with
the thief. The master ordered, "Put him in a bag, and throw him into water."
The thief, much obliged at this humane dispensation, with folded hands said,
"Oh! How great is the master's compassion!" I had heard that the Buddhists
were very quiet people and equally tolerant of all religions. Buddhist
preachers come to Calcutta and abuse us with choice epithets, although we
offer them enough respect. Once I was preaching at Anuradhapuram among the
Hindus — not Buddhists — and that in an open maidan, not on anybody's
property — when a whole host of Buddhist monks and laymen, men and women,
came out beating drums and cymbals and set up an awful uproar. The lecture
had to stop, of course, and there was the imminent risk of bloodshed. With
great difficulty I had to persuade the Hindus that we at any rate might
practise a bit of non-injury, if they did not. Then the matter ended
peacefully.
Gradually Tamilian Hindus from the north began slowly to migrate into
Ceylon. The Buddhists, finding themselves in untoward circumstances, left
their capital to establish a hill-station called Kandy, which, too, the
Tamilians wrested from them in a short time and placed a Hindu king on the
throne. Then came hordes of Europeans — the Spaniards, the Portuguese, and
the Dutch. Lastly the English have made themselves kings. The royal family
of Kandy have been sent to Tanjore, where they are living on pension and
Mulagutanni Rasam.
In northern Ceylon there is a great majority of Hindus, while in the
southern part, Buddhists and hybrid Eurasians of different types
preponderate. The principal seat of the Buddhists is Colombo, the present
capital, and that of the Hindus is Jaffna. The restrictions of caste are
here much less than in India; the Buddhists have a few in marriage affairs,
but none in matters of food, in which respect the Hindus observe some
restrictions. All the butchers of Ceylon were formerly Buddhists; now the
number is decreasing owing to the revival of Buddhism. Most of the Buddhists
are now changing their anglicised titles for native ones. All the Hindu
castes have mixed together and formed a single Hindu caste, in which, like
the Punjabi Jats, one can marry a girl of any caste — even a European girl
at that. The son goes into a temple, puts the sacred trilinear mark on the
forehead, utters "Shiva, Shiva", and becomes a Hindu. The husband may be a
Hindu, while the wife is a Christian. The Christian rubs some sacred ash on
the forehead, utters "Namah Pârvatipatayé" (salutation to Shiva), and she
straightway becomes a Hindu. This is what has made the Christian
missionaries so cross with you. Since your coming into Ceylon, many
Christians, putting sacred ash on their head and repeating "Salutation to
Shiva", have become Hindus and gone back to their caste. Advaitavâda and
Vira-Shaivavâda are the prevailing religions here. In place of the word
"Hindu" one has to say "Shiva". The religious dance and Sankirtana which
Shri Chaitanya introduced into Bengal had their origin in the South, among
the Tamil race. The Tamil of Ceylon is pure Tamil and the religion of Ceylon
is equally pure Tamil religion. That ecstatic chant of a hundred thousand
men, and their singing of devotional hymns to Shiva, the noise of a thousand
Mridangas (A kind of Indian drum.) with the metallic sound of big cymbals,
and the frenzied dance of these ash-covered, red-eyed athletic Tamilians
with stout rosaries of Rudrâksha beads on their neck, looking just like the
great devotee, Hanuman — you can form no idea of these, unless you
personally see the phenomenon.
Our Colombo friends had procured a permit for our landing, so we landed and met our friends there. Sir Coomara Swami is the foremost man among the Hindus: his wife is an English lady, and his son is barefooted and wears the sacred ashes on his forehead. Mr. Arunachalam and other friends came to meet me. After a long time I partook of Mulagutanni and the king-cocoanut. They put some green cocoanuts into my cabin. I met Mrs. Higgins and visited her boarding school for Buddhist girls. I also visited the monastery and school of our old acquaintance, the Countess of Canovara. The Countess' house is more spacious and furnished than Mrs. Higgins's. The Countess has invested her own money, whereas Mrs. Higgins has collected the money by begging. The Countess herself wears a Gerua cloth after the mode of the Bengali Sari. The Ceylonese Buddhists have taken a great fancy to this fashion, I found. I noticed carriage after carriage of women, all wearing the same Bengali Sari.
The principal place of pilgrimage for the Buddhists is the Dalada Maligawa
or Tooth-temple at Kandy, which contains a tooth of Lord Buddha. The
Ceylonese say it was at first in the Jagannath Temple at Puri and after many
vicissitudes reached Ceylon, where also there was no little trouble over it.
Now it is lying safe. The Ceylonese have kept good historical records of
themselves, not like those of ours — merely cock and bull stories. And the
Buddhist scriptures also are well preserved here in the ancient Magadhi
dialect. From here the Buddhist religion spread to Burma, Siam, and other
countries. The Ceylonese Buddhists recognise only Shâkyamuni mentioned in
their scriptures and try to follow his precepts. They do not, like the
people of Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Ladak, China, and Japan, worship Shiva and
do not know the worship with mystical Mantras of such goddesses as Târâ Devi
and so forth. But they believe in possession by spirits and things of that
sort. The Buddhists have now split into two schools, the Northern and the
Southern; the Northern school calls itself the Mahâyâna, and the Southern
school, comprising the Ceylonese, Burmese, Siamese, etc., Hinayâna. The
Mahâyâna branch worships Buddha in name only; their real worship is of Tara
Devi and of Avalokiteshwara (whom the Japanese, Chinese and Koreans call
Wanyin); and there is much use of various cryptic rites and Mantras. The
Tibetans are the real demons of Shiva. They all worship Hindu gods, play the
Damaru, (A tabor shaped like an hour-glass.) keep human skulls, blow horns
made of the bones of dead monks, are much given to wine and meat, and are
always exorcising evil spirits and curing diseases by means of mystical
incantations. In China and Japan, on the walls of all the temples I have
observed various monosyllabic Mantras written in big gilt letters, which
approach the Bengali characters so much that you can easily make out the
resemblance.
Alasinga returned to Madras from Colombo, and we also got on board our ship,
with presents of some lemons from the orchard of Coomara Swami, some
king-cocoanuts, and two bottles of syrup, etc. (The god Kârtikeya has
various names, such as Subrahmanya, Kamâra Swâmi etc. In the South the
worship of this god is much in vogue; they call Kartikeya an incarnation of
the sacred formula "Om".)
The ship left Colombo on the morning of 25th June. Now we have to encounter full monsoon conditions. The more our ship is advancing, the more is the storm increasing and the louder is the wind howling — there is incessant rain, and enveloping darkness; huge waves are dashing on the ship's deck with a terrible noise, so that it is impossible to stay on the deck. The dining table has been divided into small squares by means of wood partitions, placed lengthwise and breadthwise, called fiddle, out of which the food articles are jumping up. The ship is creaking, as if it were going to break to pieces. The Captain says, "Well, this year's monsoon seems to be unusually rough". The Captain is a very interesting person who spent many years in the Chinese Sea and Indian Ocean; a very entertaining fellow, very clever in telling cock and bull stories. Numerous stories of pirates — how Chinese coolies used to kill ship's officers, loot the whole ship and escape — and other stories of that ilk he is narrating. And there is nothing else to do, for reading or writing is out of the question in such heavy rolling. It is extremely difficult to sit inside the cabin; the window has been shut for fear of the waves getting in. One day Brother T__ kept it slightly ajar and a fragment of a wave entered and flooded the whole cabin! And who can describe the heaving and tossing on the deck! Amid such conditions, you must remember, the work for your Udbodhan is going on to a certain extent.
There are two Christian missionary passengers on our ship, one of whom is an
American, with a family — a very good man, named Bogesh. He has been married
seven years, and his children number half-a-dozen. The servants call it
God's special grace — though the children perhaps, feel differently.
Spreading a shabby bed on the deck, Mrs. Bogesh makes all the children lie
on it and goes away. They make themselves dirty and roll on the deck, crying
aloud. The passengers on the deck are always nervous and cannot walk about
on the deck, lest they might tread on any of Bogesh's children. Making the
youngest baby lie in a square basket with high sides, Mr. and Mrs. Bogesh
sit in a corner for four hours, huddled together. One finds it hard to
appreciate your European civilisation. If we rinse our mouth or wash our
teeth in public — they say it is barbarous, these things ought to be done in
private. All right, but I put it to you, if it is not also decent to avoid
such acts as the one above referred to, in public. And you run after this
civilisation! However you cannot understand what good Protestantism has done
to North Europe, unless you see the Protestant clergy. If then ten crores of
English people die, and only the priests survive, in twenty years another
ten crores will be raised!
Owing to the rolling of the ship most of the passengers are suffering from
headache. A little girl named Tootle is accompanying her father; she has
lost her mother. Our Nivedita has become a mother to Tootle and Bogesh's
children. Tootle has been brought up in Mysore with her father who is a
planter. I asked her, "Tootle, how are you?" She replied, "This Bungalow is
not good and rolls very much, which makes me sick." To her every house is a
bungalow. One sickly child of Bogesh suffers specially from want of care;
the poor thing is rolling on the wooden deck the whole day. The old Captain
now and then comes out of his cabin and feeds him with some soup with a
spoon, and pointing to his slender legs says, "What a sickly child — how
sadly neglected!"
Many desire eternal happiness. But if happiness were eternal, misery also would be eternal, just think of that. Could we in that case have ever reached Aden! Fortunately neither happiness nor misery is eternal; therefore in spite of our six days' journey being prolonged into fourteen days, and our buffeting terrible wind and rain night and day, we at last did reach Aden. The more we were ahead of Colombo, the more the storm and rain increased, the sky became a lake, and the wind and the waves grew fierce; and it was almost impossible for the ship to proceed, breasting such wind and wave, and her speed was halved. Near the island of Socotra, the monsoon was at its worst. The Captain remarked that this was the centre of the monsoon, and that if we could pass this, we should gradually reach calmer waters. And so we did. And this nightmare also ended.
On the evening of the 8th, we reached Aden. No one, white or black, is allowed to land, neither is any cargo allowed into the ship. And there are not many things worth seeing here. You have only barren stretches of sand, bearing some resemblance to Rajputana, and treeless, verdureless hills. In between the hills there are forts and on the top are the soldiers' barracks. In front are the hotels and shops arranged in the form of a crescent, which are discernible from the ship. Many ships are lying in anchor. One English, and one German man-of-war came in; the rest are either cargo or passenger ships. I had visited the town last time. Behind the hills are the native barracks and the bazar. A few miles from there, there are big pits dug into the sides of the hills, where the rain-water accumulates. Formerly that was the only source of water. Now by means of an apparatus they distil the sea water and get good fresh water, which, however, is very dear. Aden is just like an Indian town — with its large percentage of Indian civil and military population. There are a good many Parsee shopkeepers and Sindhi merchants. Aden is a very ancient place — the Roman Emperor Constantius sent a batch of missionaries here to preach Christianity. Then the Arabs rose and killed these Christians, whereupon the Roman Emperor asked the King of Abyssinia — long a Christian country — to punish them. The Abyssinian King sent an army and severely punished the Arabs of Aden. Afterwards Aden passed into the hands of the Samanidi Kings of Persia. It is they who are reputed to have first excavated those caves for the accumulation of water. Then, after the rise of Mohammedanism, Aden passed into the hands of the Arabs. After a certain time, a Portuguese general made ineffectual attempts to capture the place. Then the Sultan of Turkey made the place a naval base with the object of expelling the Portuguese from the Indian Ocean.
Again it passed into the possession of the neighbouring Arabian ruler. Afterwards, the English purchased it and they built the present town. Now the warships of all the powerful nations are cruising all over the world, and everyone wants to have a voice in every trouble that arises in any part of it. Every nation wants to safeguard its supremacy, political interest, and commerce. Hence they are in need of coal every now and then. As it would not be possible to get a supply of coal from an enemy country in times of war, every Power wants to have a coaling station of its own. The best sites have been already occupied by the English; the French have come in for the next best; and after them the other Powers of Europe have secured, and are securing, sites for themselves either by force or by purchase, or by friendly overture. The Suez Canal is now the link between Europe and Asia, and it is under the control of the French. Consequently the English have made their position very strong at Aden, and the other Powers also have each made a base for themselves along the Red Sea. Sometimes this rage for land brings disastrous consequences. Italy, trodden under foreign feet for seven centuries, stood on her legs after enormous difficulties. But immediately after doing this, she began to think a lot of herself and became ambitious of foreign conquest. In Europe no nation can seize a bit of land belonging to another; for all the Powers would unite to crush the usurper. In Asia also, the big Powers — the English, Russians, French, and Dutch — have left little space unoccupied. Now there remained only a few bits of Africa, and thither Italy directed her attention. First she tried in North Africa, where she met with opposition from the French and desisted. Then the English gave her a piece of land on the Red Sea, with the ulterior object that from that centre Italy might absorb the Abyssinian territory. Italy, too, came on with an army. But the Abyssinian King, Manalik, gave her such a beating that Italy found it difficult to save herself by fleeing from Africa. Besides, Russian and Abyssinian Christianity being, as is alleged, very much alike, the Russian Czar is an ally of the Abyssinians at bottom.
Well, our ship is now passing through the Red Sea. The missionary said,
"This is the Red Sea, which the Jewish leader Moses crossed on foot with his
followers. And the army which the Egyptian King Pharaoh sent for their
capture was drowned in the sea, the wheels of their war-chariots having
stuck in the mud" — like Karna's in the Mahâbhârata story. He further said
that this could now be proved by modern scientific reasons. Nowadays in
every country it has become a fashion to support the miracles of religion by
scientific argument. My friend, if these phenomena were the outcome of
natural forces, where then is there room for their intervention of your god
"Yave"? A great dilemma! — If they are opposed to science, those miracles
are mere myths, and your religion is false. And even if they are borne out
by science, the glory of your god is superfluous, and they are just like any
other natural phenomena. To this, Priest Bogesh replied, "I do not know all
the issues involved in it, I simply believe." This is all right — one can
tolerate that. But then there is a party of men, who are very clear in
criticising others' views and bringing forward arguments against them, but
where they themselves are concerned, they simply say, "I only believe, my
mind testifies to their veracity." These are simply unbearable. Pooh! What
weight has their intellect? Absolutely nothing! They are very quick to label
the religious beliefs of others as superstitious, especially those which
have been condemned by the Europeans, while in their own case they concoct
some fantastic notions of Godhead and are beside themselves with emotions
over them.
The ship is steadily sailing north. The borders of this Red Sea were a great
centre of ancient civilisation. There, on the other side, are the deserts of
Arabia, and on this — Egypt. This is that ancient Egypt. Thousands of years
ago, these Egyptians starting from Punt (probably Malabar) crossed the Red
Sea, and steadily extended their kingdom till they reached Egypt. Wonderful
was the expansion of their power, their territory, and their civilisation.
The Greeks were the disciples of these. The wonderful mausoleums of their
kings, the Pyramids, with figures of the Sphinx, and even their dead bodies
are preserved to this day. Here lived the ancient Egyptian peoples, with
curling hair and ear-rings, and wearing snow-white dhotis without one end
being tucked up behind. This is Egypt — the memorable stage where the
Hyksos, the Pharaohs, the Persian Emperors, Alexander the Great, and the
Ptolemies, and the Roman and Arab conquerors played their part. So many
centuries ago, they left their history inscribed in great detail in
hieroglyphic characters on papyrus paper, on stone slabs, and on the sides
of earthen vessels.
This is the land where Isis was worshipped and Horus flourished. According
to these ancient Egyptians, when a man dies, his subtle body moves about;
but any injury done to the dead body affects the subtle body, and the
destruction of the former means the total annihilation of the latter. Hence
they took so much pains to preserve the corpse. Hence the pyramids of the
kings and emperors. What devices, how much labour — alas, all in vain! Lured
by the treasures, robbers have dug into the pyramids, and penetrating the
mysteries of the labyrinths, have stolen the royal bodies. Not now — it was
the work of the ancient Egyptians themselves. Some five or six centuries
ago, these desiccated mummies the Jewish and Arab physicians looked upon as
possessing great medicinal virtues and prescribed them for patients all over
Europe. To this day, perhaps, it is the genuine "Mumia" of Unani and Hakimi
methods of treatment!
Emperor Asoka sent preachers to this Egypt during the reign of the Ptolemy
dynasty. They used to preach religion, cure diseases, live on vegetable
food, lead celibate lives, and make Sannyasin disciples. They came to found
many sects — the Therapeutae, Essenes, Manichaeans, and the like; from which
modern Christianity has sprung. It was Egypt that became, during the
Ptolemaic rule, the nursery of all learning. Here was that city of
Alexandria, famous all over the world for its university, its library, and
its literati — that Alexandria which, falling into the hands of illiterate,
bigoted, and vulgar Christians suffered destruction, with its library burnt
to ashes and learning stamped out! Finally, the Christians killed the lady
servant, Hypatia, subjected her dead body to all sorts of abominable insult,
and dragged it through the streets, till every bit of flesh was removed from
the bones!
And to the south lie the deserts of Arabia — the mother of heroes. Have you
ever seen a Bedouin Arab, with a cloak on, and a big kerchief tied on his
head with a bunch of woollen strings? — That gait, that pose of standing,
and that look, you will find in no other country. From head to foot emanates
the freedom of open unconfined desert air — there you have the Arab. When
the bigotry of the Christians and the barbarity of the Goths extinguished
the ancient Greek and Roman civilisation, when Persia was trying to hide her
internal putrefaction by adding layer after layer of gold-leaf upon it,
when, in India, the sun of splendour of Pataliputra and Ujjain had set,
leaving some illiterate, tyrant kings to rule over her, and the corruptions
of dreadful obscenities and the worship of lust festering within — when such
was the state of the world, this insignificant, semi-brutal Arab race spread
like lightning over its surface.
There you see a steamer coming from Mecca, with a cargo of pilgrims; behold — the Turk in European dress, the Egyptian in half-European costume, the Syrian Mussalman in Iranian attire, and the real Arab wearing a cloth reaching down the knee. Before the time of Mohammed, it was the custom to circumambulate round the Cabba temple in a state of nudity; since his time they have to wrap round a cloth. It is for this reason, that our Mohammedans unloose the strings of their trousers, and let their cloth hang down to the feet. Gone are those days for the Arabs. A continual influx of Kaffir, Sidi, and Abyssinian blood has changed their physique, energy, and all — the Arab of the desert is completely shorn of his former glory. Those that live in the north are peaceful citizens of the Turkish State. But the Christian subjects of the Sultan hate the Turks and love the Arabs. They say that the Arabs are amenable to education, become gentlemen, and are not so troublesome, while the real Turks oppress the Christians very much.
Though the desert is very hot, that heat is not enervating. There is no
further trouble if you cover your body and head against it. Dry heat is not
only not enervating, on the contrary it has a marked toning effect. The
people of Rajputana, Arabia, and Africa are illustrations of this. In
certain districts of Marwar, men, cattle, horses, and all are strong and of
great stature. It is a joy to look at the Arabs and Sidis. Where the heat is
moist, as in Bengal, the body is very much enervated, and every animal is
weak.
The very name of the Red Sea strikes terror into the hearts of the
passengers — it is so dreadfully hot, specially in summer, as it is now.
Everyone is seated on the deck and recounts a story of some terrible
accident, according to his knowledge. The Captain has outbidden them all. He
says that a few days ago a Chinese man-of-war was passing through the Red
Sea, and her Captain and eight sailors who worked in the coal-room died of
heat.
Indeed, those who work in the coal-room have in the first place to stand in a pit of fire, and then there is the terrible heat of the Red Sea. Sometimes they run mad, rush up to the deck, plunge into the sea, and are drowned; or sometimes they die of heat in the engine-room itself.
These stories were enough to throw us out of our wits, nearly. But
fortunately we did not experience so much heat. The breeze, instead of being
a south-wind, continued to blow from the north, and it was the cool breeze
of the Mediterranean.
On the 14th of July the steamer cleared the Red Sea and reached Suez. In
front is the Suez Canal. The steamer has cargo for Suez. Well, Egypt is now
under a visitation of plague, and possibly we are also carrying its germs.
So there is the risk of contagion on both sides. Compared with the
precautions taken here against mutual contact, well, those of our country
are as nothing. The goods have to be unloaded, but the coolie of Suez must
not touch the ship. It meant a good deal of extra trouble for the ship's
sailors. They have to serve as coolies, lift up the cargo by means of cranes
and drop it, without touching, on the Suez boats which carry it ashore. The
agent of the Company has come near the ship in a small launch, but he is not
allowed to board her. From the launch he is talking with the Captain who is
in his ship. You must know this is not India, where the white man is beyond
the plague regulations and all — here is the beginning of Europe. And all
this precaution is taken lest the rat-borne plague finds an entrance into
this heaven. The incubation period of plague-germs is ten days; hence the
quarantine for ten days. We have however passed that period, so the disaster
has been averted for us. But we shall be quarantined for ten days more if we
but touch any Egyptian. In that case no passengers will be landed either at
Naples or at Marseilles. Therefore every kind of work is being done from a
distance, free from contact. Consequently it will take them the whole day to
unload the cargo in this slow process. The ship can easily cross the Canal
in the night, if she be provided with a searchlight; but if that is to be
fitted, the Suez people will have to touch the ship — there, you have ten
days' quarantine. She is therefore not to start in the night, and we must
remain as we are in this Suez harbour for twenty-four hours! This is a very
beautiful natural harbour, surrounded almost on three sides by sandy mounds
and hillocks, and the water also is very deep. There are innumerable fish
and sharks swimming in it. Nowhere else on earth are sharks in such plenty
as in this port and in the port of Sydney, in Australia — they are ready to
swallow men at the slightest opportunity! Nobody dares to descend into the
water. Men, too, on their part are dead against the snakes and sharks and
never let slip an opportunity to kill them.
In the morning, even before breakfast, we came to learn that big sharks were moving about behind the ship. I had never before an opportunity to see live sharks — the last time I came, the ship called at Suez for only a very short time, and that too, close to the town. As soon as we heard of the sharks, we hastened to the spot. The second class was at the stern of the ship, and from its deck, crowds of men, women and children were leaning over the railings to see the sharks. But our friends, the sharks, had moved off a little when we appeared on the spot, which damped our spirit very much. But we noticed that shoals of a kind of fish with bill-like heads were swimming in the water, and there was a species of very tiny fish in great abundance. Now and then a big fish, greatly resembling the hilsa, was flitting like an arrow hither and thither. I thought, he might be a young shark, but on inquiry I found it was not. Bonito was his name. Of course I had formerly read of him, and this also I had read that he was imported into Bengal from the Maldives as dried fish, on big-sized boats. It was also a matter of report that his meat was red and very tasteful. And we were now glad to see his energy and speed. Such a large fish was flitting through the water like an arrow, and in that glassy sea-water every movement of his body was noticeable. We were thus watching the bonito's circuits and the restless movements of the tiny fish for twenty minutes of half an hour. Half an hour — three quarters — we were almost tired of it, when somebody announced — there he was. About a dozen people shouted, "There he is coming!" Casting my eyes I found that at some distance a huge black thing was moving towards us, six or seven inches below the surface of the water. Gradually the thing approached nearer and nearer. The huge flat head was visible; now massive his movement, there was nothing of the bonito's flitting in it. But once he turned his head, a big circuit was made. A gigantic fish; on he comes in a solemn gait, while in front of him are one or two small fish, and a number of tiny ones are playing on his back and all about his body. Some of them are holding fast on to his neck. He is your shark with retinue and followers. The fish which are preceding him are called the pilot fish. Their duty is to show the shark his prey, and perhaps be favoured with crumbs of his meal. But as one looks at the terrible gaping jaws of the shark, one doubts whether they succeed much in this latter respect. The fish which are moving about the shark and climbing on his back, are the "suckers". About their chest there is a flat, round portion, nearly four by two inches, which is furrowed and grooved, like the rubber soles of many English shoes. That portion the fish applies to the shark's body and sticks to it; that makes them appear as if riding on the shark's body and back. They are supposed to live on the worms etc. that grow on the shark's body. The shark must always have his retinue of these two classes of fish. And he never injures them, considering them perhaps as his followers and companions. One of these fish was caught with a small hook and line. Someone slightly pressed the sole of his shoe against its chest and when he raised his foot, it too was found to adhere to it. In the same way it sticks to the body of the shark.
The second class passengers have got their mettle highly roused. One of them is a military man and his enthusiasm knows no bounds. Rummaging the ship they found out a terrible hook — it outvied the hooks that are used in Bengal for recovering water-pots that have accidentally dropped into wells. To this they tightly fastened about two pounds of meat with a strong cord, and a stout cable was tied to it. About six feet from it, a big piece of wood was attached to act as a float. Then the hook with the float was dropped in the water. Below the ship a police boat was keeping guard ever since we came, lest there might be any contact between us and the people ashore. On this boat there were two men comfortably asleep, which made them much despised in the eyes of the passengers. At this moment they turned out to be great friends. Roused by the tremendous shouts, our friend, the Arab, rubbed his eyes and stood up. He was preparing to tuck up his dress, imagining some trouble was at hand, when he came to understand that so much shouting was nothing more than a request to him to remove the beam that was meant as a float to catch the shark, along with the hook, to a short distance. Then he breathed a sigh of relief, and grinning from ear to ear he managed to push the float to some distance by means of a pole. While we in eagerness stood on tiptoe, leaning over the railing, and anxiously waited for the shark — "watching his advent with restless eyes"; (From Jayadeva, the famous Sanskrit Poet of Bengal.) and as is always the case with those for whom somebody may be waiting with suspense, we suffered a similar fate — in other words, "the Beloved did not turn up". But all miseries have an end, and suddenly about a hundred yards from the ship, something of the shape of a water-carrier's leather bag, but much larger, appeared above the surface of the water, and immediately there was the hue and cry, "There is the shark!" "Silence, you boys and girls! — the shark may run off". — "Hallo, you people there, why don't you doff your white hats for a while? — the shark may shy". — While shouts like these were reaching the ear, the shark, denizen of the salt sea, rushed close by, like a boat under canvas, with a view to doing justice to the lump of pork attached to the hook. Seven or eight feet more and the shark's jaws would touch the bait. But that massive tail moved a little, and the straight course was transformed into a curve. Alas, the shark has made off! Again the tail slightly moved, and the gigantic body turned and faced the hook. Again he is rushing on — gaping, there, he is about to snap at the bait! Again the cursed tail moved, and the shark wheeled his body off to a distance. Again he is taking a circuit and coming on, he is gaping again; look now, he has put the bait into his jaws, there, he is tilting on his side; yes, he has swallowed the bait — pull, pull, forty or fifty pull together, pull on with all your might! What tremendous strength the fish has, what struggles he makes, how widely he gapes! Pull, pull! He is about to come above the surface, there he is turning in the water, and again turning on his side, pull, pull! Alas, he has extricated himself from the bait! The shark has fled. Indeed, what fussy people you all are! You could not wait to give him some time to swallow the bait! And you were impatient enough to pull so soon as he turned on his side! However, it is no use crying over spilt milk. The shark was rid of the hook and made a clean run ahead. Whether he taught the pilot fish a good lesson, we have got no information, but the fact was that the shark was clean off. And he was tiger-like, having black stripes over his body like a tiger. However, the "Tiger", with a view to avoiding the dangerous vicinity of the hook, disappeared, with his retinue of pilots and suckers.
But there is no need of giving up hopes altogether, for there, just by the side of the retreating "Tiger" is coming on another, a huge flat-headed creature! Alas, sharks have no language! Otherwise "Tiger" would surely have made an open breast of his secret to the newcomer and thus warned him. He would certainly have said, "Hallo, my friend, beware there is a new creature come over there, whose flesh is very tasteful and savoury, but what hard bones! Well, I have been born and brought up as a shark these many years and have devoured lots of animals — living, dead, and half-dead, and filled my stomach with lots of bones, bricks, and stones, and wooden stuff; but compared with these bones they are as butter, I tell you. Look, what has become of my teeth and jaws". And along with this he would certainly have shown to the new-comer those gaping jaws reaching almost to half his body. And the other too, with characteristic experience of maturer years, would have prescribed for him one or other of such infallible marine remedies as the bile of one fish, the spleen of another, the cooling broth of oysters, and so forth. But since nothing of the kind took place, we must conclude that either the sharks are sadly in want of a language, or that they may have one, but it is impossible to talk under water; therefore until some characters fit for the sharks are discovered, it is impossible to use that language. Or it may be that "Tiger", mixing too much in human company, has imbibed a bit of human disposition too, and therefore, instead of giving out the real truth, asked "Flat-head", with a smile, if he was doing well, and bade him good-bye: "Shall I alone be befooled?"
Then Bengali poem has it, "First goes Bhagiratha blowing his conch, then
comes Ganga bringing up the rear" etc. Well, of course, no blowing of the
conch is heard, but first are going the pilot fish, and behind them comes
"Flat-head", moving his massive body, while round about him dance the
suckers. Ah, who can resist such a tempting bait? For a space of five yards
on all sides, the surface of the sea is glossy with a film of fat, and it is
for "Flat-head" himself to say how far the fragrance thereof has spread.
Besides, what a spectacle it is! White, and red, and yellow — all in one
place! It was real English pork, tied round a huge black hook, heaving under
water most temptingly!
Silence now, every one — don't move about, and see that you don't be too
hasty. But take care to keep close to the cable. There, he is moving near
the hook, and examining the bait, putting it in his jaws! Let him do so.
Hush — now he has turned on his side — look, he is swallowing it whole,
silence — give him time to do it. Then, as "Flat-head", turning on his side,
had leisurely swallowed the bait, and was about to depart, immediately there
was the pull behind! " Flat-head", astonished, jerked his head and wanted to
throw the bait off, but it made matters worse! The hook pierced him, and
from above, men, young and old, began to pull violently at the cable. Look,
the head of the shark is above water — pull, brothers, pull! There, about
half the shark's body is above water! Oh, what jaws! It is all jaws and
throat, it seems! Pull on! Ah, the whole of it is clear of water. There, the
hook has pierced his jaws through and through — pull on! Wait, wait! —
Hallo, you Arab Police boatman, will you tie a string round his tail? — He
is such a huge monster that it is difficult to haul him up otherwise. Take
care, brother, a blow from that tail is enough to fracture a horse's leg!
Pull on — Oh, how very heavy! Good God, what have we here! Indeed, what is
it that hangs down from under the shark's belly? Are they not the entrails!
His own weight has forced them out! All right, cut them off, and let them
drop into the sea, that will make the weight lighter. Pull on, brothers! Oh,
it is a fountain of blood! No, there is no use trying to save the clothes.
Pull, he is almost within reach. Now, set him on the deck; take care,
brother, be very careful, if he but charges on anybody, he will bite off a
whole arm! And beware of that tail! Now, slacken the rope — thud! Lord! What
a big shark! And with what a thud he fell on board the ship! Well, one
cannot be too careful — strike his head with that beam — hallo, military
man, you are a soldier, you are the man to do it. — "Quite so". The military
passenger, with body and clothes splashed with blood, raised the beam and
began to land heavy blows on the shark's head. And the women went on
shrieking, "Oh dear! How cruel! Don't kill him!" and so forth, but never
stopped seeing the spectacle. Let that gruesome scene end here. How the
shark's belly was ripped open, how a torrent of blood flowed, how the
monster continued to shake and move for a long time even after his entrails
and heart had been taken off and his body dismembered, how from his stomach
a heap of bones, skin, flesh, and wood, etc. came out — let all these topics
go. Suffice it to say, that I had my meal almost spoilt that day —
everything smelt of that shark.
This Suez Canal is a triumph of canal engineering. It was dug by a French engineer, Ferdinand de Lesseps. By connecting the Mediterranean with the Red Sea, it has greatly facilitated the commerce between Europe and India.
Of all the causes which have worked for the present state of human
civilisation from the ancient times, the commerce of India is perhaps the
most important. From time immemorial India has beaten all other countries in
point of fertility and commercial industries. Up till a century ago, the
whole of the world's demand for cotton cloth, cotton, jute, indigo, lac,
rice, diamonds, and pearls, etc. used to be supplied from India. Moreover,
no other country could produce such excellent silk and woollen fabrics, like
the kincob etc. as India. Again, India has been the land of various spices
such as cloves, cardamom, pepper, nutmeg, and mace. Naturally, therefore,
from very ancient times, whatever country became civilised at any particular
epoch, depended upon India for those commodities. This trade used to follow
two main routes — one was through land, via Afghanistan and Persia, and the
other was by sea — through the Red Sea. After his conquest of Persia,
Alexander the Great despatched a general named Niarchus to explore a
sea-route, passing by the mouth of the Indus, across the ocean, and through
the Red Sea. Most people are ignorant of the extent to which the opulence of
ancient countries like Babylon, Persia, Greece, and Rome depended on Indian
commerce. After the downfall of Rome, Baghdad in Mohammedan territory, and
Venice and Genoa in Italy, became the chief Western marts of Indian
commerce. And when the Turks made themselves masters of the Roman Empire and
closed the trade-route to India for the Italians, then Christopher Columbus
(Christobal Colon), a Spaniard or Genoese, tried to explore a new route to
India across the Atlantic, which resulted in the discovery of the American
continent. Even after reaching America, Columbus could not get rid of the
delusion that it was India. It is therefore that the aborigines of America
are to this day designated as Indians. In the Vedas we find both names,
"Sindhu" and "Indu", for the Indus; the Persians transformed them into
"Hindu", and the Greeks into "Indus", whence we derived the words "India"
and "Indian". With the rise of Mohammedanism the word "Hindu" became
degraded and meant "a dark-skinned fellow", as is the case with the word
"native" now.
The Portuguese, in the meantime, discovered a new route to India, doubling
Africa. The fortune of India smiled on Portugal — then came the turn of the
French, the Dutch, the Danes, and the English. Indian commerce, Indian
revenue and all are now in the possession of the English; it is therefore
that they are the foremost of all nations now. But now, Indian products are
being grown in countries like America and elsewhere, even better than in
India, and she has therefore lost something of her prestige. This the
Europeans are unwilling to admit. That India, the India of "natives", is the
chief means and resources of their wealth and civilisation, is a fact which
they refuse to admit, or even understand. We too, on our part, must not
cease to bring it home to them.
Just weigh the matter in your mind. Those uncared-for lower classes of India
— the peasants and weavers and the rest, who have been conquered by
foreigners and are looked down upon by their own people — it is they who
from time immemorial have been working silently, without even getting the
remuneration of their labours! But what great changes are taking place
slowly, all over the world, in pursuance of nature's law! Countries,
civilisations, and supremacy are undergoing revolutions. Ye labouring
classes of India, as a result of your silent, constant labours Babylon,
Persia, Alexandria, Greece, Rome, Venice, Genoa, Baghdad, Samarqand, Spain,
Portugal, France, Denmark, Holland, and England have successively attained
supremacy and eminence! And you? — Well, who cares to think of you! My dear
Swami, your ancestors wrote a few philosophical works, penned a dozen or so
epics, or built a number of temples — that is all, and you rend the skies
with triumphal shouts; while those whose heart's blood has contributed to
all the progress that has been made in the world — well, who cares to praise
them? The world-conquering heroes of spirituality, war, and poetry are in
the eyes of all, and they have received the homage of mankind. But where
nobody looks, no one gives a word of encouragement, where everybody hates
— that living amid such circumstances and displaying boundless patience,
infinite love, and dauntless practicality, our proletariat are doing their
duty in their homes day and night, without the slightest murmur — well, is
there no heroism in this? Many turn out to be heroes when they have got some
great task to perform. Even a coward easily gives up his life, and the most
selfish man behaves disinterestedly, when there is a multitude to cheer them
on; but blessed indeed is he who manifests the same unselfishness and
devotion to duty in the smallest of acts, unnoticed by all — and it is you
who are actually doing this ye ever-trampled labouring classes of India! I
bow to you.
This Suez Canal is also a thing of remote antiquity. During the reign of the
Pharaohs in Egypt, a number of lagoons were connected with one another by a
channel and formed a canal touching both seas. During the rule of the Roman
Empire in Egypt also, attempts were made now and then to keep that channel
open. Then the Mohammedan General Amru, after his conquest of Egypt, dug out
the sand and changed certain features of it, so that it became almost
transformed.
After that nobody paid much attention to it. The present canal was excavated
by Khedive Ismail of Egypt, the Viceroy of the Sultan of Turkey, according
to the advice of the French, and mostly through French capital. The
difficulty with this canal is that owing to its running through a desert, it
again and again becomes filled with sand. Only one good-sized merchant-ship
can pass through it at a time, and it is said that very big men-of-war or
merchantmen can never pass through it. Now, with a view to preventing
incoming and outgoing ships from colliding against each other, the whole
canal has been divided into a number of sections, and at both ends of each
section there are open spaces broad enough for two or three ships to lie at
anchor together. The Head Office is at the entrance to the Mediterranean,
and there are stations in every section like railway stations. As soon as a
ship enters the canal, messages are continually wired to this Head Office,
where reports of how many ships are coming in and how many are going out,
with their position at particular moments are telegraphed, and are marked on
a big map. To prevent one ship confronting another, no ship is allowed to
leave any station without a line-clear.
The Suez Canal is in the hands of the French. Though the majority of shares of the Canal Company are now owned by the English, yet, by a political agreement, the entire management rests with the French.
Now comes the Mediterranean. There is no more memorable region than this,
outside India. It marks the end of Asia, Africa, and of ancient
civilisation. One type of manners and customs and modes of living ends here
and another type of features and temperament, food and dress, customs and
habits begins — we enter Europe. Not only this, but here also is the great
centre of that historical admixture of colours, races, civilisations,
culture, and customs, which extending over many centuries has led to the
birth of modern civilisation. That religion, and culture, and civilisation,
and extraordinary prowess which today have encircled the globe were born
here in the regions surrounding the Mediterranean. There, on the south, is
the very, very ancient Egypt, the birthplace of sculpture — overflowing in
wealth and food-stuffs; on the east is Asia Minor, the ancient arena of the
Phoenician, Philistine, Jewish, valiant Babylonian, Assyrian, and Persian
civilisations; and on the north, the land where the Greeks — wonders of the
world — flourished in ancient times.
Well, Swami, you have had enough of countries, and rivers, and mountains, and seas — now listen to a little of ancient history. Most wonderful are these annals of ancient days; not fiction, but truth — the true history of the human race. These ancient countries were almost buried in oblivion for eternity — the little that people knew of them consisted almost exclusively of the curiously fictitious compositions of the ancient Greek historians, or the miraculous descriptions of the Jewish mythology called the Bible. Now the inscriptions on ancient stones, buildings, rooms, and tiles, and linguistic analysis are voluble in their narration of the history of those countries. This recounting has but just commenced, but even now it has unearthed most wonderful tales, and who knows what more it will do in future? Great scholars of all countries are puzzling their heads day and night over a bit of rock inscription or a broken utensil, a building or a tile, and discovering the tales of ancient days sunk in oblivion.
When the Mohammedan leader Osman occupied Constantinople, and the banner of
Islam began to flutter triumphantly over the whole of eastern Europe, then
those books and that learning and culture of the ancient Greeks which were
kept hidden with their powerless descendants spread over western Europe in
the wake of the retreating Greeks. Though subjected for a long time to the
Roman rule, the Greeks were the teachers of the Romans in point of learning
and culture. So much so that owing to the Greeks embracing Christianity and
the Christian Bible being written in the Greek tongue, Christianity got a
hold over the whole Roman Empire. But the ancient Greeks, whom we call the
Yavanas, and who were the first teachers of European civilisation, attained
the zenith of their culture long before the Christians. Ever since they
became Christians, all their learning and culture was extinguished. But as
some part of the culture of their ancestors is still preserved in the Hindu
homes, so it was with the Christian Greeks; these books found their way all
over Europe. This it was that gave the first impetus to civilisation among
the English, German, French, and other nations. There was a craze for
learning the Greek language and Greek arts. First of all, they swallowed
everything that was in those books. Then, as their own intelligence began to
brighten up, and sciences began to develop, they commenced researches as to
the date, author, subject, and authenticity, etc. of those books. There was
no restriction whatever in passing free opinions on all books of the
non-Christian Greeks, barring only the scriptures of the Christians, and
consequently there cropped up a new science — that of external and internal
criticism.
Suppose, for instance, that it is written in a book that such and such an
incident took place on such and such a date. But must a thing be accepted as
authentic, simply because some one has been pleased to write something about
it in a book? It was customary with people, specially of those times, to
write many things from imagination; moreover, they had very scanty knowledge
about nature, and even of this earth we live in. All these raised grave
doubts as to the authenticity of the subject-matter of a book. Suppose, for
instance, that a Greek historian has written that on such and such a date
there was a king in India called Chandragupta. If now, the books of India,
too, mention that king under that particular date, the matter is certainly
proved to a great extent. If a few coins of Chandragupta's reign be found,
or a building of his time which contains references to him, the veracity of
the matter is then assured.
Suppose another book records a particular incident as taking place in the reign of Alexander the Great, but there is mention of one or two Roman Emperors in such a way that they cannot be taken as interpolations — then that book is proved not to belong to Alexander's time.
Or again, language. Every language undergoes some change through the lapse
of time, and authors have also their own peculiar style. If in any book
there is suddenly introduced a description which has no bearing on the
subject, and is in a style quite different from the author's, it will
readily be suspected as an interpolation. Thus a new science of ascertaining
the truth about a book, by means of doubting and testing and proving in
various ways, was discovered.
To add to this, modern science began, with rapid strides, to throw new light on things from all sides, with the results that any book that contained a reference to supernatural incidents came to be wholly disbelieved.
To crown all, there were the entrance of the tidal wave of Sanskrit into
Europe and the deciphering of ancient lapidary inscriptions found in India,
on the banks of the Euphrates, and in Egypt, as well as the discovery of
temples etc., hidden for ages under the earth or on hill-sides, and the
correct reading of their history.
I have already said that this new science of research set the Bible or the New Testament books quite apart. Now there are no longer the tortures of the Inquisition, there is only the fear of social obloquy; disregarding that, many scholars have subjected those books also to a stringent analysis. Let us hope that as they mercilessly hack the Hindu and other scriptures to pieces, they will in time show the same moral courage towards the Jewish and Christian scriptures also. Let me give an illustration to explain why I say this. Maspero, a great savant and a highly reputed author on Egyptology, has written a voluminous history of the Egyptians and Babylonians entitled Histoire Ancienne Orientale. A few years ago I read an English translation of the book by an English archaeologist. This time, on my asking a Librarian of the British Museum about certain books on Egypt and Babylon, Maspero's book was mentioned. And when he learnt that I had with me an English translation of the book, he said that it would not do, for the translator was a rather bigoted Christian, and wherever Maspero's researches hit Christianity in any way, he (the translator) had managed to twist and torture those passages! He recommended me to read the book in original French. And on reading I found it was just as he had said — a terrible problem indeed! You know very well what a queer thing religious bigotry is; it makes a mess of truth and untruth. Thenceforth my faith in the translations of those research works has been greatly shaken.
Another new science has developed — ethnology, that is, the classification
of men from an examination of their colour, hair, physique, shape of the
head, language, and so forth.
The Germans, though masters in all sciences, are specially expert in Sanskrit and ancient Assyrian culture; Benfey and other German scholars are illustrations of this. The French are skilled in Egyptology — scholars like Maspero are French. The Dutch are famous for their analysis of Jewish and ancient Christian religions — writers like Kuenen have attained a world-celebrity. The English inaugurate many sciences and then leave off.
Let me now tell you some of the opinions of these scholars. If you do not
like their views, you may fight them; but pray, do not lay the blame on me.
According to the Hindus, Jews, ancient Babylonians, Egyptians, and other
ancient races, all mankind have descended from the same primaeval parents.
People do not much believe in this now.
Have you ever seen jet-black, flat-nosed, thick-lipped, curly-haired Kaffirs
with receding foreheads? And have you seen the Santals, and Andamanese, and
Bhils with about the same features, but of shorter stature, and with hair
less curly? The first class are called Negroes; these live in Africa. The
second class are called Negritos (little Negroes); in ancient times these
used to inhabit certain parts of Arabia, portions of the banks of the
Euphrates, the southern part of Persia, the whole of India, the Andamans,
and other islands, even as far as Australia. In modern times they are to be
met with in certain forests and jungles of India, in the Andamans, and in
Australia.
Have you seen the Lepchas, Bhutias, and Chinese — white or yellow in colour, and with straight black hair? They have dark eyes — but these are set so as to form an angle — scanty beard and moustache, a flat face, and very prominent malar bones. Have you seen the Nepalese, Burmese, Siamese, Malays, and Japanese? They have the same shape, but have shorter stature.
The two species of this type are called Mongols and Mongoloids (little
Mongols). The Mongolians have now occupied the greater part of Asia. It is
they who, divided into many branches such as the Mongols, Kalmucks, Huns,
Chinese, Tartars, Turks, Manchus, Kirghiz, etc. lead a nomadic life,
carrying tents, and tending sheep, goats, cattle, and horses, and whenever
an opportunity occurs, sweep like a swarm of locusts and unhinge the world.
These Chinese and Tibetans alone are an exception to this. They are also
known by the name of Turanians. It is the Turan which you find in the
popular phrase, "Iran and Turan."
A race of a dark colour but with straight hair, straight nose and straight
dark eyes, used to inhabit ancient Egypt and ancient Babylonia and now live
all over India, specially in the southern portion; in Europe also one finds
traces of them in rare places. They form one race, and have the technical
name of Dravidians.
Another race has white colour, straight eyes, but ears and noses curved and thick towards the tip, receding foreheads, and thick lips — as, for instance, the people of north Arabia, the modern Jews and the ancient Babylonians, Assyrians, Phoenicians, etc.; their languages also have a common stock; these are called the Semitic race.
And those who speak a language allied to Sanskrit, who have straight noses,
mouths, and eyes, a white complexion, black or brown hair, dark or blue
eyes, are called Aryans.
All the modern races have sprung from an admixture of these races. A country which has a preponderance of one or other of these races, has also its language and physiognomy mostly like those of that particular race.
It is not a generally accepted theory in the West that a warm country
produces dark complexion and a cold country white complexion. Many are of
opinion that the existing shades between black and white have been the
outcome of a fusion of races.
According to scholars, the civilisations of Egypt and ancient Babylonia are the oldest. Houses and remains of buildings are to be met with in these countries dating 6,000 B.C. or even earlier. In India the oldest building that may have been discovered date back to Chandragupta's time at the most; that is, only 300 B.C. Houses of greater antiquity have not yet been discovered. (The ancient remains at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro etc., in the Indus Valley in North-west India, which prove the existence of an advanced city civilisation in India dating back to more than 3000 B.C., were not dug out before 1922. — Ed.) But there are books, etc., of a far earlier date, which one cannot find in any other country. Pandit Bal Gangadhar Tilak has brought evidence to show that the Vedas of the Hindus existed in the present form at least five thousand years before the Christian era.
The borders of this Mediterranean were the birthplace of that European
civilisation which has now conquered the world. On these shores the Semitic
races such as the Egyptians, Babylonians, Phoenicians, and Jews, and the
Aryan races such as the Persians, Greeks, and Romans, fused together — to
form the modern European civilisation.
A big stone slab with inscriptions on it, called the Rosetta Stone, was
discovered in Egypt. On this there are inscriptions in hieroglyphics, below
which there is another kind of writing, and below them all there are
inscriptions resembling Greek characters. A scholar conjectured that those
three sets of inscriptions presented the same thing, and he deciphered these
ancient Egyptian inscriptions with the help of Coptic characters — the Copts
being the Christian race who yet inhabit Egypt and who are known as the
descendants of the ancient Egyptians. Similarly the cuneiform characters
inscribed on the bricks and tiles of the Babylonians were also gradually
deciphered. Meanwhile certain Indian inscriptions in plough-shaped
characters were discovered as belonging to the time of Emperor Asoka. No
earlier inscriptions than these have been discovered in India. (The Indus
script is now known to be contemporary with Sumerian and Egyptian. — Ed.)
The hieroglyphics inscribed on various kinds of temples, columns, and
sarcophagi all over Egypt are being gradually deciphered and making Egyptian
antiquity more lucid.
The Egyptians entered into Egypt from a southern country called Punt, across
the seas. Some say that that Punt is the modern Malabar, and that the
Egyptians and Dravidians belong to the same race. Their first king was named
Menes, and their ancient religion too resembles in some parts our
mythological tales. The god Shibu was enveloped by the goddess Nui; later on
another god Shu came and forcibly removed Nui. Nui's body became the sky,
and her two hands and two legs became the four pillars of that sky. And
Shibu became the earth. Osiris and Isis, the son and daughter of Nui, are
the chief god and goddess in Egypt, and their son Horus is the object of
universal worship. These three used to be worshipped in a group. Isis,
again, is worshipped in the form of the cow.
Like the Nile on earth there is another Nile in the sky, of which the
terrestrial Nile is only a part. According to the Egyptians, the Sun travels
round the earth in a boat; now and then a serpent called Ahi devours him,
then an eclipse takes place. The Moon is periodically attacked by a boar and
torn to pieces, from which he takes fifteen days to recover. The deities of
Egypt are some of them jackal-faced, some hawk-faced, others cow-faced, and
so on.
Simultaneously with this, another civilisation had its rise on the banks of
the Euphrates. Baal, Moloch, Istarte, and Damuzi were the chief of deities
here. Istarte fell in love with a shepherd named Damuzi. A boar killed the
latter and Istarte went to Hades, below the earth, in search of him. There
she was subjected to various tortures by the terrible goddess Alat. At last
Istarte declared that she would no more return to earth unless she got
Damuzi back. This was a great difficulty; she was the goddess of
sex-impulse, and unless she went back, neither men, nor animals, nor
vegetables would multiply. Then the gods made a compromise that every year
Damuzi was to reside in Hades for four months and live on earth during the
remaining eight months. Then Istarte returned, there was the advent of
spring and a good harvest followed.
Thus Damuzi again is known under the name of Adunoi or Adonis! The religion
of all the Semitic races, with slight minor variations, was almost the same.
The Babylonians, Jews, Phoenicians, and Arabs of a later date used the same
form of worship. Almost every god was called Moloch — the word which
persists to this day in the Bengali language as Mâlik (ruler), Mulluk
(kingdom) and so forth — or Baal; but of course there were minor
differences. According to some, the god called Alat afterwards turned into
Allah of the Arab.
The worship of these gods also included certain terrible and abominable
rites. Before Moloch or Baal children used to be burnt alive. In the temple
of Istarte the natural and unnatural satisfaction of lust was the principal
feature.
The history of the Jewish race is much more recent than that of Babylon. According to scholars the scripture known as the Bible was composed from 500 B.C. to several years after the Christian era. Many portions of the Bible which are generally supposed to be of earlier origin belong to a much later date. The main topics of the Bible concern the Babylonians. The Babylonian cosmology and description of the Deluge have in many parts been incorporated wholesale into the Bible. Over and above this, during the rule of the Persian Emperors in Asia Minor, many Persian doctrines found acceptance among the Jews. According to the Old Testament, this world is all; there is neither soul nor an after-life. In the New Testament there is mention of the Parsee doctrines of an after-life and resurrection of the dead, while the theory of Satan exclusively belongs to the Parsis.
The principal feature of the Jewish religion is the worship of Yave-Moloch. But this name does not belong to the Jewish language; according to some it is an Egyptian word. But nobody knows whence it came. There are descriptions in the Bible that the Israelites lived confined in Egypt for a long time, but all this is seldom accepted now, and the patriarchs such as Abraham, and Isaac, and Joseph are proved to be mere allegories.
The Jews would not utter the name "Yave", in place of which they used to say "Adunoi". When the Jews became divided into two branches, Israel and Ephraim, two principal temples were constructed in the two countries. In the temple that was built by the Israelites in Jerusalem, an image of Yave, consisting of a male and female figure united, was preserved in a coffer (ark), and there was a big phallic column at the door. In Ephraim, Yave used to be worshipped in the form of a gold-covered Bull.
In both places it was the practice to consign the eldest son alive to the flames before the god, and a band of women used to live in both the temples, within the very precincts of which they used to lead most immoral lives and their earnings were utilised for temple expenditure.
In course of time there appeared among the Jews a class of men who used to
invoke the presence of deities in their person by means of music or dance.
They were called Prophets. Many of these, through association with the
Persians, set themselves against image-worship, sacrifice of sons,
immorality, prostitution, and such other practices. By degrees, circumcision
took the place of human sacrifice; and prostitution and image-worship etc.
gradually disappeared. In course of time from among these Prophets
Christianity had its rise.
There is a great dispute as to whether there ever was born a man with the name of Jesus. Of the four books comprising the New Testament, the Book of St. John has been rejected by some as spurious. As to the remaining three, the verdict is that they have been copied from some ancient book; and that, too, long after the date ascribed to Jesus Christ.
Moreover, about the time that Jesus is believed to have been born among the
Jews themselves, there were born two historians, Josephus and Philo. They
have mentioned even petty sects among the Jews, but not made the least
reference to Jesus or the Christians, or that the Roman Judge sentenced him
to death on the cross. Josephus' book had a single line about it, which has
now been proved to be an interpolation. The Romans used to rule over the
Jews at that time, and the Greeks taught all sciences and arts. They have
all written a good many things about the Jews, but made no mention of either
Jesus or the Christians.
Another difficulty is that the sayings, precepts, or doctrines which the New Testament preaches were already in existence among the Jews before the Christian era, having come from different quarters, and were being preached by Rabbis like Hillel and others. These are what scholars say; but they cannot, with safety to their reputation, give oracular verdicts off-hand on their own religion, as they are wont to do with regard to alien religions. So they proceed slowly. This is what is called Higher Criticism.
The Western scholars are thus studying the religions, customs, races, etc., of different and far-off countries. But we have nothing of the kind in Bengali! And how is it possible? If a man after ten years of hard labour translates a book of this kind, well, what will he himself live upon, and where will he get the funds to publish his book?
In the first place, our country is very poor, and in the second place, there
is practically no cultivation of learning. Shall such a day dawn for our
country when we shall be cultivating various kinds of arts and sciences? —
"She whose grace makes the dumb eloquent and the lame to scale mountains"
— She, the Divine Mother, only knows!
The ship touched Naples — we reached Italy. The capital of Italy is Rome —
Rome, the capital of that ancient, most powerful Roman Empire, whose
politics, military science, art of colonisation, and foreign conquest are to
this day the model for the whole world!
After leaving Naples the ship called at Marseilles, and thence straight at
London.
You have already heard a good deal about Europe — what they eat, how they
dress, what are their manners and customs, and so forth — so I need not
write on this. But about European civilisation, its origin, its relation to
us, and the extent to which we should adopt it — about such things I shall
have much to say in future. The body is no respecter of persons, dear
brother, so I shall try to speak about them some other time. Or what is the
use? Well, who on earth can vie with us (specially the Bengalis) as regards
talking and discussing? Show it in action if you can. Let your work
proclaim, and let the tongue rest. But let me mention one thing in passing,
viz. that Europe began to advance from the date that learning and power
began to flow in among the poor lower classes. Lots of suffering poor people
of other countries, cast off like refuse as it were, find a house and
shelter in America, and these are the very backbone of America! It matters
little whether rich men and scholars listen to you, understand you, and
praise or blame you — they are merely the ornaments, the decorations of the
country! — It is the millions of poor lower class people who are its life.
Numbers do not count, nor does wealth or poverty; a handful of men can throw
the world off its hinges, provided they are united in thought, word, and
deed — never forget this conviction. The more opposition there is, the
better. Does a river acquire velocity unless there is resistence? The newer
and better a thing is, the more opposition it will meet with at the outset.
It is opposition which foretells success. Where there is no opposition there
is no success either. Good-bye!