The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 7/Translation of writings/Memoirs of European Travel II
MEMOIRS OF EUROPEAN TRAVEL
II
We have an adage among us that one that has a disc-like pattern on the soles of his feet becomes a vagabond. I fear, I have my soles inscribed all over with them. And there is not much room for probability, either. I have tried my best to discover them by scrutinising the soles, but all to no purpose — the feet have been dreadfully cracked through the severity of cold, and no discs or anything of the kind could be traced. However, when there is the tradition, I take it for granted that my soles are full of those signs. But the results are quite patent — it was my cherished desire to remain in Paris for some time and study the French language and civilisation; I left my old friends and acquaintances and put up with a new friend, a Frenchman of ordinary means, who knew no English, and my French — well, it was something quite extraordinary! I had this in mind that the inability to live like a dumb man would naturally force me to talk French, and I would attain fluency in that language in no time — but on the contrary I am now on a tour through Vienna, Turkey, Greece, Egypt, and Jerusalem! Well, who can stem the course of the inevitable! — And this letter I am writing to you from the last remaining capital of Mohammedan supremacy — from Constantinople!
I have three travelling companions — two of them French and the third an
American. The American is Miss MacLeod whom you know very well; the French
male companion is Monsieur Jules Bois, a famous philosopher and litterateur
of France; and the French lady friend is the world-renowned singer,
Mademoiselle Calvé. "Mister" is "Monsieur" in the French language, and
"Miss" is "Mademoiselle" — with a Z-sound. Mademoiselle Calvé is the
foremost singer — opera singer — of the present day. Her musical
performances are so highly appreciated that she has an annual income of
three to four lakhs of rupees, solely from singing. I had previously been
acquainted with her. The foremost actress in the West, Madame Sarah
Bernhardt, and the foremost singer, Calvé, are both of them of French
extraction, and both totally ignorant of English, but they visit England and
America occasionally and earn millions of dollars by acting and singing.
French is the language of the civilised world, the mark of gentility in the
West, and everybody knows it; consequently these two ladies have neither the
leisure nor the inclination to learn English. Madame Bernhardt is an aged
lady; but when she steps on the stage after dressing, her imitation of the
age and sex of the role she plays is perfect! A girl or a boy — whatever
part you want her to play, she is an exact representation of that. And that
wonderful voice! People here say her voice has the ring of silver strings!
Madame Bernhardt has a special regard for India; she tells me again and
again that our country is "trés ancien, tres civilisé" — very ancient and
very civilised. One year she performed a drama touching on India, in which
she set up a whole Indian street-scene on the stage — men, women, and
children, Sadhus and Nagas, and everything — an exact picture of India!
After the performance she told me that for about a month she had visited
every museum and made herself acquainted with the men and women and their
dress, the streets and bathing ghats and everything relating to India.
Madame Bernhardt has a very strong desire to visit India. — "C'est mon rave!
— It is the dream of my life", she says. Again, the Prince of Wales (His
late Majesty King Edward VII, the then Prince of Wales.) has promised to
take her over to a tiger and elephant hunting excursion. But then she said
she must spend some two lakhs of rupees if she went to India! She is of
course in no want of money. "La divine Sarah" — the divine Sarah — is her
name; how can she want money, she who never travels but by a special train!
That pomp and luxury many a prince of Europe cannot afford to indulge in!
One can only secure a seat for her performance by paying double the fees,
and that a month in advance! Well, she is not going to suffer want of money!
But Sarah Bernhardt is given to spending lavishly. Her travel to India is
therefore put off for the present.
Mademoiselle Calve will not sing this winter, she will take a rest and is going to temperate climates like Egypt etc. I am going as her guest. Calve has not devoted herself to music alone, she is sufficiently learned and has a great love for philosophical and religious literature. She was born amidst very poor circumstances; gradually, through her own genius and undergoing great labour and much hardship, she has now amassed a large fortune and has become the object of adoration of kings and potentates!
There are famous lady singers, such as Madame Melba, Madame Emma Ames, and
others; and very distinguished singers, such as Jean de Reszke, Plancon, and
the rest — all of whom earn two or three lakhs of rupees a year! But with
Calvé's art is coupled a unique genius. Extraordinary beauty, youth, genius,
and a celestial voice — all these have conspired to raise Calvé to the
forefront of all singers. But there is no better teacher than pain and
poverty! That extreme penury and pain and hardship of childhood, a constant
struggle against which has won for Calvé this victory, have engendered a
remarkable sympathy and a profound seriousness in her life. Again, in the
West, there are ample opportunities along with the enterprising spirit. But
in our country, there is a sad dearth of opportunities, even if the spirit
of enterprise be not absent. The Bengali woman may be keen after acquiring
education, but it comes to nought for want of opportunities. And what is
there to learn from in the Bengali language? At best some poor novels and
dramas! Then again, learning is confined at present to a foreign tongue or
to Sanskrit and is only for the chosen few. In these Western countries there
are innumerable books in the mother-tongue; over and above that, whenever
something new comes out in a foreign tongue, it is at once translated and
placed before the public.
Monsieur Jules Bois is a famous writer; he is particularly an adept in the discovery of historical truths in the different religions and superstitions. He has written a famous book putting into historical form the devil-worship, sorcery, necromancy, incantation, and such other rites that were in vogue in Mediaeval Europe, and the traces of those that obtain to this day. He is a good poet, and is an advocate of the Indian Vedantic ideas that have crept into the great French poets, such as Victor Hugo and Lamartine and others, and the great German poets, such as Goethe, Schiller, and the rest. The influence of Vedanta on European poetry and philosophy is very great. Every good poet is a Vedantin, I find; and whoever writes some philosophical treatise has to draw upon Vedanta in some shape or other. Only some of them do not care to admit this indebtedness, and want to establish their complete originality, as Herbert Spencer and others, for instance. But the majority do openly acknowledge. And how can they help it — in these days of telegraphs and railways and newspapers? M. Jules Bois is very modest and gentle, and though a man of ordinary means, he very cordially received me as a guest into his house in Paris. Now he is accompanying us for travel.
We have two other companions on the journey as far as Constantinople — Père
Hyacinthe and his wife. Père, i.e. Father Hyacinthe was a monk of a strict
ascetic section of the Roman Catholic Church. His scholarship, extraordinary
eloquence, and great austerities won for him a high reputation in France and
in the whole Catholic Order. The great poet, Victor Hugo, used to praise the
French style of two men — one of these was Père Hyacinthe. At forty years of
age Père Hyacinthe fell in love with an American woman and eventually
married her. This created a great sensation, and of course the Catholic
Order immediately gave him up. Discarding his ascetic garb of bare feet and
loose-fitting cloak, Père Hyacinthe took up the hat, coat, and boots of the
householder and became — Monsieur Loyson. I, however, call him by his former
name. It is an old, old tale, and the matter was the talk of the whole
continent. The Protestants received him with honour, but the Catholics began
to hate him. The Pope, in consideration of his attainments, was unwilling to
part with him and asked him to remain a Greek Catholic priest, and not
abandon the Roman Church. (The priests of the Greek Catholic section are
allowed to marry but once, but do not get any high position). Mrs. Loyson,
however, forcibly dragged him out of the Pope's fold. In course of time they
had children and grandchildren; now the very aged Loyson is going to
Jerusalem to try to establish cordial relations among the Christians and
Mussulmans. His wife had perhaps seen many visions that Loyson might
possibly turn out to be a second Martin Luther and overthrow the Pope's
throne — into the Mediterranean. But nothing of the kind took place; and the
only result was, as the French say, that he was placed between two stools.
But Madame Loyson still cherishes her curious day-dreams! Old Loyson is very
affable in speech, modest, and of a distinctly devotional turn of mind.
Whenever he meets me, he holds pretty long talks about various religions and
creeds. But being of a devotional temperament, he is a little afraid of the
Advaita. Madame Loyson's attitude towards me is, I fear, rather
unfavourable. When I discuss with the old man such topics as renunciation
and monasticism etc., all those long-cherished sentiments wake up in his
aged breast, and his wife most probably smarts all the while. Besides, all
French people, of both sexes, lay the whole blame on the wife; they say,
"That woman has spoilt one of our great ascetic monks!" Madame Loyson is
really in a sorry predicament — specially as they live in Paris, in a
Catholic country. They hate the very sight of a married priest; no Catholic
would ever tolerate the preaching of religion by a man with family. And
Madame Loyson has a bit of animus also. Once she expressed her dislike of an
actress, saying, "It is very bad of you to live with Mr. So-and-so without
marrying him". The actress immediately retorted, "I am a thousand times
better than you. I live with a common man; it may be, I have not legally
married him; whereas you are a great sinner — you have made such a great
monk break his religious vows! If you were so desperately in love with the
monk, why, you might as well live as his attending maid; but why did you
bring ruin on him by marrying him and thus converting him into a
householder?"
However I hear all and keep silent. But old Père Hyacinthe is a really
sweet-natured and peaceful man, he is happy with his wife and family — and
what can the whole French people have to say against this? I think,
everything would be settled if but his wife climbed down a bit. But one
thing I notice, viz. that men and women, in every country, have different
ways of understanding and judging things. Men have one angle of vision,
women another; men argue from one standpoint, women from another. Men
extenuate women and lay the blame on men; while women exonerate men and heap
all the blame on women.
One special benefit I get from the company of these ladies and gentlemen is
that, except the one American lady, no one knows English; talking in English
is wholly eschewed, (It is not etiquette in the West to talk in company any
language but one known to all party.) and consequently somehow or other I
have to talk as well as hear French.
From Paris our friend Maxim has supplied me with letters of introduction to
various places, so that the countries may be properly seen. Maxim is the
inventor of the famous Maxim gun — the gun that sends off a continuous round
of balls and is loaded and discharged automatically without intermission.
Maxim is by birth an American; now he has settled in England, where he has
his gun-factories etc. Maxim is vexed if anybody alludes too frequently to
his guns in his presence and says, "My friend, have I done nothing else
except invent that engine of destruction?" Maxim is an admirer of China and
India and is a good writer on religion and philosophy etc. Having read my
works long since, he holds me in great — I should say, excessive —
admiration. He supplies guns to all kings and rulers and is well known in
every country, though his particular friend is Li Hung Chang, his special
regard is for China and his devotion, for Confucianism. He is in the habit
of writing occasionally in the newspapers, under Chinese pseudonyms, against
the Christians — about what takes them to China, their real motive, and so
forth. He cannot at all bear the Christian missionaries preaching their
religion in China! His wife also is just like her husband in her regard for
China and hatred of Christianity! Maxim has no issue; he is an old man, and
immensely rich.
The tour programme was as follows — from Paris to Vienna, and thence to Constantinople, by rail; then by steamer to Athens and Greece, then across the Mediterranean to Egypt, then Asia Minor, Jerusalem, and so on. The "Oriental Express" runs daily from Paris to Constantinople, and is provided with sleeping, sitting, and dining accommodations after the American model. Though not perfect like the American cars, they are fairly well furnished. I am to leave Paris by that train on October 24 (1900).
Today is the 23rd October; tomorrow evening I am to take leave of Paris.
This year Paris is a centre of the civilised world, for it is the year of
the Paris Exhibition, and there has been an assemblage of eminent men and
women from all quarters of the globe. The master-minds of all countries have
met today in Paris to spread the glory of their respective countries by
means of their genius. The fortunate man whose name the bells of this great
centre will ring today will at the same time crown his country also with
glory, before the world. And where art thou, my Motherland, Bengal, in the
great capital city swarming with German, French, English, Italian, and other
scholars? Who is there to utter thy name? Who is there to proclaim thy
existence? From among that white galaxy of geniuses there stepped forth one
distinguished youthful hero to proclaim the name of our Motherland, Bengal
— it was the world-renowned scientist, Dr. (Later, Sir.) J. C. Bose! Alone,
the youthful Bengali physicist, with galvanic quickness, charmed the Western
audience today with his splendid genius; that electric charge infused
pulsations of new life into the half-dead body of the Motherland! At the top
of all physicists today is — Jagadish Chandra Bose, an Indian, a Bengali!
Well done, hero! Whichever countries, Dr. Bose and his accomplished, ideal
wife may visit, everywhere they glorify India — add fresh laurels to the
crown of Bengal. Blessed pair!
And the daily reunion of numbers of distinguished men and women which Mr. Leggett brought about at an enormous expense in his Parisian mansion, by inviting them to at-homes — that too ends today.
All types of distinguished personages — poets, philosophers, scientists,
moralists, politicians, singers, professors, painters, artists, sculptors,
musicians, and so on, of both sexes — used to be assembled in Mr. Leggett's
residence, attracted by his hospitality and kindness. That incessant outflow
of words, clear and limpid like a mountainfall, that expression of
sentiments emanating from all sides like sparks of fire, bewitching music,
the magic current of thoughts from master minds coming into conflict with
one another — which used to hold all spellbound, making them forgetful of
time and place — these too shall end.
Everything on earth has an end. Once again I took a round over the Paris
Exhibition today — this accumulated mass of dazzling ideas, like lightning
held steady as it were, this unique assemblage of celestial panorama on
earth!
It has been raining in Paris for the last two or three days. During all this
time the sun who is ever kind to France has held back his accustomed grace.
Perhaps his face has been darkened over with clouds in disgust to witness
the secretly flowing current of sensuality behind this assemblage of arts
and artists, learning and learned folk, or perhaps he has hid his face under
a pall of cloud in grief over the impending destruction of this illusive
heaven of particoloured wood and canvas.
We too shall be happy to escape. The breaking up of the Exhibition is a big
affair; the streets of this heaven on earth, the Eden-like Paris, will be
filled with knee-deep mud and mortar. With the exception of one or two main
buildings, all the houses and their parts are but a display of wood and rags
and whitewashing — just as the whole world is! And when they are demolished,
the lime-dust flies about and is suffocating; rags and sand etc. make the
streets exceedingly dirty; and, if it rains in addition, it is an awful
mess.
In the evening of October 24 the train left Paris. The night was dark and
nothing could be seen. Monsieur Bois and myself occupied one compartment —
and early went to bed. On awakening from sleep we found we had crossed the
French frontier and entered German territory. I had already seen Germany
thoroughly; but Germany, after France, produces quite a jarring effect. "On
the one hand the moon is setting" ( यात्येकतोऽस्तशिखरं पतिरोषधीनां
— From Kalidasa's Shakuntalâ.) — the world-encompassing France is slowly
consuming herself in the fire of contemplated retribution — while on the
other hand, centralised, young, and mighty Germany has begun her upward
march above the horizon with rapid strides. On one side is the artistic
workmanship of the dark-haired, comparatively short-statured, luxurious,
highly civilised French people, to whom art means life; and on the other,
the clumsy daubing, the unskilful manipulation, of tawny-haired, tall,
gigantic German. After Paris there is no other city in the Western world;
everywhere it is an imitation of Paris — or at least an attempt at it. But
in France that art is full of grace and ethereal beauty, while in Germany,
England, and America the imitation is coarse and clumsy. Even the
application of force on the part of the French is beautiful, as it were,
whereas the attempt of the Germans to display beauty even is terrible. The
countenance of French genius, even when frowning in anger, is beautiful;
that of German genius, even when beaming with smiles, appears frightful, as
it were. French civilisation is full of nerve, like camphor or musk — it
volatilises and pervades the room in a moment; while German civilisation is
full of muscle, heavy like lead or mercury — it remains motionless and inert
wherever it lies. The German muscle can go on striking small blows
untiringly, till death; the French have tender, feminine bodies, but when
they do concentrate and strike, it is a sledge-hammer blow and is
irresistible.
The Germans are constructing after the French fashion big houses and
mansions, and placing big statues, equestrian figures, etc. on top of them,
but on seeing a double-storeyed German building one is tempted to ask — is
it a dwelling-house for men, or a stable for elephants and camels, while one
mistakes a five-storeyed French stable for elephants and horses as a
habitation for fairies.
America is inspired by German ideals; hundreds of thousand Germans are in
every town. The language is of course English, but nevertheless America is
being slowly Germanised. Germany is fast multiplying her population and is
exceptionally hardy. Today Germany is the dictator to all Europe, her place
is above all! Long before all other nations, Germany has given man and woman
compulsory education, making illiteracy punishable by law, and today she is
enjoying the fruits of that tree. The German army is the foremost in
reputation, and Germany has vowed to become foremost in her navy also.
German manufacture of commodities has beaten even England! German
merchandise and the Germans themselves are slowly obtaining a monopoly even
in the English colonies. At the behest of the German Emperor all the nations
have ungrudgingly submitted to the lead of the German Generalissimo in the
battle-fields of China!
The whole day the train rushed through Germany, till in the afternoon it
reached the frontiers of Austria, the ancient sphere of German supremacy,
but now an alien territory. There are certain troubles in travelling through
Europe. In every country enormous duties are levied upon certain things, or
some articles of merchandise are the monopoly of the Government, as for
instance, tobacco. Again, in Russia and Turkey, you are totally forbidden to
enter without a royal passport; a passport you must always have. Besides, in
Russia and Turkey, all your books and papers will be seized; and when on
perusal the authorities are satisfied that there is nothing in them against
the Russian or Turkish Government and religion, then only they will be
returned, otherwise they will all be confiscated. In other countries your
tobacco is a source of great trouble. You must open your chest, and trunk
and packages for inspection whether they contain tobacco etc. or not. And to
come to Constantinople one has to pass through two big States — Germany and
Austria, and many petty ones; the latter had formerly been districts of
Turkey, but later on the independent Christian kings made a common cause and
wrested as many of these Christian districts from Mohammedan hands as they
could. The bite of these tiny ants is much worse than even that of the
bigger ones.
In the evening of October 25 the train reached Vienna, the capital of Austria. The members of the royal family in Austria and Russia are styled Archdukes and Archduchesses. Two Archdukes are to get down at Vienna by this train; and until they have done so the other passengers are not allowed to get down. So we had to wait. A few officers in laced uniform and some soldiers with feathered caps were waiting for the Archdukes, who got down surrounded by them. We too felt relieved and made haste to get down and have our luggage passed. There were few passengers, and it did not take us much time to show our luggage and have it passed. A hotel had already been arranged for, and a man from the hotel was waiting for us with a carriage. We reached the hotel duly. It was out of the question to go out for sight-seeing during the night; so the next morning we started to see the town. In all hotels, and almost in all the countries of Europe except England and Germany, the French fashion prevails. They eat twice a day like the Hindus; in the morning by twelve o'clock, and in the evening by eight. Early in the morning, that is, about eight or nine, they take a little coffee. Tea is very little in vogue except in England and Russia. The morning meal is called in French déjeuner — that is, breakfast, and the evening meal dîner — that is, dinner. Tea is very much in use in Russia — it is too cold, and China is near enough. Chinese tea is excellent, and most of it goes to Russia. The Russian mode of drinking tea is also analogous to the Chinese, that is, without mixing milk. Tea or coffee becomes injurious like poison if you mix milk with it. The real tea-drinking races, the Chinese, Japanese, Russians, and the inhabitants of Central Asia, take tea without milk. Similarly, the original coffee-drinking races, such as the Turks, drink coffee without milk. Only in Russia they put a slice of lemon and a lump of sugar into the tea. The poor people place a lump of sugar in the mouth and drink tea over it, and when one has finished drinking, one passes that lump on to another, who repeats the process.
Vienna is a small city after the model of Paris. But the Austrians are
German by race. The Austrian Emperor was hitherto the Emperor of almost the
whole of Germany. In the present times, owing to the far-sightedness of King
Wilhelm of Prussia, the wonderful diplomacy of his able minister, Bismark,
and the military genius of General Von Moltke, the King of Prussia is the
Emperor of the whole of Germany barring Austria. Austria, shorn of her glory
and robbed of her power, is somehow maintaining her ancient name and
prestige. The Austrian royal line — the Hapsburg Dynasty — is the oldest and
most aristocratic dynasty in Europe. It was this Austrian dynasty which
hitherto rules Germany as Emperors — Germany whose princes are seated on the
thrones of almost all the countries of Europe, and whose petty feudatory
chiefs even occupy the thrones of such powerful empires as England and
Russia. The desire for that honour and prestige Austria still cherishes in
full, only she lacks the power. Turkey is called "the sick man" of Europe;
then Austria should be called "the sick dame". Austria belongs to the
Catholic sect, and until recently the Austrian Empire used to be called "the
Holy Roman Empire". Modern Germany has a preponderance of Protestants. The
Austrian Emperor has always been the right-hand man of the Pope, his
faithful follower, and the leader of the Roman Catholic sect. Now the
Austrian Emperor is the only Catholic Ruler in Europe; France, the eldest
daughter of the Catholic Church, is now a Republic, while Spain and Portugal
are downfallen! Italy has given only room enough for the Papal throne to be
established, robbing the Pope's entire splendour and dominion; between the
King of Italy and the Pope of Rome there is no love lost, they cannot bear
each other's sight. Rome, the capital of the Pope, is now the capital of
Italy. The King lives in the Pope's ancient palace which he has seized, and
the ancient Italian kingdom of the Pope is now confined within the precincts
of the Vatican. But the Pope has still great influence in religious matters
— and the chief supporter of this is Austria. As a result of the struggle
against Austria — against the age-long thraldom of Austria, the ally of the
Pope — up rose modern Italy. Consequently Austria is against Italy —
against, because she lost her. Unfortunately, however, young Italy, under
England's misdirection, set herself to create a powerful army and navy. But
where was the money? So, involved in debt, Italy is on the way to ruin; and
to her misfortune, she brought on herself a fresh trouble by proceeding to
extend her empire in Africa. Defeated by the Abyssinian monarch, she has
sunk down, bereft of glory and prestige. Prussia in the meantime defeated
Austria in a great war and thrust her off to a great distance. Austria is
slowly dying, while Italy has similarly fettered herself by the misuse of
her new life.
The Austrian royal line is still the proudest of all European royal
families. It boasts of being a very ancient and very aristocratic dynasty.
The marriages and other connections of this line are contracted with the
greatest circumspection, and no such relationship can be established with
families that are not Roman Catholic. It was the glamour of a connection
with this line that led to the fall of Napoleon the Great. Quaintly enough,
he took it into his head to marry a daughter of some noble royal family and
found a great dynasty through a succession of descendents. The hero who,
questioned as to his pedigree, had replied, "I owe the title to my nobility
to none — I am to be the founder of a great dynasty" — that is to say, that
he would originate a powerful dynasty, and that he was not born to glorify
himself with the borrowed plumes of some ancestor — that hero fell into this
abyss of family prestige.
The divorce of the Empress Josephine, the defeat of the Austrian Emperor in
battle and taking his daughter to wife, the marriage of Bonaparte in great
pomp with Marie Louise, the Princess of Austria, the birth of a son, the
installation of the new-born babe as the King of Rome, the fall of Napoleon,
the enmity of his father-in-law, Leipsic, Waterloo, St. Helena, Empress
Marie Louise living in her father's house with her child, the marriage of
Napoleon's royal consort with an ordinary soldier, the death of his only
son, the King of Rome, in the house of his maternal grandfather — all these
are well-known incidents of history.
Fallen in a comparatively weakened condition, France is now ruminating on her past glory — nowadays there are very many books on Napoleon. Dramatists like Sardou are writing many dramas on Napoleon dead and gone; and actresses like Madame Bernhardt and Réjane are performing those plays every night before bumper houses. Recently Madame Bernhardt has created a great attraction in Paris by playing a drama entitled L’aiglon (the Young Eagle).
The young Eagle is the only son of Napoleon, practically interned in his maternal grandfather's residence, the Palace of Vienna. The Austrian Emperor's minister, the Machiavellian Metternich, is always careful not to allow the tales of heroism of his father to enter into the boy's mind. But a few of Bonaparte's veterans contrived to get themselves admitted into the boy's service in the Schönbrunn Palace, incognito; their idea was to somehow take the boy over to France and found the Bonaparte line by driving out the Bourbons reinstated by the combined European potentates. The child was the son of a great hero, and very soon that latent heroism woke up in him to hear the glorious tales of battle of his father. One day the boy fled from the Schönbrunn Palace accompanied by the conspirators. But Metternich's keen intellect had already scented the matter, and he cut off the journey. The son of Bonaparte was carried back to the Schönbrunn Palace and the Young Eagle, with his wings tied, as it were, very soon died of a broken heart!
This Schönbrunn Palace is an ordinary palace. Of course, the rooms etc. are
lavishly decorated; in one of them perhaps one meets with only Chinese
workmanship, in another only works of Hindu art, in a third the productions
of some other country, and so on; and the garden attached to the Palace is
very charming indeed. But all the people that now go to visit this Palace go
there with the object of seeing the room where Bonaparte's son used to lie,
or his study, or the room in which he died, and so forth. Many thoughtless
French men and women are interrogating the guard, which room belonged to
"L’aiglon", which bed did "L’aiglon" use to occupy, and so on. What silly
questions, these! The Austrians only know that he was the son of Bonaparte,
and the relation was established by forcibly taking their girl in marriage;
that hatred they have not yet forgotten. The Prince was a grandchild of the
Emperor, and homeless, so they could not help giving him a shelter, but they
could give him no such title as "King of Rome"; only, being the grandson of
the Austrian Emperor, he was an Archduke, that was all. It may be that you
French people have now written a book on him, making him the Young Eagle,
and the addition of imaginary settings and the genius of Madame Bernhardt
have created a great interest in the story, but how should an Austrian guard
know that name? Besides, it has been written in that book that the Austrian
Emperor, following the advice of his minister Metternich, in a way killed
Napoleon's son!
Hearing the name "L’aiglon", the guard put on a long face and went on showing the rooms and other things thoroughly disgusted at heart; what else could he do? — it was too much for him to give up the tips. Moreover, in countries like Austria etc., the military department is too poorly paid, they have to live almost on a bare pittance; of course they are allowed to go back home after a few years' service. The guard's countenance darkened as an expression of his patriotism, but the hand instinctively moved towards the tip. The French visitors put some silver pieces into the guard's hand and returned home talking of "L’aiglon" and abusing Metternich, while the guard shut the doors with a long salute. In his heart he must have given sweet names to the ancestors of the whole French people.
The thing most worth seeing in Vienna is the Museum, specially the
Scientific Museum, an institution of great benefit to the student. There is
a fine collection of the skeletons of various species of ancient extinct
animals. In the Art Gallery, paintings by Dutch artists form the major
portion. In the Dutch school, there is very little attempt at
suggestiveness; this school is famous for its exact copy of natural objects
and creatures. One artist has spent years over the drawing of a basketful of
fish, or a lump of flesh, or a tumbler of water — and that fish, or flesh,
or water in the tumbler is wonderful. But the female figures of the Dutch
school look just like athletes.
There is of course German scholarship and German intellectuality in Vienna,
but the causes which helped the gradual decay of Turkey are at work here
also — that is to say, the mixture of various races and languages. The
population of Austria proper speaks German; the people of Hungary belong to
the Tartar stock, and have a different language; while there are some who
are Greek-speaking and are Christians belonging to the Greek Church. Austria
has not the power to fuse together so many different sects. Hence she has
fallen.
In the present times a huge wave of nationalism is sweeping over Europe, where people speaking the same tongue, professing the same religion, and belonging to the same race want to unite together. Wherever such union is being effectively accomplished, there is great power being manifested; and where this is impossible, death is inevitable. After the death of the present Austrian Emperor, (Francis Joseph II died in 1916) Germany will surely try to absorb the German-speaking portion of the Austrian Empire — and Russia and others are sure to oppose her; so there is the possibility of a dreadful war. The present Emperor being very old, that catastrophe may take place very early. The German Emperor is nowadays an ally of the Sultan of Turkey; and when Germany will attempt to seize Austrian territory, Turkey, which is Russia's enemy, will certainly offer some resistance to Russia; so the German Emperor is very friendly towards Turkey.
Three days in Vienna were sufficient to tire me. To visit Europe after Paris is like tasting an inferior preparation after a sumptuous feast — that dress, and style of eating, that same fashion everywhere; throughout the land you meet with that same black suit, and the same queer hat — disgusting! Besides, you have clouds above, and this swarm of people with black hats and black coats below — one feels suffocated, as it were. All Europe is gradually taking up that same style of dress, and that same mode of living! It is a law of nature that such are the symptoms of death! By hundreds of years of drill, our ancestors have so fashioned us that we all clean our teeth, wash our face, eat our meals, and do everything in the same way, and the result is that we have gradually become mere automata; the life has gone out, and we are moving about, simply like so many machines! Machines never say "yea" or "nay", never trouble their heads about anything, they move on "in the way their forefathers have gone", and then rot and die. The Europeans too will share the same fate! "The course of time is ever changing! If all people take to the same dress, same food, same manner of talking, and same everything, gradually they will become like so many machines, will gradually tread the path their forefathers have trod", and as an inevitable consequence of that — they will rot and die!
On the 28th October, at 9 p.m., we again took that Orient Express train,
which reached Constantinople on the 30th. These two nights and one day the
train ran through Hungary, Serbia, and Bulgaria. The people of Hungary are
subjects of the Austrian Emperor, whose title, however, is "Emperor of
Austria and King of Hungary". The Hungarians and Turks are of the same race,
akin to the Tibetans. The Hungarians entered Europe along the north of the
Caspian Sea, while the Turks slowly occupied Europe through the western
borders of Persia and through Asia Minor. The people of Hungary are
Christians, and the Turks are Mohammedans, but the martial spirit
characteristic of Tartar blood is noticeable in both. The Hungarians have
fought again and again for separation from Austria and are now but nominally
united. The Austrian Emperor is King of Hungary in name only. Their capital,
Budapest, is a very neat and beautiful city. The Hungarians are a
pleasure-loving race and fond of music, and you will find Hungarian bands
all over Paris.
Serbia, Bulgaria, and the rest were districts of Turkey and have become
practically independent after the Russo-Turkish War; but the Sultan of
Turkey is yet their Emperor; and Serbia and Bulgaria have no right regarding
foreign affairs. There are three civilised nations in Europe — the French,
the Germans, and the English. The rest are almost as badly off as we are,
and the majority of them are so uncivilised that you can find no race in
Asia so degraded. Throughout Serbia and Bulgaria you find the same mud
houses, and people dressed in tattered rags, and heaps of filth — and I was
almost inclined to think I was back to India! Again, as they are Christians,
they must have a number of hogs; and a single hog will make a place more
dirty than two hundred barbarous men will be able to do. Living in a mud
house with mud roof, with tattered rags on his person, and surrounded by
hogs — there you have your Serb or Bulgarian! After much bloodshed and many
wars, they have thrown off the yoke of Turkey; but along with this they have
got a serious disadvantage — they must construct their army after the
European model, otherwise the existence of not one of them is safe for a
day. Of course, sooner or later they will all one day be absorbed by Russia;
but even this two days' existence is impossible without an army. So they
must have conscription.
In an evil hour, did France suffer defeat from Germany. Through anger and
fear she made every citizen a soldier. Every man must serve for some time in
the army and learn the military science; there is no exemption for anybody.
He must have to live in the barracks for three years and learn to fight,
shouldering his gun, be he a millionaire by birth. The government will
provide for his food and clothing, and the salary will be a centime (one
pice) a day. After this he must be always ready for active service for two
years at his home; and another fifteen years he must be ready to present
himself for service at the first call. Germany set a lion to fury, so she
too had to be ready. In other countries also conscription has been
introduced in mutual dread of one another — so throughout Europe, excepting
only England. England, being an island, is continually strengthening her
navy, but who knows if the lessons of the Boer War will not force her to
introduce conscription. Russia has the largest population of all, so she can
amass the biggest army in Europe. Now, the titular states, like Serbia and
Bulgaria, which the European Powers are creating by dismembering Turkey —
they, too, as soon as they are born, must have up-to-date trained and
well-equipped armies and guns etc. But ultimately who is to supply the
funds? Consequently the peasants have had to put on tattered rags — while in
the towns you will find soldiers dressed in gorgeous uniforms. Throughout
Europe there is a craze for soldiers — soldiers everywhere. Still, liberty
is one thing and slavery another; even best work loses its charm if one is
forced to do it by another. Without the idea of personal responsibility, no
one can achieve anything great. Freedom with but one meal a day and tattered
rags on is a million times better than slavery in gold chains. A slave
suffers the miseries of hell both here and hereafter. The people of Europe
joke about the Serbs and Bulgarians etc., and taunt them with their mistakes
and shortcomings. But can they attain proficiency all in a day, after so
many years of servitude? Mistakes they are bound to commit — ay, by the
hundreds — but they will learn through these mistakes and set them right
when they have learnt. Give him responsibility and the weakest man will
become strong, and the ignorant man sagacious.
The train is traversing Hungary, Rumania, and other countries. Among the
races that inhabit the moribund Austrian Empire, the Hungarians yet possess
vitality. All the races of Europe, except one or two small ones, belong to
the great stock which European scholars term the Indo-European or Aryan
race. The Hungarians are among the few races which do not speak a Sanskritic
language. The Hungarians and Turks, as already stated, belong to the same
race. In comparatively modern times this very powerful race established
their sovereignty in Asia and Europe. The country now called Turkistan,
lying to the north of the Western Himalayas and the Hindukush range, was the
original home of the Turks. The Turkish name for that country is Chagwoi.
The Mogul dynasty of Delhi, the present Persian royal line, the dynasty of
the Turkish Sultan of Constantinople, and the Hungarians have all gradually
extended their dominion from that country, beginning with India, and pushing
right up to Europe, and even today these dynasties style themselves as
Chagwois and speak a common language. Of course these Turks were uncivilised
ages ago, and used to roam with herds of sheep, horses, and cattle, taking
their wives and children and every earthly possession with them, and encamp
for some time wherever they could find enough pasture for their beasts. And
when grass and water ran short there, they used to remove somewhere else.
Even now many families of this race lead nomadic lives in this way in
Central Asia. They have got a perfect similarity with the races of Central
Asia as regards language, but some difference in point of physiognomy. The
Turk's face resembles that of the Mongolian in the shape of the head and in
the prominence of the cheek-bone, but the Turk's nose is not flat, but
rather long, and the eyes are straight and large, though the space between
the eyes of comparatively wide, as with the Mongolians. It appears that from
a long time past Aryan and Semitic blood has found its way into this Turkish
race. From time immemorial the Turks have been exceedingly fond of war. And
the mixture with them of Sanskrit-speaking races and the people of Kandahar
and Persia has produced the war-loving races such as the Afghans, Khiljis,
Hazaras, Barakhais, Usufjais, etc., to whom war is a passion and who have
frequently oppressed India.
In very ancient times this Turkish race repeatedly conquered the western provinces of India and founded extensive kingdoms. They were Buddhists, or would turn Buddhists after occupying Indian territory. In the ancient history of Kashmir there is mention of these famous Turkish Emperors, Hushka, Yushka, and Kanishka. It was this Kanishka who founded the Northern school of Buddhism called the Mahâyâna. Long after, the majority of them took to Mohammedanism and completely devastated the chief Buddhistic seats of Central Asia such as Kandahar and Kabul. Before their conversion to Mohammedanism they used to imbibe the learning and culture of the countries they conquered, and by assimilating the culture of other countries would try to propagate civilisation. But ever since they became Mohammedans, they have only the instinct for war left in them; they have not got the least vestige of learning and culture; on the contrary, the countries that come under their sway gradually have their civilisation extinguished. In many places of modern Afghanistan and Kandahar etc., there yet exist wonderful Stupas, monasteries, temples and gigantic statues built by their Buddhistic ancestors. As a result of Turkish admixture and their conversion to Mohammedanism, those temples etc. are almost in ruins, and the present Afghans and allied races have grown so uncivilised and illiterate that far from imitating those ancient works of architecture, they believe them to be the creation of supernatural spirits like the Jinn etc., and are firmly convinced that such great undertakings are beyond the power of man to accomplish. The principal cause of the present degradation of Persia is that the royal line belongs to the powerful, uncivilised Turkish stock, whereas the subjects are the descendants of the highly civilised ancient Persians, who were Aryans. In this way the Empire of Constantinople — the last political arena of the Greeks and Romans, the descendants of civilised Aryans — has been ruined under the blasting feet of powerful, barbarous Turkey. The Mogul Emperors of India were the only exceptions to this rule; perhaps that was due to an admixture of Hindu ideas and Hindu blood. In the chronicles of Rajput bards and minstrels all the Mohammedan dynasties who conquered India are styled as Turks. This is a very correct appellation, for, or whatever races the conquering Mohammedan armies might be made up, the leadership was always vested in the Turks alone.
What is called the Mohammedan invasion, conquest, or colonisation of India
means only this that, under the leadership of Mohammedan Turks who were
renegades from Buddhism, those sections of the Hindu race who continued in
the faith of their ancestors were repeatedly conquered by the other section
of that very race who also were renegades from Buddhism or the Vedic
religion and served under the Turks, having been forcibly converted to
Mohammedanism by their superior strength. Of course, the language of the
Turks has, like their physiognomy, been considerably mixed up; specially
those sections that have gone farthest from their native place. Chagwoi have
got the most hybrid form of language. This year the Shah of Persia visited
the Paris Exhibition and returned to his country by rail via Constantinople.
Despite the immense difference in time and place, the Sultan and the Shah
talked with each other in their ancient Turkish mother tongue. But the
Sultan's Turkish was mixed up with Persian, Arabic, and a few Greek words,
while that of the Shah was comparatively pure.
In ancient times these Chagwoi Turks were divided into two sections; one was
called the "white sheep", and the other, "black sheep". But these sections
started from their birthplace on the north of Kashmir, tending their flocks
of sheep and ravaging countries, till they reached the shore of the Caspian
Sea. The "white sheep" penetrated into Europe along the north of the Caspian
Sea and founded the Kingdom of Hungary, seizing a fragment of the Roman
Empire then almost in ruins, while the "black sheep", advancing along the
south of the Caspian Sea, gradually occupied the western portion of Persia
and, crossing the Caucasus, by degrees made themselves masters of Arabian
territory such as Asia Minor and so forth; gradually they seized the throne
of the Caliph, and bit by bit annexed the small remnant of the western Roman
Empire. In very remote ages these Turks were great snake-worshippers. Most
probably it was these dynasties whom the ancient Hindus used to designate as
Nagas and Takshakas. Later on they became Buddhists; and afterwards they
very often used to embrace the religion of any particular country they might
conquer at any particular time. In comparatively recent times, of the two
sections we are speaking about, the "white sheep" conquered the Christians
and became converts to Christianity, while the "black sheep" conquered the
Mohammedans and adopted their religion. But in their Christianity or
Mohammedanism one may even now trace on research the strata of
serpent-worship and of Buddhism.
The Hungarians, though Turks by race and language, are Christians — Roman
Catholics — in religion. In the past, religious fanaticism had no respect
for any tie — neither the tie of language, nor that of blood, nor that of
country. The Hungarians are ever the deadly enemies of Turkey; and but for
the Hungarians' aid Christian states, such as Austria etc., would not have
been able to maintain their existence on many an occasion. In modern times,
owing to the spread of education and the discovery of Linguistics and
Ethnology, people are being more attracted to the kinship of language and
blood, while religious solidarity is gradually slackening. So, among the
educated Hungarians and Turks, there is growing up a feeling of racial
unity. Though a part of the Austrian Empire, Hungary has repeatedly tried to
cut off from her. The result of many revolutions and rebellions has been
that Hungary is now only nominally a province of the Austrian Empire, but
practically independent in all respects. The Austrian Emperor is styled "the
Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary". Hungary manages all her internal
affairs independently of Austria and in these the subjects have full power.
The Austrian Emperor continues to be a titular leader here, but even this
bit of relation, it appears, will not last long. Skill in war, magnanimity
and other characteristic virtues of the Turkish race are sufficiently
present in the Hungarian also. Besides, not being converted to Mohammedanism
they do not consider such heavenly arts as music etc. as the devil's snare,
and consequently the Hungarians are great adepts in music and are renowned
for this all over Europe.
Formerly I had the notion that people of cold climates did not take hot
chillies, which was merely a bad habit of warm climate people. But the habit
of taking chillies, which we observed to begin with Hungary and which
reached its climax in Rumania and Bulgaria etc., appeared to me to beat even
your South Indians.