The Emancipation of South America

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The Emancipation of South America being a condensed translation by William Pilling of the History of San Martin (1893)
by Bartolomé Mitre, translated by William Pilling

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Bartolomé Mitre2826666The Emancipation of South America being a condensed translation by William Pilling of the History of San Martin1893William Pilling

"Serás lo que debes ser,
Y sinó, no serás nada."

San Martin.

THE EMANCIPATION OF

SOUTH AMERICA

BEING A CONDENSED TRANSLATION

BY

WILLIAM PILLING

OF

THE HISTORY OF SAN MARTIN

BY

GENERAL DON BARTOLOMÉ MITRE

FIRST CONSTITUTIONAL PRESIDENT OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC

With Maps

LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, Ltd.

1893

CONTENTS.

Page
Translator's Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		vii
Prologue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		xxvii
CHAPTER I.
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION.
The Argument of the Book — Synopsis of the South American Revolution — The Action of America upon Europe — The Colonization of Spanish America — The Colonization of North America — Colonial Policy in both Americas — The Emancipation of North America — The Affiliation of the Revolution of South America — The Moral Revolution of South America — The Precursor of the Emancipation of South America — The Races of South America; the Creole — The First Throes of Revolution — The Growth of the Revolution — Attempts at Monarchy in South America — Retrospection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		1
CHAPTER II.
SAN MARTIN IN EUROPE AND IN AMERICA.
1778—1812.
His Birth and Parentage — Leaves for Spain — His Career in the Spanish Army — Africa — France — St. Vincent — Portugal — Cadiz — Society of Lautaro — Argonilla — Baylen — Tudela — Albuera — Lord Macduff — London — Buenos Ayres — Outbreak of the Revolution — Experiments in Government — The Influence of San Martin — Personal Appearance and Character of San Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		31
CHAPTER III.
THE LAUTARO LODGE.
1812—1813.
The First Triumvirate — Political Parties — The Mounted Grenadiers — Military School — The Lautaro Lodge — Battle of Tucuman — Revolution of 8th October — The Second Triumvirate — Military Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		43
CHAPTER IV.
SAN LORENZO.
1813—1814.
Battle of the Cerrito — Meeting of the Constituent Assembly — Reforms — Spanish Depredations on the Fluvial Coasts — The Action of San Lorenzo — Battle of Salta — Influence of the Lodge — Disasters of Vilcapugio and Ayohuma — Argentine Generals — San Martin takes Command of the Army of the North — Appointment of the Supreme Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		53
CHAPTER V.
UPPER PERU.
1814.
The Problem of the Argentine Revolution — The Geography and Ethnology of Upper Peru — Outbreak and Progress of the Revolution in Upper Peru — Cruelties of the Spaniards — Composition of the Royalist Army — Arenales — His Campaign from Cochabamba to Santa Cruz — Battle of La Florida — Results of these Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		64
CHAPTER VI.
THE WAR IN THE NORTH.
1814.
The Army of Tucuman — Preparations of Pezuela— Plans of San Martin — The New Military School — Popular Movement in Salta — Martin Güemes — The Gauchos of Salta — Operations of the Royalists — The Fall of Monte Video — Retreat of Pezuela — San Martin's Secret Plan — His Illness — Is appointed Governor of Cuyo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		72
CHAPTER VII.
THE CHILENO-ARGENTINE REVOLUTION.
1810—1811.
Chilian and Argentine Society compared — Martinez Rozas — Popular Excitement — Loss of Power by Governor Carrasco — The South of Chile — O'Higgins — Deposition of Carrasco — Establishment of a Junta — Resemblances of the Two Revolutions — Argentine-Chilian Alliance — Freedom of Commerce — Mutiny in Santiago — Installation of the First General Congress — Defeat of the Radicals — Rozas at Concepcion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		80
CHAPTER VIII.
PROGRESS AND FALL OF THE CHILIAN REVOLUTION.
1811—1814.
The Three Carreras — A New Junta — Dissolution of Congress — Armed Protest by Rozas — Valdivia — The First Newspaper — Death of Rozas — The Chilian Flag — Carrera again Dictator — Abascal — Pareja lands at Valdivia— Battle of San Carlos — Siege of Chillán — O'Higgins made General-in-Chief — Argentine Auxiliaries — Arrival of Gainza — Lastra named Supreme Director — Capture of Talca — Mackenna at Membrillar — Defence of Quecheraguas — Mediation of the British Commodore — Treaty of Lircay — The Carreras again in Power — Invasion of Osorio — Siege of Rancagua — Flight of O'Higgins and Carrera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		91
CHAPTER IX.
CUYO.
1814—1815.
The District of Cuyo — Policy of San Martin — Reception of Chilian Refugees — Trouble with Carrera — Fall of Alvear — Cuyo becomes an Independant State — Self-sacrifice of the People of Cuyo — Revenues of Cuyo — Characteristics of San Martin — Anecdotes of San Martin — Royalist Successes — The Banquet at Mendoza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		108
CHAPTER X.
THE SPY SYSTEM OF THE PATRIOTS.
1815—1816.
The Restoration of Spanish Domination in Chile — Cruelties of the Royalists — Nationalist Reaction — The Plans of Abascal — San Martin establishes Secret Agencies in Chile — His Spy System — Preparations of the Chilian Patriots — Marcó del Pont — Manuel Rodriguez — Brown and the Argentine Privateers — Loss of the Uribe — Capture of the Consequencia — Blockade of Callao — Attack on Guayaquil — Loss of the Trinidad — Return of the Squadron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		117
CHAPTER XI.
THE IDEA OF THE PASSAGE OF THE ANDES.
1815—1816.
Opposition to the Plans of San Martin — He receives Permission to assume the Offensive — Also Supplies of Guns and War Material — Collects the Grenadiers — Balcarce Provisional Director — The Lodge in Mendoza — Tomas Guido . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		124
CHAPTER XII.
THE ARMY OF THE ANDES.
1816—1817.
Composition of the Army — Freeing the Slaves — Fray Beltran — The Arsenal — Powder Factory — Cloth Factory — Pueyrredón elected President — Declaration of Independence — Interview at Córdoba — Condarco — Maps of the Passes of the Andes — Concentration of the Army — The Function of the 17th January, 1817 — The Flag of the Army of the Andes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		126
CHAPTER XIII.
THE PASSAGE OF THE ANDES.
1817.
The Southern Andes — Passes of the Andes — Stratagems of San Marfin — The Pehuenche Indians — Preparations of Marcó — Preparations at Mendoza — Pueyrredón — Detachments flanking the Main Army — Instructions from Government — The Sierra of Chacabuco — Occupation of Coquimbo by Cabot — Capture of Copiapó — Capture of Talca — March of the Main Army — The Affair at Pichueta — Capture of Achupallas — Juan Lavalle — Capture of the Guardia Vieja — Putaendo — Defeat of Atero — Concentration of the Army at the Foot of Chacabuco — The Judgment of Posterity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		132
CHAPTER XIV.
CHACABUCO.
1817.
The Sierra of Chacabuco — Atero occupies Chacabuco — Maroto appointed to command the Royalist Army — Moonlight March of the Patriots — The Royalist Vanguard driven in — Advance of the Main Body — Repulse of O'Higgins — Soler takes the Position in Flank — Total Rout of the Royalists — Barañao — Occupation of Santiago — O'Higgins elected Supreme Director — Marcó taken Prisoner — San Bruno shot — Reception of the News in Buenos Ayres — San Martin returns to Buenos Ayres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		144
CHAPTER XV.
THE FIRST CAMPAIGN IN THE SOUTH OF CHILE.
1817.
The Mistakes committed by San Martin — Ordoñez — Las Heras marches to the South — Occupation of Concepcion — The Action of Gavilán — O'Higgins takes Command — Freyre captures the Ports of Arauco — Treaty with the Indians of Arauco — Operations against Talcahuano — French Officers — The Assault of the Morro — Las Heras is withdrawn from the captured Outwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		151
CHAPTER XVI.
ARGENTINE-CHILENO ALLIANCE.
1817.
Origin and Results of this Alliance — San Martin in Buenos Ayres — Carrera's Trip to North America — His Return and Arrest by Pueyrredón — The Mission of Condarco to London — Quintana Deputy Director — Coinage of Chilian Money— "The Legion of Merit" — Guido as Argentine Representative — Irizarri appointed Chilian Agent in Europe — Monarchical Ideas — Chilian Jealousy of Argentine Influence — The Conspiracy of the Carreras — Two of the Brothers imprisoned at Mendoza — Life of San Martin at Santiago — The "Tertulias" — Commodore Bowles takes a Secret Agent to Lima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		157
CHAPTER XIV.
CANCHA-RAYADA.
1817–1818.
The Political State of Chile — Pezuela appointed Viceroy of Peru — His Policy — Osorio lands at Talcahuano with Reinforcements — The Patriot Forces — Retreat of O'Higgins — March of Osorio on Santiago — Proclamation of Independence — Concentration of the Patriot Army — Affair on the Lontué — Retreat of Osorio — The Halt at Talca — The Night Attack at Cancha-rayada — Dispersion of the Patriot Army — O'Higgins wounded — Masterly Retreat of Las Heras — Panic in the Capital — Return of O'Higgins and San Martin — Reorganization of the Army — The Camp on the Plain of Maipó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		165
CHAPTER XVIII.
MAIPÓ.
1818.
Confusion of the Royalists after Cancha-rayada — They march on Santiago — The Plain of Maipó — Position of the Patriots — Desertion of General Brayer — Battle of Maipó — Results of the Battle — Osorio collects a Small Force at Talcahuano — Zapiola takes Command in the South — Osorio evacuates Talcahuano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		174
CHAPTER XIX.
AFTER MAIPÓ.
1818.
Execution at Mendoza of Don Luis and Don Juan José Carrera — Constitutional Reform in Chile — Tragic Fate of Dr. Rodriguez — The Secret Correspondence of Osorio — San Martin leaves for Buenos Ayres — His Arrangements with Pueyrredón — Monarchical Illusions — Bolívar — Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		181
CHAPTER XX.
THE FIRST NAVAL CAMPAIGN ON THE PACIFIC.
1818.
The Naval Resources of Chile — Ships purchased by Government — Affair of the Esmeralda — Blanco Encalada — Another Convoy from Spain — The Mutiny of the Trinidad — The Chilian Squadron leaves Valparaiso — The Capture of the Maria Isabel — Capture of Five Transports — The Return of the Squadron — Cochrane — The Two Wives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		186
CHAPTER XXI.
THE REPASSAGE OF THE ANDES.
1818—1819.
The Last Campaign in Chile — Another Conspiracy of Carrera's — Proclamation to the Peruvian People — Correspondence with Bolívar — San Martin withdraws a Division to Mendoza — The Tragedy at San Luis — Definite Arrangements for the Expedition to Peru — Retirement of Pueyrredón . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		194
CHAPTER XXII.
COCHRANE — CALLAO — VALDIVIA.
1819—1820.
The Character of Cochrane — He sails for Callao — The Spanish Squadron — The First Attack on Callao — Loss of a Fireship — Capture of the Montezuma — Return to Valparaiso — Manufacture of War Rockets — Second Attack on Callao — Inefficiency of the Rockets — Guise captures Pisco — Death of Colonel Charles — Capture of Transports at Guayaquil — Escape of the Prueba — Cochrane's New Scheme — Valdivia — Capture of the Potrillo — Reinforcements at Talcahuano — Return to Valdivia — Capture of the Southern Forts — Evacuation of the Northern Forts — Wreck of the Intrepido — Surrender of the City — Repulse at Chiloe — Return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		200
CHAPTER XXIII.
THE DISOBEDIENCE OF SAN MARTIN.
1819—1820.
The Perplexities of San Martin — Popular Sentiment in Spain — The Expedition assembling at Cadiz — Discontent among the Troops — O'Donnell crushes the Conspiracy — San Martin summoned to Buenos Ayres — His Proposal to O'Higgins and Cochrane — The Gaucho Chieftains — San Martin again ordered to Buenos Ayres — The Plans of Government — The Duc de Luca — Uprising of the Argentine People — San Martin still hesitates — Mutiny of the Army of the North — San Martin sends in his Resignation — Critique on his Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		210
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE CONVENTION OF RANCAGUA.
1820.
The Spanish Revolution of 1820 — Return of San Martin to Chile — Mutiny of the Detachment at San Juan — The Remnant of the Division crosses the Andes to Chile — Rout of Cepeda — The Reign of Anarchy in the United Provinces — The Convention of Officers at Rancagua — The Disobedience of San Martin endorsed by the Army — Cochrane aspires to the Command-in-Chief — San Martin appointed Generalissimo — The Presence of the Army of the Andes a Danger to Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		216
CHAPTER XXV.
PERU.
1820.
The Colonial Era in Peru — Lima — The Peruvian People — Viceroy Abascal — The Native Army — Pezuela — La Serna — Revolutionary Outbreaks — The Insurrection of Cuzco — Secret Societies — Correspondence with San Martin — Dissolution of the Native Army — Olaneta — Camba — Valdés — The Royalist Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		223
CHAPTER XXVI.
THE EXPEDITION TO PERU.
1820.
San Martin's Address to the Argentine People — Composition of the Expedition — Sailing of the Expedition — Disembarkation at Pisco — Occupation of Pisco by Las Heras — Proclamation by San Martin — Pezuela proposes Peace — The Commissioners meet at Miraflores — Arrange an Armistice — The Terms proposed — Negotiations broken off — Expedition of Arenales to the Highlands — Re-embarkation of the Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		230
CHAPTER XXVII.
THE OPENING OF THE CAMPAIGN.
1820—1821.
The Coming Campaigns — The Pageant at Callao — Expedition from Ancon — Guayaquil — Revolution of Guayaquil — The Esmeralda Frigate cut out by Cochrane — The Expedition lands at Huacho — Huara — Cavalry Skirmish at Chancay — The Numancia Battalion joins the Patriots — Discontent in Peru — The Independence of Trujillo — Torre-Tagle — Junction with Arenales — The Guerillas — The Provisional Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		235
CHAPTER XXVIII.
THE FIRST CAMPAIGN IN THE HIGHLANDS.
1820–1821.
The Natural Division of Peru — The Highlands of Peru — The Flying Column under Arenales — Defeat of Ouimper — The Invasion of the Highlands — The Battle of Pasco — Retreat of Aldao from Ica — Massacres of Indians by Ricafort — The Sack of Cangallo and Huancayo — Aldao establishes himself at Huancayo — Arenales rejoins San Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		245
CHAPTER XXIX.
THE ARMISTICE OF PUNCHAUCA.
1821.
Prospects of the Royalists — Spanish Councils of War — Deposition of Pezuela — Proposals of Peace — The Conference at Retes — State of the Two Armies — The Royal Commissioner — The Patriot Army moves to Ancon — Proclamation from King Ferdinand — Effect in Columbia — Effect in Mexico — Course of the Revolution in Mexico — Iturbide — The "Plan de Iguala" — Success of the Plan — Fate of Iturbide — The Conference of Punchauca — Armistice of Punchauca — Interview between San Martin and La Serna — Mistaken Policy of San Martin — The Conference renewed at Miraflores — Prolongation of the Armistice — Captain Basil Hall — Canterac moves to the Highlands — Return of the Patriot Army to Huacho — La Serna evacuates Lima — Occupation of Lima by the Patriots — Proclamation and Inactivity of San Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		249
CHAPTER XXX.
THE SECOND CAMPAIGN IN THE HIGHLANDS.
1821.
Aldao and his Indian Levies — Gamarra takes Command — Is driven out by Ricafort — Ricafort returns to Lima — Arenales marches from Huara — The Successes of Arenales cut short by the Armistice — Character of Arenales — His Expostulations against the Mistaken Policy of San Martin being unheeded he rejoins him at Lima — Repulse of La Serna by the Mountaineers of Jauja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		261
CHAPTER XXXI.
THE EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTH.
1821.
Conspiracy to capture Callao — Miller sent South with a small Force — Lands at Pisco — Insurrection at Cuzco — Cochrane applies to Chile for Aid — Ravages of Fever at Chincha — Cochrane sails for Arica — Capture of Arica — Evacuation of Tacna — Miller marches Inland — Capture of Mirave — Occupation of Moquegua — Miller retreats to Tacna and to Arica — Miller establishes himself at Ica — Loss of the San Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		265
CHAPTER XXXII.
PERU INDEPENDENT.
1821.
The Continental Campaign — Lack of National Spirit in Peru — Convention of Notables at Lima — Declaration of Independence — Capture of Ships by Cochrane at Callao — Attempted Surprise by Las Heras — Overtures of Cochrane to La Mar — San Martin appoints himself "Protector of Peru" — Decree against the Spaniards — Banishment of the Archbishop — Tragic Fate of José Miguel Carrera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		270
CHAPTER XXXIII.
THE PROTECTORATE OF PERU.
1821—1822.
The Captain of the Army of the Andes — Royalist Expedition for the Relief of Callao — The Defile of Espiritu Santo — Outburst of Enthusiasm in Lima — Manoeuvres in Front of Lima — Retreat of Canterac — Feeble Pursuit of the Royalists — Capitulation of Callao — Reforms of San Martin — The Order of the Sun — Deterioration in the Spirit of the Army — Subsidy from the City of Lima — Conspiracy in the Army — Monarchical Ideas of San Martin — Monteagudo and the "Patriotic Society of Lima" — Mission of Garcia del Rio to Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		277
CHAPTER XXXIV.
SAN MARTIN AND COCHRANE.
1821–1822.
Mutual Invectives of Two Heroes — San Martin fails to fulfil his Promises to the Fleet — A Stormy Interview — Cochrane seizes Treasure — Cochrane pays his Men with Government Funds — And sails for Guayaquil — Surrender of Two Spanish Frigates to Peruvian Agents — Cochrane attempts to seize the Venganza — Returns to Callao and Captures the Montezuma — Returns to Chile and abandons the Pacific — The New Peruvian Navy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		287
CHAPTER XXXV.
THE DISASTER AT ICA.
1821–1822.
Royalist Headquarters established at Cuzco — Expedition under Loriga against Pasco — Defeat of Otero — Burning of Cangallo — San Martin sends a Contingent to the Assistance of Bolívar — And Summons the First Peruvian Congress — Torre-Tagle Deputy-Protector — Expedition to Ica — Rout of the Patriots by Canterac — Barbarous Treatment of Spaniards by Monteagudo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		292
CHAPTER XXXVI.
HE REVOLUTIONS IN QUITO AND VENEZUELA.
1809–1812.
The Northern Zone of South America — The First Outbreak at Quito — The Revolution at Caracas — Commencement of the Reaction — Simon Bolívar — His Appearance and Character — His Education — His First Visit to Europe — His Second Visit to Europe — His Life at Caracas — Reception of the Envoys by the British Government — Bolívar meets Miranda in London — Brings him back with him to Venezuela — Action of the Regency of Cadiz — The Patriot Junta sends an Army against Coro — Reception of Miranda — His Plan for a Constitution — First Congress of Venezuela — Declaration of Independence — Revolt of the Canarians — Revolt at Valencia — Capture of Valencia by Miranda — Adoption of a Federal Constitution — General Discontent — Carora sacked by Monteverde — The Royalists of Guayana — Destruction of the Patriot Flotilla — The Great Earthquake San Carlos burned by Monteverde — Miranda is appointed Dictator — Successes of the Royalists — Monteverde is repulsed in an Attack on the Entrenched Camp at Victoria — Insurrection of the Slaves — Loss of Puerto-Cabello — Miranda treats for Peace — The Capitulation — Miranda is imprisoned by his Officers — Cruelties of Monteverde — Death of Miranda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		296
CHAPTER XIV.
THE REVOLUTIONS IN NEW GRANADA AND QUITO.
1809–1813.
Excitement in New Granada — Expedition against Quito — Reinstallation of the late Captain-General of Quito — Massacres by the Royalist Soldiery — Revolution at Cartagena — Outbreak on the Plains of Casanare — A Junta established at Pamplona — And at Socorro — Pacific Revolution at Bogotá — Establishment of a Junta — Social Anarchy — Proposals to summon a Congress — The State of Cundinamarca — Nariño appointed Dictator — Congress adopts the Federal System of Government and retires to Ibague — The Province of Cartagena declares itself an Independent State — Preparations of the Royalists — Torices named Dictator of Cartagena — Operations against Santa Marta — Arrival of a New Viceroy — The First Victory of the Patriots — Another Insurrection in Quito — Successes of Montufar and Macaulay — Treachery of the Pastusos — La Vendée of the Revolution — Installation of a Junta at Quito — Operations in the South — Quito declares itself an Independent State — Murder of Ruiz de Castillo — Victory of the Royalists at Mocha — Capture of Quito — Massacres at Popayán — The Policy of Nariño — The Congress at Leiva — Dr. Camilo Torres named President — Civil War — Arrival of another Viceroy — Cundinamarca and Antioquia declare themselves Independent States — Congress places Nariño in Command of the Army — Successes of Nariño — His Passage of the River Juanambú — Dispersion of his Army — He is sent in Irons to Spain — Operations of Bolívar against Santa Marta — Defeat of an Expedition from Cartagena — Bolívar conceives the Idea of Reconquering Venezuela — He crosses the Cordillera — His Memorial to the People of New Granada — President Torres adopts his Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		312
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
THE RECONQUEST OF VENEZUELA.
1813.
"Pacification" by Monteverde — The Signal for Revolt — Triste — The Expedition to the Mainland — Cruelties of Zuazola — Defeat of the Royalists at Maturin — The Island of Margarita — Arismendi — Siege of Cumaná — Cajigal retreats to Guayana — Mariño named Dictator of the Eastern Provinces — The Expedition of Briceño — Defeat of Correa by Castillo — Bolívar's Commission from the Congress of Granada — Capture of Mérida and Trujillo — Bolívar fulminates a Decree of Extermination against all Royalists — Marti Defeated by Rivas — Rout of Izquierdo — Valencia and Caracas evacuated by Royalists — The Genius of Bolívar — His Triumphant Entry into Caracas — He proclaims Himself Dictator — Lays Siege to Puerto Cabello — The Reaction — Second Decree of Bolívar — Arrival of Reinforcements at Puerto Cabello — Death of Girardot — Victory of Las Trincheras — Honours to Bolívar at Caracas — The Order of the "Liberators" — Boves, Morales, and Yañez — They rouse the Llaneros — Campo-Elias — Defeat of Boves at Mosquitero — Massacre of Royalists at Calabozo — Repulse of Patriots at Barquisimeto — Battle of Araure — Effects of the Dual Dictatorship — Reappearance of Boves on the Scene — The Patriots are driven from the Plains — General Revulsion of Feeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		324
CHAPTER XXXIX.
THE SECOND FALL OF VENEZUELA.
1814.
Bolívar discloses a New Phase of his Character — The Assembly of Caracas — His Treaty with Mariño — Defeat and Death of Yañez — Action at La Puerta — Repulse of Morales at Victoria — Successes of Rivas — The Massacres of Caracas and La Guayra — Preparations of Bolívar — His Defence of the Entrenchments of San Mateo — Heroism of Recaurte — Defence of Caracas by Rivas — Of Valencia by Urdaneta — Action at Boca Chica — Marino defeated at San Carlos — First Battle at Carabobo — Rout of the Patriots at La Puerta — Capitulation of Valencia — D'Eluyar raises the Siege of Puerto-Cabello — Bolívar evacuates Caracas — Entrenches Himself at Aragua — Retreats to Barcelona — Capture of Aragua by Morales — Bolívar is accused of Treachery — Retires to Curaçoa — Repulse of Morales at Maturin — Massacre at Curnaná — Rout of the Patriots at Urica — Death of Boves — Capture of Maturin by Morales — Death of Rivas — The Last Patriot Army under Urdaneta seeks Refuge in New Granada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		343
CHAPTER XL.
THE DISSOLUTION OF NEW GRANADA.
1815—1817.
The Fall of Constitutional Government in Spain — Jealousy of Native Troops — Bolívar takes Command of the Army of New Granada — Capture of Bogotá — Fresh Honours to Bolívar — Bolívar makes War on Cartagena— And retires to Jamaica — His Memorials — Morillo arrives from Spain with a Powerful Squadron, and takes Command of the Royalists — Miyares secures the Isthmus of Panamá — Morillo's Instructions — Reduction of the Island of Margarita — Loss of the San Pedro — Morillo occupies Caracas — And sails thence for Cartagena — Cartagena — The Siege of Cartagena — The Fortress and City are evacuated by the Patriots — Repulse of Calzada from the Plains of Casanare — Defeat of the Patriots at Balaga — Further Successes of Calzada — Madrid is defeated by Sámano in the South — Fresh Disturbances in Venezuela — Offers of Amnesty — Establishment of Military Rule at Bogotá — Executions — Morillo returns to Venezuela — Cruelties of Sámano — Death of La Pola — Sámano is appointed Viceroy by Morillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		353
CHAPTER XLI.
THE THIRD WAR IN VENEZUELA.
1815–1817.
Position of Affairs in Venezuela — The Fresh Outbreak on the Island of Margarita — Paez — His First Action — Revulsion of Opinion among the Llaneros — The Army of the Apure — Successes of Cedeño — Attempt to assassinate Bolívar — Bolívar goes to Haití — The Expedition from Cayos — The Landing at Margarita — Bolívar is named Supreme Chief — The Expedition proceeds to Carúpano — Bolívar proceeds to Ocumare — Defeat of Bolívar by Morales — Bolívar's Flight from Ocumare — Successes of MacGregor — The Army of the Centre — Bolívar returns to Haití — Defeat of Lopez by MacGregor — Piar defeats Morales at Juncal — Paez lays Siege to San Fernando — The Spaniards evacuate the Island of Margarita — Bolívar leaves Haiti with a Second Expedition — Piar marches on Guayana — Forces the Passage of the Cauca — Occupies the Missions of Coroní — Bolívar again defeated — And leaves for Guayana — Capture of Barcelona by the Royalists — The True Base of Operations — Advance of La Torre from New Granada — Is totally defeated by Paez — And descends the River to Angostura — Is again defeated by Piar at San Felix — Mariño summons a Congress — Morillo puts an End to the Farce — Brion forces his Way up the Orinoco — Flight of La Torre — Conspiracy of Piar and Mariño — Execution of Piar — Banishment of Mariño . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		365
CHAPTER XLII.
THE REORGANIZATION OF VENEZUELA.
1817–1819.
The Expedition of Morillo and Canterac against the Island of Margarita — The Action at Matasiete — The Massacre at Juan Griego — Morillo returns to Caracas — Position of Patriots and of Royalists — The Civil Administration of Bolívar — Rout of Saraza at Hogaza — The Korse Marines — Bolfvar surprises Morillo at Calabozo — Retreat of the Royalists to Sombrero — Defeat of Roh'var at La Puerta — Capture of San Fernando by Paez —
The Expedition of Morillo and Canterac against the Island of Margarita — The Action at Matasiete — The Massacre at Juan Griego — Morillo returns to Caracas — Position of Patriots and of Royalists — The Civil Administration of Bolívar — Rout of Saraza at Hogaza — The Korse Marines — Bolfvar surprises Morillo at Calabozo — Retreat of the Royalists to Sombrero — Defeat of Roh'var at La Puerta — Capture of San Fernando by Paez — Defeat of Paez at Cojedes — Defeat of Cedeño by Morales — And of Morales by Paez — Mariño takes Cumaná, and refuses Allegiance to the Liberator — Bolívar raises a New Army, and is reconciled to Mariño — Santander sent to Casanare — Bolívar's Idea of a Constitution — The Congress of Angostura — Bolívar is named President of Venezuela — The Foreign Auxiliaries — Luis Mendez — Colonel Hippisley — Colonel Wilson — -Campbell — Gilmour — General English — Colonel Elsom — General MacGregor — General Devereux — Colonel Montilla — Morillo opens the Campaign — Tactics of Paez — Morillo reoccupies San Fernando — The Affair of "Las Queseras del Medio" — Bolívar's New Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		380
CHAPTER XLIII.
BOYACA — COLUMBIA— CARABOBO.
1819—1822.
Bolívar joins Santander — The Passage of the Cordillera — The Expedition halts in the Valley of Sagamoso — Skilful Manoeuvres of Bolívar — He captures the City of Tunja — Battle of Boyacá — Bolívar occupies Bogotá — His Activity and the Honours paid Him — Founds the Republic of Columbia — Cruelty of Santander — Bolívar returns to Angostura — Changes during his Absence — Decrees of Congress — Bolívar named Provisional President of Columbia — Military Operations on the North Coast — Arrival of the Irish Legion at Margarita — Paez retakes San Fernando — The Armistice of Trujillo — Morillo returns to Spain — Revolution in Maracaibo — Operations of Montilla — Bolívar again takes the Field — Battle of Carabobo — Bolívar for the Second Time enters Caracas in Triumph — The Constituent Congress — Bolívar is named President — Capitulation of Cartagena — The Provinces of the Isthmus declare their Independence — Fall of Chagres and Portobello — Bolívar leaves for the South — Activity of Morales — He capitulates — Puerto Cabello is taken by Paez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		394
CHAPTER XLIV.
THE WAR IN QUITO.
1821—1822.
Operations in the South of Columbia — Sucre — He leads an Expedition to Guayaquil — His Victory at Yahuachí — His Defeat at Ambato — Arrival of Murgeón from Spain — Bolívar marches on Quito with a Fresh Army — Battle of Bomboná — He retreats to Patia — San Martin sends a Contingent to aid Sucre — Manoeuvres of the Opposing Armies — The Cavalry Affair at Rio Bamba — Battle of Pichincha — Surrender of Quito — Capitulation of Garcia and of the Pastusos — Praetorianism — Bolívar enters Quito in Triumph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		406
CHAPTER XLV.
GUAYAQUIL.
1822.
The Meeting and Merging of Two Revolutions — The Protectorate of Guayaquil — Defeat of the Provincial Army at Ambato — Arrival of Sucre — The Revolt of Puerto-Viejo — Arrival of Salazar — La Mar takes Command of the Provincial Forces — The Question of Guayaquil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		414
CHAPTER XLVI.
THE INTERVIEW AT GUAYAQUIL.
1822.
The Influence of Individuals — The Illusions of San Martin — Bolívar becomes jealous of Argentine Influence — The Entry of Bolívar into Guayaquil — He annexes the Province to Columbia — The Arrival of San Martin — The Conference — The Banquet — The Ball — Departure of San Martin — Result of the Conference — Remarkable Letter from San Martin to Bolívar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		418
CHAPTER XLVII.
THE ABDICATION OF SAN MARTIN.
1822.
Disturbances in Lima — Banishment of Monteagudo — Return of San Martin — The First Congress of Peru — The Resignation of San Martin — Honours decreed to him by Congress — He leaves Peru — His Illness in Chile — He retires to Mendoza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		426
CHAPTER XLVIII.
THE FIRST NATIONAL GOVERNMENT OF PERU.
1822—1823.
The State of Peru — Appointment of a Junta — Bolívar offers Assistance, which is declined — The Plan of Campaign — The Army of the South — Dilatory Movements of Alvarado — The Advance of the Royalists — Battle of Torata — The Rout of Moquegua — Activity of Miller — Withdrawal of the Columbian Contingent — Arenales leaves Peru — Riva-Agüero named President — Preparations for a Fresh Campaign — English Loan — Despatch of a Peruvian Army to the South under Santa Cruz — Capture of Lima by Canterac — Sucre brings another Columbian Contingent to Peru — Bolívar is named Generalissimo — Canterac returns to the Highlands — Plans of Sucre — Manoeuvres of Santa Cruz — He captures La Paz — Gamarra occupies Oruro — Retreat of Santa Cruz — Indecisive Action at Zepita — Dispersion of the Patriot Army — Orderly Retreat of Sucre — Appeals to San Martin for Help — Reconstruction of Congress — Arrival of Bolívar — His Reception — His Appearance — He is Master of Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		431
CHAPTER XLIX.
JUNIN — AYACUCHO.
1823–1824.
The Day-Dreams of Bolívar — Rivadavia — Treaty between Columbia and Buenos Ayres — Overtures from Spain to Buenos Ayres — The Mission of Alzaga to the West and North — Treatment of the Argentine Contingent by Peru — Mutiny of the Garrison of Callao — Hoisting the Flag of Spain — Falucho — Dissolution of the Army of the Andes — Monet occupies Lima and Callao — Treachery of Torre-Tagle — Ships burned by Guise in Harbour — Bolívar named Dictator — Execution of Argentine Officers by Monet — Illness of Bolívar — His Preparations — Olañeta rebels against the Viceroy — Bolívar marches on Jauja — Advance of Canterac — Cavalry Action at Junin — Rapid Retreat of Canterac — Bolívar returns to Lima — Movement against him in the Congress of Columbia — The Spanish Naval Squadron — Manoeuvres of Sucre — Advance of Royalists from Cuzco — Sucre concentrates his Forces — The Royalists gain his Rear — Victory or Death — Victory of Ayacucho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		443
CHAPTER L.
APOGEE, DECLINE, AND FALL OF BOLÍVAR.
1824–1830.
Results of the Victory of Ayacucho — The Twofold Nature of the Revolution — Assassination of Monteagudo — Bolívar summons a Congress at Panama — His Theatrical Proceedings — Upper Peru becomes an Independent State — Tendency of the Policy of Bolívar — He leaves Lima for Potosí — The Banquet at Arequipa — Bolívar meets Argentine Envoys at Potosí — His Proposals to them — Opinions of the Press of Buenos Ayres — He draws up a Constitution for Bolivia — Attempt to assassinate Bolívar at Lima — Adoption of a New Constitution by Peru — The Grand Confederation of the Andes — The Nature of the Proposed Monocracy — Revolution in Venezuela — Bolívar Returns to Columbia — Revolutions in Peru and Bolivia — The Convention of Ocaña — Bolívar is again named Dictator of New Granada — Conspiracy against him at Bogotá — He declares War against Peru — His Monarchical Proposals — Rebellion at Antioquia — Venezuela becomes an Independent State — The Constituent Congress at Bogotá — Bolívar resigns — Mosquera is elected President of New Granada — Pension assigned to Bolívar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		458
EPILOGUE.
The Verdict of Posterity — The Tragedy of Emancipation — San Martin goes to Europe — His Return to Buenos Ayres — Bolívar in Retirement — Anarchy in New Granada — Establishment of the Republic of Ecuador — Death of Bolívar — His Last Words — Life of San Martin in Exile — His Death — His Remains are brought back to Buenos Ayres — The Work of the Two Liberators compared — The Nature of True Greatness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		470
TRANSLATOR'S APPENDIX.
I. — The Spanish Colonial System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		477
II. — Personal Appearance of San Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		478
III. — The Rocket-Tubes at Callao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		478
IV. — Description of a Suspension Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		478
V. — The Ideas of San Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		479
VI. — A Venezuelan Picture presented to the City of New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		480
VII.— The Battle of Carabobo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		481
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.
Alvarado — Arenales — Brown — Cochrane — Güemes — Las Heras — Lavalle — Miller — Necochea — O'Higgins — Paez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		484

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Original:	This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago. Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
Translation:	This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works. Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse