The Origins of the Islamic State/Part 4/Chapter 1

by Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá al-Balādhurī

PART IV

ARMENIA

CHAPTER I

The Conquest of Armenia

Traditions have been communicated to me by Muḥammad ibn-Ismâʿîl of Bardhaʿah and others on the authority of abu-Barâʾ ʿAnbasah ibn-Baḥr al-Armani; by Muḥammad ibn-Bishr al-Ḳâli on the authority of his sheikhs; by Barmak ibn-ʿAbdallâh ad-Dabîli, Muḥammad ibn-al-Mukhaiyis al-Khilâṭi and others on the authority of some well versed in the affairs of Armenia. These traditions I herewith transmit, having pieced them up together into one whole, to wit:—

The four provinces. Shimshâṭ, Ḳâlîḳala, Khilâṭ Arjîsh and Bajunais constituted Armenia IV; the district of al-Busfurrajân [Waspurakan], Dabîl [Dwin], Sirâj Ṭair and Baghrawand constituted Armenia III; Jurzân [Georgia] constituted Armenia II; as-Sîsajân and Arrân constituted Armenia I.^[1] According to others, Shimshâṭ alone constituted Armenia IV; Ḳâlîḳala, Khilâṭ, Arjîsh and Bâjunais, Armenia III; Sirâj Ṭair, Baghrawand, Dabîl, and al-Busfurrajân, Armenia II; and as-Sisajân, Arrân [Albania], and Taflis, Armenia I.^[2] Jurzân and Arrân were held by the Khazar, while the rest of Armenia was held by the Greeks under the governorship of "the Lord of Armaniyâḳus".

Ḳubâdh ibn-Fairûz builds many cities. Al-Khazar used from time to time to make raids and reach as far as ad-Dînawar. Because of it, Ḳubâdh ibn-Fairûz al-Malik^[3] despatched one of his great generals at the head of 12,000 men, who ravaged the land of Arrân and conquered the region lying between ar-Rass river and Sharwân. Kubâdh then followed him and built in Arrân the city of al-Bailaḳân, the city of Bardhaʿah—which is the capital of the whole frontier region, and the city of Ḳabalah, i. e., al-Khazar. After that he erected Sudd al-Libn [brick dam] lying between the land of Sharwân and al-Lan gate. Along this Sudd, he established 360 cities which fell into ruins after the erection of the city of al-Bâb wa-l-Abwâb.

Anûshirwân builds other cities. Ḳubâdh was succeeded by his son Anûshirwân Kisra who built the cities of ash-Shâbirân and Masḳat, and later al-Bâb wa-l-Abwâb^[4] which was called Abwâb because it was built on a road in the mountain. He settled in the places he built a people whom he called as-Siyâsijûn.^[5] In the land of Arrân, he established Abwâb Shakkan,^[6] al-Ḳamibarân, and Abwâb ad-Dûdânîyah. Ad-Dûdânîyah are a tribe who claim to be descended from the banu-Dûdân ibn-Asad ibn-Khuzaimah. He also built ad-Durdhûkîyah^[7] which consisted of twelve gates,^[8] each one of which was a castle of stone. In the land of Jurzân he established a city, Sughdabîl, which he populated with a body of as-Sughd [Sogdians] and Persians, making it a fortified town. Next to the Greek lands in the region of Jurzân, he built a castle and called it Bâb Fairûziḳubâdh; another called Bâb Lâdhiḳah; still another Bâb Bâriḳah which lies on the Ṭarabazundah sea [Black Sea]. He also erected Bâb al-Lân, Bâb Samsakhi,^[9] al-Jardamân fort, and Samshulda fort. Moreover, Anûshirwân conquered all the forts of Armenia held by the Greeks, built and fortified the city of Dabîl, built an-Nashawa—the capital of the al-Busfurrajân district, the fort of Waiṣ and other castles in the land of as-Sisajân including al-Kilâb and Sâhyûnis castles. In the forts and castles, he stationed Siyâsîjîyah men noted for valor and efficiency in warfare.

Anûshirwân builds a wall between his domain and that of the Turks. Anûshirwân then wrote to the king of the Turks asking for reconciliation and peace and for action in unison. In order to assure him of his friendliness, Anûshirwân sought his daughter's hand and expressed a desire to be his son-in-law. Meanwhile, he sent him a maid of his, who was adopted by one of his wives, and said she was his daughter. Consequently, the Turk presented his daughter to Anûshirwân and came to see him. The two met at al-Barshaliyah where they caroused together for some days, and each felt the other was friendly to him and expressed his loyalty. Anûshirwân ordered some of his friends in whom he confided to wait for nightfall and set fire to a part of the Turkish camp, which they did. In the morning, the Turkish king complained to Anûshirwân; but the latter denied having ordered it or known that his men had done it. After a few nights, Anûshirwân gave his orders to repeat the act, and his men did. The Turk grumbled so much at the act that Anûshirwân had to show sympathy for him and apologized to him, upon which he was appeased. By order of Anûshirwân, fire was set in a corner of his own camp where nothing but cottages of straw and twigs stood. In the morning, Anûshirwân grumbled to the Turk, saying, "Thy men were on the point of destroying my camp; and thou rewardest me by throwing suspicion upon me!" The Turk swore that he knew no reason for the act, upon which Anûshirwân addressed him, saying, "Brother, thy troops and mine look with disfavor on the peace we made, because they have thereby lost the booty depending on razzias and wars that might be carried out between us. I fear they undertake things to corrupt our hearts after our mutual agreement of sincerity, so that we may once more have recourse to enmity after our new blood relationship and our friendship. I deem it wise, therefore, that thou allowest me to build a wall between thee and me with one gate through which none from us will go to you and from you to us, except the ones thou wishest and we wish." The Turk accepted the proposal and left for his own land.

Anûshirwân commenced building the wall. He built the side of it that faced the sea with rock and lead. Its width he made 300 dhirâʿs, and its height reached the mountain heights. He ordered that stones be carried in boats and dropped into the sea, so that when they appeared above the surface, he could build on them. The wall extended over a distance of three miles in the sea. When the construction was completed, he fixed on its entrance iron gates and entrusted it to one hundred horsemen to guard it. Before this, it took 50,000 troops to guard the place. On this wall he also set a mantelet. The Khaḳân^[10] was later told, "Anûshirwân has deceived thee and given thee for wife one who is not his daughter and fortified himself against thee"; but Khaḳân was no match for such wiles.

Anûshirwân assigns kings. Anûshirwân assigned kings, stationed them in different districts, and conferred on each one of them the governorship [made him Shâh] of one district. One of these was "Khaḳân al-Jabal" [lord of the mountain] who bore the title "Ṣâḥib as-Sarîr"^[11] [holder of the throne] and was named Wahrârzân-shâh. Another was the king of Filân surnamed Filân-shâh. Others were Ṭabarsarân-shâh, the king of al-Lakz—surnamed Jarshân-shâh—the king of Masḳaṭ (whose kingship has been abolished), the king of Lirân—surnamed Lirân-shâh—and the king of Sharwân called Sharwân-shâh. He also made the chief of Bukh^[12] its king, and the chief of Zirîkirân its king. The kings of Jabal al-Ḳabaḳ^[13] he left over their kingdoms and made terms with them, stipulating that they pay an annual tribute.

Thus Armenia was in the hands of the Persians until the appearance of Islam, at which time many Siyâsîjûn abandoned their forts and cities which fell into ruins. The Khazar and Greeks thus got possession of what was once in their hands.

Ḳâlîḳala. At a certain period, the Greek princes were scattered about and some of them became like Mulûk aṭ-Ṭawâʾif,^[14] and one ruled over Armaniyâḳus. After the death of the latter, his wife succeeded him and her name was Ḳâli.^[15] She built the city of Ḳâlîḳala^[16] which she named Ḳâlîḳâlah. The meaning of the word is "the benevolence of Ḳâli." She set her picture on one of the city gates. The Arabs arabicized Ḳâlîḳâlah into Ḳâlîḳala.

Ḳâlîḳala reduced. When ʿUthmân ibn-ʿAffân became caliph, he wrote to Muʿâwiyah, his ʿâmil over Syria and Mesopotamia together with their frontier cities, ordering him to send Ḥabîb ibn-Maslamah-l-Fihri into Armenia.^[17] Ḥabib had left a good impression in connection with the conquest of Syria and the invasion of the Greeks. This fact was fully realized by ʿUmar, by ʿUthmân and by ʿUthman's successor. Others say that ʿUthmân wrote [directly] to Ḥabîb ordering him to make an expedition against Armenia. The former view is more authentic. Accordingly, Ḥabîb went against it at the head of 6,000, but according to another estimate, 8,000, of the people of Syria and Mesopotamia. Arriving in Ḳâlîḳala, he camped around it; and when its people came out against him, he fought them and drove them to the city. They then asked for peace, agreeing to evacuate the place and pay the tax. Many of them left the city and went as far as Asia Minor. Ḥabîb remained in the city with his men for a few months. He then learned that the patrician of Armaniyâḳus had massed a large army against the Moslems and was reinforced by troops from al-Lân, Afkhâz and from Samandar in al-Khazar. Therefore, he wrote to ʿUthmân asking for reinforcement. ʿUthmân wrote to Muʿâwiyah asking him to send to Ḥabîb a body of men from Syria and Mesopotamia interested in the "holy war" and booty. Accordingly, Muʿâwiyah sent 2,000 men who were settled in Ḳâlîḳala, given fiefs and stationed as horsemen guard to keep post in it. At the receipt of Ḥabîb's request, ʿUthmân also wrote to Saʿîd ibn-al-ʿÂṣi ibn-Saʿîd ibn-al-ʿÂṣi ibn-Umaiyah, his ʿâmil over al-Kûfah, ordering him to reinforce Ḥabîb with an army headed by Salmân ibn-Rabîʿah-l-Bâhili who bore the title "Salmân al-Khail" [the Salmân of horsemen] and who was generous, benevolent and of a warlike nature. Salmân set out at the head of 6,000 Kufites. The Greeks and their followers had already arrived and encamped on the Euphrates, before Ḥabîb received the reinforcement. Taking advantage of the night, the Moslems swept over them and killed their chief. That evening Ḥabîb's wife, umm-ʿAbdallâh, daughter of Yazîd of the Kalb tribe, asked Ḥabîb, "Where shall I meet thee?" To this, Ḥabîb replied, "Either at the tents of the 'tyrant',^[18] or in Paradise!" When he got to those tents he found her there.

When the Moslems were done with their enemy, Salmân returned. The Kufite troops wanted to have a share in the booty but were refused, which led into a verbal dispute between Ḥabîb and Salmân. Some Moslems threatened Salmân with death, regarding which the poet said:

 

"If ye kill Salmân, we kill your Ḥabîb;
and if ye depart towards ibn-ʿAffân, we would also depart."^[19]

 

ʿUthmân was communicated with, and he wrote back, "The spoils belong wholly to the Syrians by right." Meanwhile, he wrote to Salmân ordering him to invade Arrân.

It is reported by others that in the caliphate of ʿUthmân, Salmân ibn-Rabîʿah went to Armenia, made captives and plundered, returning in the year 25 to al-Walîd ibn-ʿUḳbah at Ḥadîthat al-Mauṣil. Al-Walîd received a letter from ʿUthmân informing him that Muʿâwiyah had written him to the effect that the Greeks were gathered against the Moslems in great numbers, and that the Moslems wanted reinforcements, and ordering him to send 8,000 men.^[20] Accordingly, al-Walîd sent 8,000 men under Salmân ibn-Rabîʿah-l-Bâhili. Muʿâwiyah sent an equal number under Ḥabîb ibn-Maslamah-l-Fihri. The two leaders reduced many forts, carried away many prisoners and fell to dispute regarding the general leadership. The Syrians wanted to kill Salmân, hence the verse quoted above. The former report, however, is more authentic and was orally communicated to me by many from Ḳâlîḳala and in writing by al-ʿAṭṭâf ibn-Sufyân abu-l-Aṣbagh, the ḳâḍi of Ḳâlîḳala.

Ḥabîb kills al-Mauriyân. Muḥammad ibn-Saʿd from ʿAbd-al-Ḥamîd ibn-Jaʿfar's father:—Ḥabîb ibn-Maslamah besieged the inhabitants of Dabîl and camped around the city. Al-Mauriyân ar-Rûmi^[21] came against him; but under the cover of the night, Ḥabîb killed him and plundered what was in his camp. Salmân then joined Ḥabîb. The authorities of this tradition believe that Ḥabîb fell upon the Greek at Ḳâlîḳala.

Kûsân subdues Ḳâlîḳala. Muḥammad ibn-Bishr al-Ḳâli and ibn-Warz al-Ḳâli from the sheikhs of Ḳâlîḳala:—Ever since its conquest, the city of Ḳâlîḳala held out against attacks until the year 133 in which "the tyrant" set out, besieged Malaṭyah, destroyed its wall and expelled the Moslems that were in it to Mesopotamia, after which he encamped at Marj al-Ḥaṣa whence he directed Kûsân al-Armani against Ḳâlîḳala. Kûsân came and invested the city, whose inhabitants at that time were few and whose ʿâmil was abu-Karîmah. In the course of the siege, two Armenian brothers who lived in the city made a breach through a rampart in its wall, went out to Kûsân and brought him in to the city. Thus Kûsân subdued the city, killed [many], took captives and razed it to the ground, carrying off what he plundered to "the tyrant". The captives he distributed among his companions.

Al-Manṣûr rebuilds and al-Muʿtaṣim fortifies Ḳâlîḳala. According to al-Wâḳidi, in the year 139 al-Manṣûr gave ransom^[22] for those of the captives of Ḳâlîḳala who survived; and he rebuilt Ḳâlîḳala, populated it, and returned them into it. He also invited to it troops from Mesopotamia and other places to live in it. In the caliphate of al-Muʿtaṣim-Billâh, the Greek "tyrant" came to Ḳâlîḳala and threw projectiles on its wall until it was on the point of falling. Thereupon al-Muʿtaṣim had to spend 500,000 dirhams to make the city strong again.

The patricians of Khilâṭ and Muks. After having captured Ḳâlîḳala, Ḥabîb marched to Mirbâla where the patrician of Khilâṭ brought him a statement written by ʿIyâḍ ibn-Ghanm, who had guaranteed to the patrician the security of his life, possessions and country and had concluded a treaty with him stipulating that the patrician should pay tax. Ḥabîb sanctioned the terms of the statement. He then occupied a house between al-Harak^[23] and Dasht al-Warak. The patrician of Khilâṭ brought him the money he owed and offered a present which Ḥabîb refused to accept. Ḥabîb then visited Khilâṭ and passed to aṣ-Ṣabâbah [?]^[24] where he was met by the chief of Muks,^[25] one of the districts of al-Busfurrajân. Ḥabîb made peace with him in exchange for an annual tax to be paid for his land, sent a man with him and wrote him a statement of peace and safety.

Arjîsh, Bâjunais and aṭ-Ṭirrîkh. To the villages of Arjîsh and Bâjunais, Ḥabîb sent a body of men who subdued them and laid poll-tax on them. The leading men of these villages came to Ḥabîb and made a treaty agreeing to pay the kharâj on their lands. As for aṭ-Ṭirrîkh lake, he did not interfere with it, and it was used by the public until Muḥammad ibn-Marwân ibn-al-Ḥakam became governor of Mesopotamia and Armenia, upon which he took possession of its fish and sold them, making an income out of it. The lake after that became the property of Marwân ibn-Muḥammad and was thus lost to Muḥammad.

Dabîl and other towns sue for peace. Ḥabîb now came to Azdisâṭ,^[26] the chief village of al-Hurmuz,^[27] crossed Nahr al-Akrâd and encamped at Marj Dabîl. Thence he sent the cavalry against Dabîl and marched until he reached its gate. The people took to the fortifications and threw projectiles on him. Ḥabîb set a mangonel against the city and used it until they sued for peace and capitulation. This he granted them. His cavalry wandered around, occupied Jurna,^[28] reached as far as Ashish, dhât-al-Lujum, al-Jabal Kûntah^[29] and Wâdi-l-Aḥrâr and subdued all the villages of Dabîl. He also despatched a force against Sirâj Ṭair and against Baghrawand whose patrician came and made terms, agreeing to pay an annual tribute, to be loyal to the Moslems, to entertain them, and to aid them against the enemy. The text of the treaty with Dabîl ran as follows:

"In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. This is a treaty of Ḥabîb ibn-Maslamah with the Christians, Magians and Jews of Dabîl, including those present and absent. I have granted you safety for your lives, possessions, churches, places of worship, and city wall. Thus ye are safe and we are bound to fulfil our covenant, so long as ye fulfil yours and pay poll-tax and kharâj. Thereunto Allah is witness; and it suffices to have him for witness. Signed by Ḥabîb ibn-Maslamah."

An-Nashawa and al-Busfurrajân. Ḥabîb after this proceeded to an-Nashawa and took possession of it on terms similar to those of Dabîl. The patrician of al-Busfurrajân came and made terms regarding all of his country together with the land of Haṣâtiltah^[30][?] and Afâristah [?], agreeing to pay a certain tax every year.

As-Sîsajân. Ḥabîb then moved to as-Sîsajân^[31] whose people resisted him but were defeated. He also conquered Waiṣ; and made terms with the holders of the forts at as-Sîsajân to the effect that they pay tax. He then proceeded to Jurzân.

Dhât-al-Lujum. I was informed by certain sheikhs from Dabîl, among whom was Barmak ibn-ʿAbdallâh, that Ḥabîb ibn-Maslamah marched with his men bent on Jurzân. When they got to dhât-al-Lujum, they left some of their horses and mules to graze, leaving their bridles together in one place. Suddenly, a band of the "uncircumcised" fell upon them before they could bridle their animals. In the fight that ensued, the "uncircumcised" drove the Moslems away and seized the bridles together with as many horses and mules as they could. Later, the Moslems returned to them, massacred them and took back what has been carried away from them. That is why this spot was called "dhât-al-Lujum" [the place of the bridles].

As Ḥabîb was advancing against the patrician of Jurzân, he was met by a messenger of the patrician and the inhabitants of the town, who presented a written message and asked for a treaty of peace and security. Accordingly, Ḥabîb wrote to them:—

"Your messenger, Nuḳla,^[32] came lo me and my companions 'the Believers' saying on your behalf that we are a nation whom Allah has honored and given superiority, which Allah did, great praise be to Allah, and prayer and peace be on Muḥammad his Prophet and noblest creature! Ye also stated that ye would like to make peace with us. As for your present, I have estimated its value and considered it a part of your tax. I have made a treaty of peace with you and inserted one condition in it. If ye accept the condition and live up to it, well and good. Otherwise 'announce ye a war waged by Allah and his Prophet^[33]'. Peace be to those who follow the proper guidance."

The treaty with the people of Taflîs. Ḥabîb thence proceeded to Taflîs [Tiflis] and made the following statement of peace to its people:—

"In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. This is a statement from Ḥabîb ibn-Maslamah to the inhabitants of Taflîs which lies in Manjalîs^[34] at Jurzân al-Hurmuz,^[35] securing them safety for their lives, churches, convents, religious services and faith, provided they acknowledge their humiliation and pay tax to the amount of one dînâr on every household. Ye are not to combine more than one household into one in order to reduce the tax, nor are we to divide the same household into more than one in order to increase it. Ye owe us counsel and support against the enemies of Allah and his Prophet to the utmost of your ability, and are bound to entertain the needy Moslem for one night and provide him with that food used by 'the people of the Book' and which it is legal for us to partake of. If a Moslem is cut off from his companions and falls into your hands, ye are bound to deliver him to the nearest body of the 'Believers', unless something stands in the way. If ye return to the obedience^[36] of Allah and observe prayer, ye are our brethren in faith, otherwise poll-tax is incumbent on you. In case an enemy of yours attacks and subjugates you while the Moslems are too busy to come to your aid, the Moslems are not held responsible, nor is it a violation of the covenant with you. The above are your rights and obligations to which Allah and his angels are witness and it is sufficient to have Allah for witness."

The following is a copy of the treaty made by al-Jarrâḥ ibn-ʿAbdallâh-l-Ḥakami with the people of Taflîs:

"In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. This is a treaty made by al-Jarrâḥ ibn-ʿAbdallâh with the inhabitants of Taflîs in the district of Manjalîs and the province of Jurzân. They have shown me the treaty made with them by Ḥabîb ibn-Maslamah to the effect that they accept the humiliation of the tax, and that he made terms with them regarding lands belonging to them, vineyards, and mills, called Awâra and Sabîna in the district of Manjalîs, and regarding Ṭaʿâm and Dîdûna in the district of Ḳuḥuwîṭ in the province of Jurzân, stipulating that they pay on these mills and vineyards a tax of 100 dirhams per annum without repeating it. These terms of peace and security I put into effect and ordered that the sum be never increased on them. Let no one, therefore, to whom this my treaty is read increase the tax on them; so Allah wills. Written by—."

Various places conquered by Ḥabib. Ḥabib conquered Ḥawâriḥ, Kasfaryabs [?],^[37] Kisâl, Khunân, Samsakhi, al-Jardamân, Kastasji,^[38] Shaushit,^[39] and Bâzalît,^[40] which capitulated on the terms that the lives of the inhabitants be spared, that places of worship and their walls be not molested and that they pay annual tribute on their lands and persons. The people of Ḳalarjît, Tharyâlît,^[41] Khâkhîṭ,^[42] Khûkhîṭ,^[43] Arṭahâl,^[44] and Bâb al-Lâl^[45] also made terms with Ḥabîb. Aṣ-Ṣanârîyah and ad-Dûdânîyah made terms, agreeing to pay an annual tax.

Al-Bailaḳân. By order of ʿUthmân, Salmân ibn-Rabîʿah-l-Bâhili proceeded to Arrân. Here he conquered the city of al-Bailaḳân which capitulated on terms stipulating that he guarantee the safety of their lives, possessions and city walls, and that they pay poll-tax and kharâj.

Bardhaʿah and other places. Thence Salmân advanced to Bardhaʿah and camped on ath-Thurthûr^[46] river which flows at a distance of less than one parasang from the city. The inhabitants closed their city gates against him; and he made an attempt on it for many days, making raids on its villages. It was the time for reaping the harvest. At last, its people made terms similar to those of al-Bailaḳân and opened their gates. Thus he made his entrance and occupied the city. Salmân then sent his cavalry which conquered Shifshîn, al-Misfawân, Ûdh, al-Miṣryân,^[47] al-Hurḥilyân and Tabâr, all of which are districts. Other places in Arrân were reduced. The Kurds of al-Balâsajân^[48] he summoned to Islâm; but they fought against him and were subjugated. Some were made to pay tax and others ṣadaḳah; but the latter were few.

Shamkûr. I was informed by some people from Bardhaʿah that Shamkûr was an ancient city to which Salmân ibn-Rabîʿah sent someone who reduced it. It was well populated and flourishing until it was destroyed by as-Sâwardîyah, who after the departure of Yazîd ibn-Usaid from Armenia came together and became a source of trouble and misfortune. In the year 240, the city was rebuilt by Bugha, the freedman of al-Muʿtaṣim and the governor of Armenia, Adharbaijân and Shimshâṭ. He settled in it people from al-Khazar who, because of their interest in Islâm came, and sought security. He also transplanted merchants to it from Bardhaʿah and called it al-Mutawakkilîyah.

Ḳabalah and other places. Salmân thence advanced to the junction of ar-Rass and al-Kurr behind Bardîj. Crossing al-Kurr he reduced Ḳabalah; and the chief of Shakkan and al-Ḳamîbarân capitulated, agreeing to pay annual tax. In like manner did the people of Khaizân,^[49] the king of Sharwân and the other kings of al-Jibâl, the people of Masḳaṭ, ash-Shâbirân and the city of al-Bâb capitulate. The city of al-Bâb was closed after him. Khâḳân with his cavalry met Salmân beyond al-Balanjar river. The latter was killed with 4,000 Moslems who in that critical position were heard shouting "Allah is great!"^[50]

Salmân the first ḳâḍi of al-Kûfah. This Salmân ibn-Rabîʿah was the first to hold the position of ḳâḍi in al-Kûfah,^[51] where he spent forty days without hearing a case. He transmitted traditions on ʿUmar ibn-al-Khaṭṭâb's authority. Says ibn-Jumânah-l-Bâhili referring to Salmân and Ḳutaibah ibn-Muslim :

 

"We have two tombs one at Balanjar
and another at Ṣîn-Istân [China] and what a tomb that is!
The one who lies in China has brought about conquests in all places;
and the merits of the other cause abundant rain to fall."^[52]

 

Among the companions of Salmân at Balanjar was Ḳarẓah ibn-Kaʿb al-Anṣâri. It was he who carried the news of Salmân's death to ʿUthmân.

Ḥabîb put by ʿUthmân in charge of the frontier fortresses. Having made these conquests in Armenia, Ḥabîb reported his success to ʿUthmân ibn-ʿAffân who received his letter immediately after the news of Salmân's death. ʿUthmân was on the point of assigning Ḥabib over all Armenia; but he then deemed it best to put him in charge of the campaigns on the frontiers of Syria and Mesopotamia, because of his efficiency in doing what he intended to do. ʿUthmân conferred on Ḥudhaifah ibn-al-Yamân al-ʿAbsi the governorship of the frontier fortresses of Armenia; and the latter left for Bardhaʿah and sent his ʿâmils to the places that lay between it and Ḳâlîḳala and up to Khaizân. He then received ʿUthmân's message instructing him to depart and leave in his place Ṣilah ibn-Zufar al-ʿAbsi who was in his company. Ḥudhaifah assigned Ṣilah as his successor.

Ḥabîb returned to Syria and began his campaigns against the Greeks. He settled in Ḥimṣ, but Muʿâwiyah moved him to Damascus, where he died in the year 42, aged 35. Once when ʿUthmân was besieged, Muʿâwiyah sent this Ḥabîb at the head of an army to his relief. Having arrived in Wâdi-l-Ḳura, Ḥabîb heard of the death of ʿUthmân and took his way back.^[53]

Various governors of Adharbaijân and Armenia. ʿUthmân appointed al-Mughîrah ibn-Shuʿbah governor of Adharbaijân^[54] and Armenia, but dismissed him later, and appointed al-Ḳâsim ibn-Rabîʿah ibn-Umaiyah ibn-abi-aṣ-Ṣalt ath-Thaḳafi governor of Armenia. Others say he appointed ʿAmr ibn-Muʿâwiyah ibn-al-Muntafiḳ al-ʿUḳaili governor of Armenia; and still others say that for 15 years after al-Mughîrah, one of the banu-Kilâb ruled over Armenia, and that he was succeeded by al-ʿUḳaili. Under ʿAli ibn-abi-Ṭâlib, al-Ashʿath ibn Ḳais ruled over Armenia and Adharbaijân. He was followed by ʿAbdallâh ibn-Ḥâtim ibn-an-Nuʿmân ibn-ʿAmr al-Bâhili who ruled over it in the name of Muʿâwiyah. ʿAbdallâh died in it and was succeeded by his brother ʿAbd-al-ʿAzîz ibn-Ḥâtim ibn-an-Nuʿmân, who built the city of Dabîl, fortified it and enlarged its mosque. He also built the city of an-Nashawa and repaired the city of Bardhaʿah. Others say he rebuilt Bardhaʿah and deepened the trenches around it. He also rebuilt the city of al-Bailaḳân. These cities were dilapidated and ready to fall into ruins. According to others, it was Muḥammad ibn-Marwân who in the days of ʿAbd-al-Malik ibn-Marwân rebuilt Bardhaʿah. Al-Wâḳidi states that ʿAbd-al-Malik built Bardhaʿah under the supervision of Ḥâtim ibn-an-Nuʿmân al-Bâhili or his son. This ʿAbd-al-Malik appointed ʿUthmân ibn-al-Walîd ibn-ʿUḳbah ibn-abi-Muʿaiṭ to the governorship of Armenia.

Armenia rebels. During the insurrection of ibn-az-Zubair, Armenia rose and its nobles^[55] with their followers threw off their allegiance. When Muḥammad ibn-Marwân held under his brother ʿAbd-al-Malik the governorship of Armenia, he led the fight against them and won the victory, slaughtering and taking captives. Thus, he subdued the land. He promised those who survived higher stipends than the ordinary soldiers' pay. For that purpose they assembled in churches in the province of Khilâṭ where he locked them in and put guards on the door, and then he frightened them. In this campaign umm-Yazîd ibn-Usaid was taken captive from as-Sîsajân, she being the daughter of as-Sîsajân's patrician.

ʿAdi governor of Armenia. Sulaimân ibn-ʿAbd-al-Malik made ʿAdi ibn-ʿAdi ibn-ʿAmîrah^[56]-l-Kindi governor of Armenia. ʿAdi ibn-ʿAmîrah was one of those who had left ʿAli ibn-abi-Ṭâlib and settled in ar-Raḳḳah. He was later made the governor of Armenia by ʿUmar ibn-ʿAbd-al-ʿAzîz. This ʿAdi was the one after whom the Nahr ʿAdi at al-Bailaḳân was named. According to others, the ʿâmil of ʿUmar was Ḥâtim ibn-an-Nuʿmân, but that is not confirmed.

Miʿlaḳ and al-Ḥârith as governors. Yazîd ibn-ʿAbd-al-Malik conferred the governorship on Miʿlaḳ ibn-Ṣaffâr al-Bahrâni, but he later dismissed him and assigned al-Ḥârith ibn-ʿAmr aṭ-Ṭâʾi, who made an incursion against the inhabitants of al-Lakz^[57] conquering the district of Ḥasmadân.^[58]

Al-Jarrâḥ as governor. When al-Jarrâḥ ibn-ʿAbdallâh al-Ḥakami of Madhḥij became governor of Armenia, he stopped at Bardhaʿah where his attention was called to the different measures and weights used by the people and which he fixed according to the standards of justice and honesty introducing a new measure, called al-Jarrâḥi, with which they deal until to-day. After crossing al-Kurr,^[59] he marched until he went over the river known by the name of as-Samûr and came to al-Khazar, among whom he wrought a great slaughter. He also fought against the inhabitants of the land of Ḥamzîn^[60] and made terms with them stipulating that they be transplanted to the district of Khaizân where he gave them two villages. He then attacked the people of Ghûmîk^[61] and captured some of them. Turning back, he came to Shakka, and his army spent the winter at Bardhaʿah and al-Bailaḳân. Al-Khazar assembled their troops and crossed ar-Rass.^[62] He fought against them in Ṣaḥrâʾ [desert] Warthân, and when they withdrew to the region of Ardabîl^[63] he engaged them in battle at a distance of four parasangs from Armenia. After a three days' battle, he suffered martyrdom together with his men, and therefore was the river called Nahr al-Jarrâḥ. A bridge spanning it also bore the same name.

Maslamah as governor. Hishâm ibn-ʿAbd-al-Malik after that appointed Maslamah ibn-ʿAbd-al-Malik to the governorship of Armenia, put at the head of the van of his [Maslamah's] army Saʿîd ibn-ʿAmr ibn-Aswad al-Jurashi, and accompanied him by Isḥâḳ ibn-Muslim al-ʿUḳaili with his brothers, Jaʿwanah ibn-al-Ḥârith ibn-Khâlid of the banu-Rabîʿah ibn-ʿÂmir ibn-Ṣaʿṣaʿah, Dhufâfah and Khâlid—the two sons of ʿUmair ibn-al-Ḥubâb as-Sulami—al-Furât ibn-Salmân al-Bâhili, and al-Walîd ibn-al-Ḳaʿkâʿ al-ʿAbsi. Saʿîd engaged in conflict with al-Khazar who were at this time besieging Warthân, and forced them to withdraw, putting them to flight. Al-Khazar came to Maimadh in Adharbaijân; and as Saʿîd was preparing for the conflict with them, he received a message from Maslamah ibn-ʿAbd-al-Malik blaming him for attacking al-Khazar before his [Maslamah's] arrival, and informing him that he had assigned in his place over the army ʿAbd-al-Malik ibn-Muslim al-ʿUḳaili. As soon as Saʿîd turned over the army to his successor, he was arrested by Maslamah's messenger who fettered him and carried him to Bardhaʿah where he was thrown into its prison. Al-Khazar left and Maslamah followed them. When Maslamah communicated the news to Hishâm, Hishâm wrote back:

 

"Dost thou leave them at Maimadh where thou canst see them,
and then seek them beyond the limit of soil [where sand begins]?"

 

Thereupon Hishâm ordered that al-Jurashi be released from prison.

Maslamah made peace with the people of Khaizân, and by his order, its fort was dismantled. He appropriated in it estates for himself. It is known to-day by the name of Ḥauz Khaizân. The kings of al-Jibal also made peace with him. The Shâhs of Sharwân, Lirân, Ṭabarsarân, Fîlân and Jarshân presented themselves before him; and so did the chief of Masḳaṭ Maslamah, thereupon, betook himself to the city of al-Bâb, which he reduced. In its castle were a thousand families of al-Khazar whom he besieged and against whom he hurled stones and then pieces of iron shaped like stones. All that, however, was of no avail. He, therefore, resorted to the spring, the water of which had conducted into their cistern, and slew on it cows and sheep throwing the contents of their stomachs and some assafœtida into the water. It did not take the water more than one night before it bred worms, became vitiated and corrupted. Therefore, the holders of the castle fled under the cover of the night and vacated the castle. In the city of al-Bâb wa-l-Abwâb, 24,000 Syrians were settled by Maslamah ibn-ʿAbd-al-Malik and assigned stipends. Accordingly, the inhabitants of al-Bâb to-day do not allow any ʿâmil to enter their city unless he has money to distribute among them. He, moreover, built a granary for food, another for barley, and an armory. He ordered that the cistern be filled with earth, repaired the city, and provided it with embattlements. In the company of Maslamah was Marwân ibn-Muḥammad who took part in the attack against al-Khazar and distinguished himself in fighting. After Maslamah, Hishâm appointed Saʿîd al-Jurashi who spent two years in the frontier region.

Marwân as governor. Marwân ibn-Muḥammad^[64] then became the ruler of the frontier and took up his abode at Kisâl. Marwân was the one who built the city of Kisâl. This city lies 40 parasangs from Bardhaʿah and 20 from Taflîs. Marwân then entered the country of al-Khazar next to Bâb al-Lân and made Asîd^[65] ibn-Zâfir as-Sulami abu-Yazîd, accompanied by the kings of al-Jibâl, enter it from the side of al-Bâb wa-l-Abwâb. Then Marwân made an incursion on the Slavs who were in the land of al-Khazar and captured 20,000 families whom he settled in Khâkhîṭ. When they later put their commander to death and took to flight, Marwân pursued and slaughtered them.

When the chief of al-Khazar learned of the great number of men with whom Marwân had swept over his land and of their equipment and strength, his heart was filled with cowardice and fear. When Marwân came close to him, he sent him a messenger inviting him to "Islâm or war", to which he replied, "I have accepted Islâm. Send therefore someone to present it to me." Marwân did so. The chief professed Islâm and made a treaty with Marwân according to which Marwân confirmed him as ruler of his kingdom. Marwân with a host of al-Khazar accompanied the chief; and al-Khazar were made to settle in the plain of the province of al-Lakz between as-Samâr and ash-Shâbirân.

The land of as-Sarîr. After that, Marwân made his entrance to the land of as-Sarîr, slaughtered its inhabitants, and reduced certain forts in it. Its king offered him submission and allegiance and made terms, agreeing to give every year 1,000 youths—500 lads and 500 maids—with black hair and eyebrows and with long eyelashes, together with 100,000 modii^[66] to be poured in the granaries of al-Bâb. Marwân took from him a pledge.

The people of Tûmân made terms with Marwân, agreeing to give every year 100 youths—50 maids and 50 lads—each 5 spans in height, with black hair and eyebrows and with long eyelashes, together with 20,000 modii for the granaries.

The land of Zirîkirân. He then entered the land of Zirîkirân,^[67] whose king made terms, agreeing to offer fifty youths, and 10,000 modii for the granaries every year. Thence he proceeded to the land of Ḥamzîn which refused to make terms and whose fort, after an investment of one month, he reduced. He then set fire to the fort and destroyed it. The terms agreed upon were that they give 500 youths only once and not to be responsible for such a gift any more, and that they carry 30,000 modii every year to the granaries of al-Bâb. Then he advanced to Sindân,^[68] which capitulated on condition that it offer 100 youths to be given by its chief only once and not to be responsible for such a gift in the future, together with 5,000 modii to be carried every year to the granaries of al-Bâb. On the followers of the Shah of Ṭabarsarân, Marwân assessed 10,000 modii to be carried per annum to the granaries of al-Bâb; but on the Shâh of Filân he did not assess anything, because of his distinction in warfare, ability in conflict and the praiseworthiness of his cause.

Al-Lakz, Khirsh and other places. Marwân thence made a descent on al-Lakz castle [whose chief] had refused to pay anything of what was assessed, had set out to meet the chief of al-Khazar and was killed by a shepherd who shot an arrow at him without knowing him. The people of al-Lakz then made terms, agreeing to give 20,000 modii to be carried to the granaries. Having appointed Khashram as-Sulami as their ruler, Marwân came to the castle of the chief of Sharwân which was called Khirsh and which lay on the sea shore. The chief rendered submission and agreed to leave the height.^[69] Marwân imposed 10,000 modii on the people of Sharwân per annum, and made it a condition on their chief to be in the van of the army when the Moslems start the attack against al-Khazar, and in the rear when they return; and on the Shâh of Filân that he should only take part in the attack; on the Shâh of Ṭabarsarân that he be in the rear when the Moslems start, and in the van when they return.

Thâbit rebels. Marwân then advanced to ad-Dûdânîyah and slaughtered its people. The news of the death of al-Walîd ibn-Yazîd then came to him, and Thâbit ibn-Nuʿaim al-Judhâmi rose against him.^[70] Musâfir al-Ḳaṣṣâb, who was one of those established in al-Bâb by aḍ-Ḍaḥḥâk al-Khâriji [the rebel], now came to Thâbit, espoused his cause and was made by him governor over Armenia and Adharbaijân. Musâfir then came to Ardabîl in disguise, where he was joined by a group of the ash-Shurat, and they all came to Bâjarwân^[71] in which they found people with similar views and were joined by them. Thence they came to Warthân from whose inhabitants a large body of men, who held similar views, joined them; and they all crossed over to al-Bailaḳân where they were joined by a large crowd holding similar views. Marwân then came to Yûnân.^[72] Isḥâḳ ibn-Muslim was made governor of Armenia by Marwân ibn-Muḥammad and never ceased to fight against Musâfir who was at al-Kilâb castle in as-Sisajân.

When the "blessed dynasty" appeared and abu-Jaʿfar al-Manṣûr was made ruler of Mesopotamia and Armenia in the caliphate of as-Saffâḥ abu-l-ʿAbbâs, he sent against Musâfir and his followers a general from Khurâsân, who fought them until he overpowered them and slew Musâfir. The inhabitants of al-Bailaḳân, who had fortified themselves in al-Kilâb castle under the leadership of Ḳadad ibn-Aṣfar al-Bailaḳâni, surrendered.

The governorship of Yazîd. When al-Manṣûr became caliph, he made Yazîd ibn-Usaid as-Sulami governor of Armenia. The latter reduced Bâb al-Lân and stationed in it a cavalry guard with stipends. He also subdued aṣ-Ṣanârîyah, whose inhabitants paid kharâj. In compliance with al-Manṣûr's orders, he married the daughter of the king of al-Khazar. She gave birth to a child which did not live; she herself died in child-birth. Yazîd sent someone to the naphtha and salt mines of the land of Sharwân and levied tax on them. He put someone in charge of them. He also built the city of Arjîl aṣ-Ṣughra [the Less] and Arjîl al-Kubra [the Great], and settled people from Palestine in them.

Ash-Shamâkhîyah. Muḥammad ibn-Ismâʿîl from certain sheikhs from Bardhaʿah:—Ash-Shamâkhîyah^[73] which lay in the province of Sharwân was thus called after ash-Shamâkh ibn-Shujâʿ, who was the king of Sharwân during the rule of Saʿîd ibn-Sâlim^[74] al-Bâhili over Armenia.

Al-Hasan suppresses the revolt. Muḥammad ibn-Ismâʿîl from certain sheikhs:—After the dismissal of ibn-Usaid and Bakkâr ibn-Muslim al-ʿUḳaili, and during the governorship of al-Ḥasan ibn-Ḳaḥṭabah aṭ-Ṭâʾi, the Armenians broke off their allegiance under their chief Mûshâʾîl^[75] al-Armani. Al-Manṣûr sent reinforcements under ʿÂmir ibn-Ismâʾîl. Al-Ḥasan engaged himself in fight with Mûshâʿîl and killed him, dispersing his troops. Things went on well with al-Ḥasan. The Nahr al-Ḥasan in al-Bailaḳân is named after this al-Ḥasan; and so are the Bâgh^[76] at Bardhaʿah named Bâgh al-Hasan, and the crown-lands known as al-Ḥasanîyah.

Different governors of Armenia. ʿUthmân ibn-ʿUmârah ibn-Khuraim succeeded al-Ḥasan ibn-Ḳaḥṭabah, and then came Rauḥ ibn-Ḥâtim al-Muhallabi, Khuzaimah ibn-Khâzim, Yazîd ibn-Mazyad ash-Shaibâni, ʿUbaidallâh ibn-al-Mahdi, al-Faḍl ibn-Yaḥya, Saʿîd ibn-Sâlim, and Muḥammad ibn-Yazîd ibn-Mazyad. Of these rulers, Khuzaimah was the severest. It was he who introduced the system by which Dabîl and an-Nashawa paid land tax according to the area, not the produce. The Armenian patricians did not cease to hold their lands as usual, each trying to protect his own region; and whenever a ʿâmil came to the frontier they would coax him; and if they found in him purity and severity, as well as force and equipment, they would give the kharâj and render submission, otherwise they would deem him weak and look down upon him.

The governorship of Khâlid ibn-Yazîd. In the caliphate of al-Maʾmûn, the Armenian patricians were under the rule of Khâlid ibn-Yazîd ibn-Mazyad, who accepted their presents and associated personally with them. This corrupted them and encouraged them against the ʿâmils of al-Maʿmûn who came after him.

Al-Ḥasan ibn-ʿAli over the frontier region. Al-Muʿtaṣim-Billâh appointed to the governorship of the frontier region al-Ḥasan ibn-ʿAli-l-Bâdhaghisi, better known as al-Maʿmûni, who let its patricians and nobles go their way, and dealt so leniently with them that they became more disloyal to the Sultan and more severe on the people who came under their rule. Jurzân was subdued by Isḥâḳ ibn-Ismâʿîl ibn-Shuʿaib, a freedman of the banu-Umaiyah. Sahl ibn-Sanbâṭ, the patrician, rose against the ʿâmil of Ḥaidar ibn-Kâwus al-Afshîn over Armenia and killed his secretary and had a narrow escape by flight. Armenia after this was ruled by ʿâmils who would remit to its people what was due from them, and accept whatever kharâj could be offered.

The governorship of Yûsuf ibn-Muḥammad. Two years after al-Mutawakkil became caliph, he conferred the governorship of Armenia upon Yûsuf ibn-Muḥammad ibn-Yûsuf al-Marwazi. As he passed through Khilâṭ, Yûsuf seized its patrician Buḳrâṭ ibn-Ashûṭ and carried him off to Surra-man-raʾa, which act greatly offended the patricians, nobles and feudal lords [Ar. mutaghallibah] . Later a ʿâmil of his, named al-ʿAlâʾ ibn-Aḥmad, went to a convent at as-Sîsajân, called Dair al-Aḳdâḥ, which was highly respected and richly endowed with gifts by the Armenian Christians, and carried away all what was in it and oppressed its occupants. This act was too much for the patricians, who held communication with each other and urged each other to throw off their allegiance and rise in revolt. They instigated al-Khuwaithiyah,^[77] who were "uncircumcised" and were known by the name of al-Arṭân, to fall upon Yûsuf, and urged them against him in revenge for the carrying-away of their patrician Buḳrâṭ. Meanwhile, every one of the patricians and feudal lords sent them horses and men to help them bring that about. Accordingly, they fell upon Yûsuf at Ṭarûn, after he had distributed his followers in the villages, and slew him, carrying away all that his camp contained.

The governorship of Bugha the Elder. Al-Mutawakkil assigned to the governorship of Armenia Bugha-l-Kabîr [the Elder] who, arriving in Badlîs, seized Mûsa ibn-Zurârah who, in revenge for Buḳrâṭ, had favored and taken part in killing Yûsuf. Bugha warred against al-Khuwaithiyah, slaughtering a great number, and carrying many away as captives. He then invested Ashûṭ ibn-Ḥamzah ibn-Jâjiḳ, the patrician of al-Busfurrajân, at al-Bâḳ,^[78] compelled him to surrender his castle and carried him as captive to Surra-man-raʾa. He then advanced to Jurzân and succeeded in laying hold on Isḥâḳ ibn-Ismâʿîl, whom he kept in confinement until his death. Bugha reduced Jurzân, and carried away those Christians and non-Christians of Arrân, of the elevated region of Armenia,^[79] and of as-Sîsajân, who belonged to the revolutionary party. Thus the political state of affairs in that frontier region became so quiet as never before. In the year 241, he came to Surra-man-raʾa.

Footnotes

1. The Encyclopaedia of Islâm, vol. i, p. 444.
2. Khurdâdhbih, pp. 122–123.
3. i. e., the king. He belonged to the Sassanian Dynasty.
4. Derbend. See Meynard, Dictionnaire de la Perse, p. 68; Hamadhâni, pp. 286–288; Ḥauḳal, pp. 241–242.
5. Cf. St. Martin, Mémoires sur l'Arménie, vol. i, pp. 207–214.
6. Hamadhâni, p. 288, "Shakka"; Yâḳût, "Shaḳa"; Ḥauḳal, p. 254, "Shakka".
7. Hamadhâni, p. 288, "ad-Durzûḳiyah"; St. Martin, vol. ii, p. 189.
8. Cf. Hamadhâni, p. 288.
9. Brosset, Histoire de la Georgie, vol. i, p. 238.
10. The Turkish king.
11. Iṣṭakhri, p. 191, note f; Masʿûdi, vol. ii, pp. 41–42.
12. St. Martin, vol. i, p. 76.
13. Cf. Meynard, p. 437, "Qabq (Caucase)".
14. Petty kings among whom the Persian kingdom was divided after Alexander. Ṭabari, vol. i, pp. 704–713.
15. Hamadhâni, p. 292.
16. Armen. Karin, modern Erzerum.
17. Müller, Der Islam in Morgen- und Abendland, pp. 259–260.
18. Referring to the Greek general.
19. Ṭabari, vol. i, pp. 2893–2894.
20. Ibid., vol. i, pp. 2807–2808.
21. Patrician of Armaniyâḳus which province is listed in De Goeje's edition of Balâdhuri as a name of person.
22. Ar. fâda bihim; see Mawardi, pp. 82 and 232.
23. St. Martin, vol. i, p. 101.
24. Original not clear.
25. St. Martin, vol. i, p. 175.
26. "Aschdischad," St. Martin, vol. i, p. 101; Yâḳût, vol. i, p. 199, "Ardashât".
27. Balâdhuri reads "Ḳirmiz," which is a clerical error.
28. Marâṣid, vol. i, p. 25.
29. Original not clear.
30. Certain diacritical points missing.
31. Meynard, p. 335.
32. Cf. Ṭabari, vol. i, p. 2674.
33. Kor., 2: 279.
34. Brosset, vol. i, pp. 245, 248.
35. and not "Ḳirmiz" as Balâdhuri has it. See Ṭabari, vol. i, p. 2674.
36. Ṭabari, vol. i, p. 2675: "become Moslem".
37. Lacking in diacritical points.
38. Brosset, vol. i, p. 512.
39. St. Martin: "Schauscheth"; cf. Ḳazwîni, vol. ii, p. 413, line 20.
40. Brosset, vol. i, pp. 45, 86.
41. "Thrialeth," Brosset, vol. i, pp. 248, 285.
42. "Kakheth" in Brosset, l. l.
43. "Kukhet," Brosset, vol. i, pp. 315, 349; St. Martin, vol. ii, p. 198.
44. Brosset, vol. i, p. 39.
45. St. Martin, vol. ii, p. 227.
46. St. Martin, vol. i, p. 87.
47. Text not clear.
48. Yâḳût, vol. i, p. 173, and vol. ii, p. 780.
49. St. Martin, vol. i, pp. 175 seq.; Yâḳût, vol. ii, p. 507: "Khaizâr"; Masʿûdi, vol. ii, pp. 39–40; Meynard, p. 350.
50. Yaʿḳûbi, vol. ii, p. 194.
51. Gottheil, Egyptian Cadis, page VI.
52. For an explanation see ibn-Ḳutaibah, Kitâb al-Maʿârif, p. 221.
53. Ghazarian, "Armenien unter der Arab Herrschaft," Zeitschrift für Armen. PhiloL, vol. ii, pp. 177–182 (Marburg, 1904).
54. Meynard, pp. 14–17.
55. Ar. aḥrâr, the class that constituted the aristocracy of Armenia before the Persian rule; see Yâḳût, vol. i, pp. 222, 438.
56. Ṭabari, vol. ii, p. 887: "ʿUmairah".
57. Yâḳût, vol. iv, p. 364.
58. "Jashmadân," Iṣtakhri, p. 187.
59. Iṣṭakhri, p. 187.
60. "Ḥamrîn," Maḥâsin. vol. i, p. 318.
61. "Ghumîk," Iṣṭakhri, p. 185; cf. Masʿûdi, vol. ii, p. 40; "ʿAmîk" in Yâḳût, vol. i, p. 438.
62. Iṣṭakhri, p. 187; Yâḳût, vol. ii, p. 779.
63. Meynard, pp. 21–22.
64. Brosset, vol. i, pp. 238 seq.
65. "Usaid" in Duraid, p. 187, line before last.
66. Wheat measure.
67. Original not clear.
68. Lacking in diacritical points, d'Ohsson, p. 68; "Misdâr" in Maḥâsin, vol. i, p. 318.
69. Surrender the castle.
70. Ṭabari, vo i ii, pp 1892 seq.
71. Meynard, p. 74.
72. First syllable mutilated in the original; cf. Iṣṭakhri, p. 192; Ḥauḳal, p. 251.
73. Muḳaddasi, p. 276; Iṣtakhri, p. 192; Meynard, p. 353: "Shamâkhi."
74. "Salm," Ṭabari, vol. iii, p. 305.
75. St. Martin, vol. i, p. 342; Brosset, vol. i, p. 159.
76. Persian—garden, vineyard.
77. St. Martin, vol. i, p. 100.
78. Khurdâdhbih, p. 123, line 11; Ṭabari, vol. iii, p. 1410, line 3.
79. Text corrupt.