The Tribes of Burma/Bibliographical notes/Central and Southern Chins

by Cecil Champain Lowis

THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN CHINS (EXCEPT KAMIS AND MROS).

References :

HUGHES=" The Hill Tracts of Arakan." G. Hughes, Rangoon, 1881.
U. B. GAZETTEER = Condensation of a Report by Captain Rainey, Rangoon, 1890.
HOUGHTON = " Essay on the Language of the Southern Chins and its Affinities/' B. Houghton, Rangoon, 1892. RIGBY=" History of Operations in Northern Arakan and Yawdwin Chin Hills." Captain G. Rigby, Rangoon, 1897. KORPER=" Brief Description of the Po Ko Chin Tract." S. Korper, Rangoon, 1907.

Serial No.	Head.	Brief description.	Authority.	Page.
1	2	3	4	5
1	Present habitat.	Pakôkku Chin Hills and hills to the south.	Rigby ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I.	61 459
2	Origin ...	From region of Tibet ...	Houghton ... ... Burma Census Report, 1901, Part I. Thayetmyo District Gazetteer, Rangoon, 1873.	2,  xi 122 48
3	Political and social divisions.	Tribes and clans ...	Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Houghton ... ... Burma Census Report, 1891, Vol. I. "Burma." Sir G. Scott, London, 1906,	359 xii 199 105
4	Allied tribes	Northern Chins in north, Kamis and Mros, Taungthas, Chaung-thas	Körper ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Huehes ... ... British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II.	5 459 8, 14 260
5	Language and dialects.	Chinbok, etc, Shö or Khyang ; Southern Chin, Yoma Chin. All belonging to the Kuki Chin group of the Tibetn-Burman branch.	Linguistic Survey of India,   Vol. III, Part III. Houghton ... Burma Census Report, 1901, Part I. Burma Census Report, 1891, Vol I.	331 83 162
6	Religion	Primitive form of animism.	British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I.	262 460
7	Birth ceremonies and infanticide.	Children passed backwards and forwards over khaung pot ; thread tied on hands, etc.	Körper ... ... Houghton ...	7 xiv
8	Magic and witchcraft.	Propitiation of nats; use of eggs for propitiation and divination.	Rigby ... ... Hughes ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I.	67 17 460
9	Tabu ...	Ceremony of Ya. (Query. Do the Chins observe it as well as Kamis and Mros ?)	British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II.	69
10	Initiatory ceremonies.	Cotton string tied on infant.	Houghton ... ... British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II.	xiv 261
11	Totems and tribal marks.	Comments on ...	Houghton ...	xiii
12	Marriage customs and ceremonies	Marriage by purchase. Marriage feasts; payment for bride by instalments ; polygamy, etc.	Rigby ... ... Körper ... ... Hughes ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I.	68 8 17, 25 467 263 364
13	Marital relations.	Divorce, etc. ...	Körper ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II.	8 467 264
14	Death and burial ceremonies.	Body usually burnt ; ashes collected and buried under stones; weapons and food placed near grave.	British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. Rigby ... ... Körper ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Hughes ... ... Houghton ... ...	264 68 6, 8, 9 467 23 xv
15	Clothing ...	Men—diminutive loin cloth and body covering, varying. Women—generally smock and petticoat (short).	Rigby ... ... Körper ... ... Hughes ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Houghton ... ... British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II.	63, 64 6, 7 12 460 xvii 265
16	Personal ornaments.	Hair ornaments, bangles: necklaces, hairpins, feathers, earrings, belts worked with small bells, wrist guards, etc.	Rigby ... ... Korper ... ...	63 7
17	Painting and tattooing.	Laws Women's faces tattooed, lines, dots or without pattern. Breasts sometimes tattooed.	Rigby ... ... Körper ... ... Hughes ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Houghton ... ... British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II.	63, 64 8 13 466 xvii 265
18	Games and amusements.	Drinking bouts ; dancing.	Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Rigby ... ...	467 71
19	War ...	Raids ; collection of raiders ; division of spoil	Rigby ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I.	69, 70, 73 465
20	Hunting ...	Driving, pit-falls, poisoning water for fish, etc. Hunting trophies stored in house. Trophy posts.	Rigby ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I.	66, 71 464
21	Agriculture ...	Taungya cultivation, millet, rice, etc., grown.	Rigby ... ... Hughes ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I.	66 18 464
22	Habitations ..	Wood, bamboo and thatch, more substantial than Burmese. In some cases flat ends ; in some semi-circular porch.	Rigby ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I.	65 465
23	Government ...	Authority exercised by Chiefs or headmen, village elders.	Körper ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I.	5 460
24	Laws ...	Chin law, Inheritance, property, etc.	Hughes ... ... Customary" Law of the Chins. Tet Pyo, Rangoon, 1884. British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II.	28 264
25	Covenants, oaths, ordeals.	Various forms of oaths, none specially binding; water poured over head of tiger, thabye, etc.	Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. Thayetmyo District Gazetteer, Rangoon, 1873.	467 265 53
26	Crimes ...	Raids for motives of revenge.	Rigby ... ...	69
27	Character ...	Honesty, non-inquisitiveness, drunkenness, blood thirstiness.	Rigby ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Houghton ... ... British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II.	70, 73 466 xvii 265
28	Property ...	See " Laws."
29	Slavery ...	Slaves taken at raids kept or sold. Well treated on the whole.	Rigby ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I.	70 465
30	Trade ...	Jungle produce exchanged for salt, gongs, etc.	Körper ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I.	3, 4 464
31	Measures and weights.	Grain measures ...	Rigby ... ...	72
32	Mediums of exchange.	Earrings ... ...	Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1908, Vol. X.	283
33	Music and poetry.	Musical instruments, local banjo.	Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I.	467
34	Arts, e.g., pottery, weaving, dyeing.	Pottery ... ...	Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I.	464
35	Weapons and implements.	Bows and arrows, knives, spears; leather or cane-work armour; baskets.	Rigby ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I.	70 462
36	Arithmetic ...	Counting by notches in sticks or knots in string. Methods of enumeration employed at Census.	Rigby ... ... Burma Census Report, 1901, Part, I.	72 lxxvii
37	Food, drink, etc.	Khaung, preparation and method of drinking, use of tobacco in pipes.	Rigby ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. Thayetmyo District Gazetteer, Rangoon, 1873.	71 403, 466 262 50
38	Miscellaneous, folklore, etc.	Chin myths ... Po Kos' belief that all mankind came   from five eggs. Similar egg origin story	Houghton ... ... Korper ... ... British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II.	xix 6 261
39	Anthropome-tric data.	Cephalic index ... 79.8 Facial index ... 121.4 Height standing 158.5	Anthropometric data from Burma. B, Gupta, Calcutta, 1906.	66