The War with Mexico/Volume 2/Notes On Chapter 31
XXXI. THE AMERICANS AS CONQUERORS
1. For the conduct of naval men see pp. 208-9 and note 30 of that chapter.
2. The American policy. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 155-8, 165-6, 284. Matamoros Flag, July 14, 1846. 60Marcy to McElroy, May 19, 1846. Polk, Diary, May 19-20. Our proclamations had some effect upon the people, but probably not much. They were accustomed to meaningless promises. 3. Gen. Patterson once asserted that volunteers were no worse than regulars, but the evidence of other officers and of the Mexicans was overwhelmingly against him. Regulars committed offences, but these appear to have been commonly pilfering, and to have been chargeable mostly to fresh recruits. It is probable, however, that the volunteers often bore the blame for acts done by soldiers dishonorably discharged, deserters, teamsters and other civilian employees and by the many "black legs" and "human vultures" who followed the army. The great difficulty was to identify the culprits. Mexicans were often afraid to testify against our soldiers.
4. After Matamoros was captured, crowds of women and girls continued to bathe naked in the river. The same thing occurred elsewhere.
5. A Mexican wrote to Gen. Mejía that Taylor expressly refused to accept any responsibility for such men, and that he said the people might kill them.
6. The Matamoros district. 91Ayuntamiento archives. Davis, Autobiog., 102. Meade, Letters, i, 86, 91, 105, 108-9, 147. 218Hershaw narrative. Tilden, Notes, 21. Robertson, Remins., 71. Scott (256 to Marcy, Jan. 16, 1847, private) gave an appalling account of the outrages and added, "As far as I can learn, not one of the felons has been punished." 291Cushing to Pierce, May 4, 1847. Smith, Chile con Carne, 292-4. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 22. Buhoup, Narrative, 50. Oswandel, Notes, 37, 49, 198. V. Cruz American Eagle, Apr. 10, 1847. 13Giffard to Pakenham, May 28; to Bankhead, May 20; June 9. 13Bankhead, no. 118, 1846. French, Two Wars, 58. 65Taylor, gen. orders 62, May 17; 65, May 23; 94, Aug. 2. 65Patterson, orders, Sept. 29; Oct. 14. Picayune, Aug. 4, 25. New Orl. Commer. Bulletin, Sept. 22. 69Cushing, order, Sept. 24, 1847. 69Longoria, statement, Aug. 17. 60Patterson to Bliss, Oct. 21. 60Taylor to Hepburn et al., Nov. 2. Zirckel, Vagebuch, 45-6. Matamoros Reveille, June 24. Henry, Camp. Sketches, 118, 122, 124, 137. Giddings, Sketches, 89. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1178. Niles, Aug. 1, 1846, p. 341; Sept. 12, p. 23. Davis, Recolls., 236. Spirit of the Times, July 4. Sedgwick, Corresp., i., 4-5. New London Morning News, Dec. 10. History Teacher's Mag., Apr., 1912 (Vieregg). 308Shields to Walker, Aug. 3. Nat. Intelligencer, Dec. 23, 1846. 193Foster to father, Aug. 14, 1846 (Matamoros a "complete sink of pollution"). 180Pillow to wife, Sept. 6, 1846. 76Mejía, June 20. 76Spanish consul, Matamoros, June 7. 76Oarcía to Parrodi June 20; Aug. 10. 76Division of the North, Noticias, July 8. 76Gaceta de Tamaulipas, July 16. 76Parrodi, June 3. 76Carroll to Faulac, Aug. 9.
7. In June, 1847, Taylor expressed the opinion that the Texan horse had scarcely made one expedition without committing murder, and asked that no more should be sent to him (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1178). Sorre of them committed outrages at Parras, where the Americans had been kindly treated, and Wool then ordered that Texan volunteers should not be sent on distant expeditions except under "extraordinary circumstances" (69McDowell to Hamtramck, Dec. 10, 1847).
8. E.q.: No soldier quartered outside the town (as nearly all were) could enter it without a pass signed by his captain and his colonel. Such passes were good for only one day, and only two could be issued the sere day in the same company. Soldiers could use only a particular road and had to leave the city before the retreat was sounded (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 508). Besides punishing offences, our commanders endeavored, first of all, to prevent the sale of liquor; secondly, to shut out gamblers and other undesirable followers of the army; and, thirdly, to inculcate a sense of humanity and a regard for the rights of the people. In April, 1847, well-to-do refugees were ordered to return to Monterey under the threat of occupying their houses, for while absent they were beyond the reach of American taxes and were encouraging guerillas (97Monterey judge, Apr. 14, 1847). A similar policy was followed elsewhere.
9. American officers were not, however, flabby in protecting the lives of their men, and sometimes the authorities or the people of a place where one of these fell a victim to Mexican hate were held responsible until the culprit was discovered (e.g., 61Wool to Pleasanton, Jan. 15, 1848). Such wholesale justice was often the only possible kind, and there is ample evidence that even the cruel retaliation practised by our soldiers had good effects.
10. The Monterey district. Meade, Letters, ii., 108, 130, 147, 161. 218Henshaw narrative. Picayune, Jan. 27, 1847, 212Hastings, diary, May 28, 1847. Giddings, Sketches, 221, 325. Buhoup, Narrative, 108. Thorpe, Our Army at Monterey, 120. 144Cassidy, recolls. Anon. diary. 97Ayunt., Saltillo, Apr. 14, 1847. 93Ayunt., Monterey, Oct. 8, 1846; May 18, 1847. Durango Registro Oficial, Oct. 15, 1846. Epoca, Oct. 17. London Times, June 15, 1847. 221Hill, diary. 280Nunelee, diary. 303Orders 149, Dec. 3, 1846. Everett, Recolls., 216-9. 13Giffard to Bankhead, May 20, 1846. 13Bankhead, no. 118, 1846. Diario, Oct. 9, 24; Nov.2. Monitor Repub., Oct. 18,28; Nov. 20. Washington Union, Dec. 29. National Intelligencer, Sept. 10; Nov. 11; Dec. 7, 23. Metropol. Mag., Dec., 1907 (Hamilton). Henry, Camp. Sketches, 222-5. Smith, To Mexico, 85, 89. 61Hamtramck to McDowell, Jan. 20, 1848. 65Wool, orders 67, Feb. 26, 1848. 65Taylor, gen. orders, 126, Oct. 5, 1846; 149, Dec. 2. 65Patterson, orders, Sept. 29; Oct. 14. 65Wool, orders 7, 15, 25, 31, 64, 66-7, 94, 112, Jan.-Mar., 1848. 65Taylor, special orders 114, Sept., 1847. 65Wool, special orders 147, 156, Dec., 1847. 61Wool to Hamtramck, Dec. 18, 1847. 61McDowell to Hamtramck, Dec. 10, 1847; to Butler, Mar. 2, 1848. 61Wool to Pleasanton, Jan. 15, 1848. 307Roberts, diary, Nov. 28; Dec. 5, 1846. Delta, Aug. 15, 1847. 147Chamberlain, diary. Apuntes, 65. Gaceta Extraordinaria, Victoria, Aug. 17, 1846. Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i, 281. 69Morales to Taylor, Sept. 29; Oct. 6. 65Worth, orders, Oct. 8. 69Id. to Bliss, Sept. 27; Oct. 5. 61Id., endorsement on statement of Gaines. 61Taylor, June 4, 1847. 61Wool to Jones, May 9, 1848. J. Davis in Cong. Globe, 37, 1, app., p. 1034. 93Mitchell, proclam., Apr. 6, 1847. 93Tibbatts, orders, Sept. 8, 1847. Republicano, Apr. 14, 1847. Carpenter, Travels, 13, 29, 30. 52Dimond, no. 341, May 24, 1846. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 430-1, 1125, 1188, 1178 (Taylor); 508, 512-3, orders 126, 146, 149; 533, spec. orders 113. Niles, Nov. 14, 1846, p. 165; Nov. 21, p. 180; Apr. 10, 1847, p. 89; Oct. 23, p. 115. 370Taylor to Louisville Legion, Dec. 1, 1846. Hist. Mag., May, 1870 (Deas). Sen. 32; 31,1, p. 43. 214Hays and Caperton, Life of Hays. Observador Zacatecano, Dec. 27, 1846, supplement. 76González to S. Anna, Nov. 21, 1846. 76Garcia to Parrodi, Aug. 10, 1846. 76Ampudia, Oct. 4, 1846. 76J. F. Rada, Oct. 17. 76Letter from Cadercita, Apr. 5, 1847. 76Many others.
By the end of the war desolation marked the route from the Rio Grande to Saltillo except at the sizable towns. To the credit of the volunteers it should be added that on Mar. 9, 1847, two priests and other citizens of Monterey presented a 93petition to Taylor to let the Kentucky regiment garrison the city, not only because those soldiers were accustomed to it, but because their "well known morality and good conduct" inspired "security and confidence."
11. Some of the orders were: Strangers now here and Mexicans arriving must report for examination, no Mexican may have arms or leave town without permission, all Mexicans conducting themselves properly are entitled to civil and kind treatment as well as protection, and the troops must not molest them under pain of severe punishment (Jan. 25, 1847); All officers are to see that soldiers annoying the Mexicans are punished (Feb. 1); Not only officers but men are to arrest any soldier maltreating a Mexican (Feb. 12); Gambling-houses and drinking-houses must be broken up, no one may stay in town who would countenance such things, "improper intruders" will not be tolerated, and quiet must be maintained (March 16); Officers in town without my express permission must return to the camp at Buena Vista (June 6); No one may reside at Saltillo, if able to work, without some honest vocation, a tariff of prices will be issued from time to time, public exhibitions and dances without permission are prohibited, Mexican houses may not be taken for private uses without the consent of the owners (July 9). Some of these orders were merely repetitions of orders previously given. The policy was to have no more troops in town than were needed to guard property, etc. To prevent serious outrages, soldiers were forbidden to leave the camp at Buena Vista armed (65Aug. 10, 1847); and this was the rule elsewhere.
12. The Saltillo district. Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, 1, 299. 300Prickett, letters. 97Ayuntamiento archives. 97Jefe politico to ayunt., Nov. 30, 1846. 34Stokes to Graham, Aug. 8, 1847. Perry, Indiana, 138, 142. 61Paine to Porterfield, Jan. 24, 1848. 69Worth to E. González, Dec. 16, 17, 1846. 65Wool, orders 202, 209, 219, 245, etc., Jan.-Mar., 1847. 65Id., orders 275, 286, 308, 315, 341, 350, 394, 455, May-Sept., 1847. 65Id., orders 1388, Dec. 14, 1847. 61McDowell to Hamtramck, Dec. 28, 1847. Picayune, June 1; July 2, 1847. 65Worth, orders, Nov. 16, 19, 23. 97Id., proclam., Nov. 19. 69Id. to Saltillo officials, Nov. 17, 23. 69Gov. Saltillo, order, Jan. 11, 1848. Correo Nacional, Mar. 3, 1848. 348Pattridge to Miss W., Aug. 25, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1111, 1125 (Taylor). Littell, no. 165, p. 88 (Saltillo, May 11, 1847). 364Worth to daughter, Jan. 4, 1847. Monitor Repub., Mar. 29, 1847. Arnold, Jackson, 87-90. And from 76 the following and many more. González to Worth, Nov. 30; reply, Dec. 2. Relaciones, Feb. 1, 1848. González to S. Anna, Nov. 21, 1846. Orders of Worth, Nov. 16, 19, 22, 23, 1846. González, protest, Nov. 22, 1846. Worth to González, Nov. 28; Dec. 17, 1846. S. Anna, Jan. 4, 1847 (with docs. from González). Worth to , Nov. 17, 1846. Hunten to González, Mar. 29, 1847. Filisola, Aug. 10, 1847. Avalos, Aug. 5, 1847.
13. It was left for a regular to show the benefit of discipline, for he visited a suburban village, terrorized some 250 able-bodied Mexicans, and went calmly from house to house collecting tlackmail.
14. The Tampico district. 99Ayuntamiento archives. 146Caswell, diary, Apr. 1, 1847. Eco, Dec. 9, 1846. 99Shields to ayunt., Dec. 28, 1846; Jan. 2, 1847. 13Consul Glass, Aug. 21, 1847. 69Gates, orders 17, 26, 28, 35, Mar.-Apr., 1847. 159Collins, diary (introduction). 65Gates, orders 30, 48, 49; special orders 7, 10, 30, 41. Picayune, Jan. 2,8; Feb. 18; Mar. 19. 69Shields, orders 3, Dec. 22, 1846; to Bliss, Jan. 13, 1847. 61J. L. Gardner, Nov. 23, 1846. 61Gates, Dec. 4, 1846. 61Id., orders, Sept: 18, 1847. 61Shields, orders, Jan. 1, 2, 6, 1847. 61Id., Dec. 23, 1846; Jan. 19, 1847. 75Hacienda to Relaciones, Dec. 3, 1847. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 12, 24, 37, 39, 40, 46-7. Ballentine, English Soldier, i, 276-81. Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i, 299. 761. Múñoz, Nov. 26, 1846, 76R. M. Núñez, Jan. 25, 1847. 76Testimony of Mateo Dorante. 76F. de Garay, Jan. 22, 1847. 76Docs. sent by Garay. 764. González to Urrea, Feb. 1, 1847. 76Many others.
15. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 333-6 (Marcy). 224Hitchcock, diary, Mar. 26, 1846. 52W. S. Parrott, Oct. 4, 1845. 52Slidell, no. 3, Dec. 17, 1845. 61Taylor, no. 10, Feb. 7, 1846. 61Carbajal to Taylor, Feb. 6, 1846. 61/d., memo., Feb. 6. 61Canales to Taylor, Jan. 29, 1846. 61[Mesa to Taylor], statement. Monitor Repub., June 14, 1846. 93Ayunt. to gov. N. León, Dec. 31, 1846. London Times, June 15, 1847. Picayune, Aug. 11, 1846. Ampudia, Manifiesto, 1847. Henshaw narrative. 69Unsigned statement. 285Mejia to Paredes, July 20, 1846. 52Butler, Aug. 1, 1832. Smith, Annex. of Texas, 46-7. Niles, Nov. 21, 1846, p. 180. 76Comte. gen. Nuevo León, broadside, Aug. 12, 1846. 76Ampudia, Sept. 9, 1846. 76Mora y Villamil, Apr. 19, 1847, res. 76Many others.
The number of citations could be multiplied, and the author may write an article or brief monograph on the subject.
16. July 7, 1847, the veteran ex-editor of the Washington Globe said in a 345letter: My son [Frank P. Blair, who had been U. S. district attorney of the province] "represents the state of things in New Mexico as horrible. It seems that even respectable men at home, have become so depraved by the license of the region they are in, that they stick at no enormity whatever." A little later the most concise report from Santa Fe ran thus, "All is hubbub and confusion here, discharged volunteers are leaving, drunk, and volunteers not discharged are remaining drunk" (Niles, Nov. 6, 1847, p. 155).
17. Here, as in California, military rule was softened by having a subordinate civil administration. The reader will understand, of course, that not everything was bad. In the scanty space that can be given to the subject here it is necessary to speak in broad terms.
18. New Mexico. Nat. Intelligencer, Dec. 8, 1846; Apr. 1; May 13; Aug. 11, 1847. Wash. Union, Mar. 18; Apr. 21, 1847. N. Y. Tribune, Nov. 22, 1847. Prince, Concise History, 182-6. 13Doyle, no. 29, Mar. 14, 1848. Sen. 1; 29, 2, pp. 58-9. 52Alvarez, Sept. 4, 1846. 63Marcy to Kearny, May 10, 1847. 61Kearny order, Sept. 22, 1846. 61Grier, Feb. 15, 1847. 61Newby, Sept. 18; Oct. 8, 1847. 61Price, Feb. 26; Aug. 14, 1847. 60Marcy to Price, Mar. 30, 1847; to Edwards, Mar. 25, 1847. 61Ingalls, Feb. 16, 1847. 61Fischer, Feb. 16, 1847. Bancroft, Pacific States, xii, 431. 61Broadside, Feb. 15, 1847. 68Court-martial, Feb. 4, 1848 (S. Fe). 69Vigil, Mar. 26, 1847. Sen. 18; 31, 1, pp. 1838-6. Inman, Old S. Fe Trail, 113-40. 345 Blair to Van Buren July 7, 1847. 73Bermúdez de Castro, no. 445, 1847. Anzeiger des Westens, Sept. 24, 26; Nov. 16, 1846; June 21, 1847 (Kribben). 243Kribben, letters. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 172, 174-7 (Kearny). Ho. Report 52; 37, 3. Niles, Apr. 24, 1847, pp. 119, 121; June 19, p. 252; Aug. 14, p. 375; Nov. 6, p. 155. N. Y. Courier and Enquirer, Aug. 13, 1847. Ho. 5; 31, 1, p. 104. Report of Conner, Indian Affairs, 1858, p. 188. Ho. 70; 30, 1, pp. 11, 13, 17, 21, 24, 31, 33, 34, etc. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 520, 524, 531-5, 545. 256Polk to Marcy, June 2, 1846. 201Gibson, diary. Picayune, Mar. 5, 1847. Ho. 41; 30, 1, pp. 498, 511-2, 551. Richardson, Messages, iv, 507, 594, 639. Wash. Union, Oct. 3; Nov. 25, 1846. Parkman, Calif. and Ore. Trail, 416-20. Elliott, Notes, 233, 247. 224Santa Fe letter (printed). Sen. 23; 30, 1 (Abert). Ruxton, Adventures (1847 ed.), 185, 189. Benton, View, ii, 6838. 61Price, Sept. 18, 1847. 212Hastings, diary. Cooke, Conquest, 39, 41, 50. 239Mead to Kemper, July 26, 1841. Hughes, Doniphan's Expedition, 131. 61Wooster, Sept. 25, 1846. Sen. 7; 30, 1 (Emory). Ho. 24; 31, 1. Price, portrait (Mo. Hist. Soc.). 61Id. to delegates; to adj. gen., Feb. 6, 1848. 65Id., orders 10, Feb. 5. 61Prince to Vigil, Dec. 21, 1847. Numerous documents relating to the subject may be found among the Vigil papers (N. Mex. Hist. Soc.). Cutts, Conquest, 217-35, 240-3. 76Varela, Sept. 6, 1847. 76Chávez to Armijo, Aug. 24, 1847. 76Ugarte to Filisola, July 2, 1847. 76Bent, proclam., Jan. 2, 1847. 76Many others. The American loss in fighting the insurgents was 8 killed, 52 wounded.
Chihuahua was merely an addendum to Santa Fe. The people seemed to regard our troops "as a race of devils and with just reason," wrote a soldier in his diary. Once two Americans, fighting in their cups, tore each other's clothes off and went stark naked through the streets. Of course property suffered. The women, however, in spite of husbands, fiancés and priests, were devoted to the Americans, and when the time for evacuation came some followed their lovers for leagues, and a few even for days. For the state of things in Chihuahua: Sen. Misc. 26; 30,1. The AngloSaxon, (Chihuahua), no. 1. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 110. Ho. Report 404; 30, 1, pp. 6, 18. Rondé, Voyage, 136, 138-9. 212Hastings, diary. 201Gibson, diary. Anzeiger des Westens, June 21, 1847 (Kribben). Republicano, April 10, 1847.
19. Kearny claimed the right to govern, but Stockton and Frémont insisted that his instructions to take possession of California and establish a civil government there had been made obsolete by events. Kearny perforce accepted the situation for a time, and with his dragoons went north at the end of January. The friction between him and Frémont was acute. Finally, when both were on their way east, Kearny had Frémont arrested. On charges — essentially insubordination — preferred by the General, Frémont was tried by a court-martial and sentenced to be dismissed from the army (65adj. gen., orders, Feb. 17, 1848). Polk remitted the sentence, but Frémont resigned. This controversy having been merely incidental to the war, more space cannot be given to it; but, as the opinion of the author may be desired, he will say, after reviewing all the documents of the case, that he thinks Frémont was a provokingly unprincipled and successful schemer, and that Kearny showed himself grasping, jealous, domineering and harsh.
20. The Mormons were free July 16, 1847, and but one company could be recruited from the battalion. This served till March 14, 1848. A part of the New York regiment was sent to Lower California (chap. xxx, note 23), and the gold-diggings led some to desert. February 1, 1848, Mason had only 621 effectives (61Mason to adj. gen., Feb. 1, 1848).
21. California. (This note, as written, included nearly two hundred items; but, as the subject concerns the history of the Mexican War only incidentally, it has been condensed.) Reports from military and naval officers in the adjutant general's office and the navy (squadron and captains' letters) archives. 323-5Stevenson, letter book, gen. order book, regtal. ord. book. Colton, Three Years, 24, 32, 155, 172, 175. Cooke, Conquest, 45, etc. Ho. 70; 30, 1, pp. 28, etc. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 160, 229, 242, 245-6. Benton, View, i, 715, 718. Clark, First Regt., 12, etc. 316Sherman papers. Sen. 1; 29, 2, pp. 49-50, 65. Calif. Star, Mar. 6, 1847. London Times, Aug. 13-4, 1846. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 55-7, 947. Sherman Letters, 39. Wise, Gringos, 47, etc. Hughes, Doniphan's Exped., 204-30, 244-8. 256Marcy papers. 247Larkin papers. Bancroft, Pacific States, xii, 478; xvii, 417, ete. 4Anador, Memorias, 172. 122Bidwell, California, 180. 210Hammond papers. Annals Amer. Acad., xii, 70-1 (R. D. Hunt). 349Watterston papers. 120Biddle papers. Cutts, Conquest, 65, 71, 123, 164, 248. Wash. Union, Sept. 30; Dec. 9, 1846. N. Y. Journ. of Commerce, Dec. 30, 1846. Diario, Oct. 16, 1846. Cong. Globe, 30, 1, p. 604 (Benton). Annals of the Am. Acad., xii, 71 (Hunt). Nat. Intelligencer, Sept. 22, 1846. Buchanan, Works, vii, 332. 132Buchanan papers. Hall, S. José, 154-6. Sherman, Home Letters, 96, 113. Id., Mems., 1, 29, 34, 56. Niles, Aug. 29, p. 416; Sept. 12, 1846, p. 20; Oct. 23, 1847, p. 115. Sen. 33; 30,1. Ho. Rep., 817; 30,1. Sen. 439; 29,1. Ho. 17; 31,1. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 47, 51, 53, etc., 1037, 1069. Revere, Tour, 78. Sen. 7; 30, 1. Sen. Rep. 75; 30, 1, pp. 14-5. Sen. 31; 30, 2, pp. 23, 28-30. Sen. 18; 31, 1, pp. 398401. Tuthill, Calif., 208-13. Schafer, Pacific Slope, 269. Porter, Kearny, 31. Willey, Trans. Period, 66, 70. Royce, Calif., 197. 120Cits. to Biddle, Mar. 2, 1847. Tyler, Concise Hist., 202-52, 277, 288. Stockton, Life, 158. 372Hyde, statement. 70"Californias" (see Richman, California, for many of the most important). 76Pérez, Oct. 22. 76Comadurán to comte. gen. Sonora, Nov. 14; to Cooke, Dec. 16. 76Id., Nov. 21; Dec. 17. 76Cooke to Gándera, Dec. 18. 76Cuesta, Dec. 30, 1846; July 23, 1847. 76Estado, Tucson, Dec. 3, 1846. 76Limón to Cooke, [Dec. 16]; reply, [Dec. 16]. 76Cuesta to mil. comte. Arispe, Dec. 18. 76Vanguard section, estado, Dec. 23; etc.
For the Mormons see vol. i, p. 290. P. St. G. Cooke, acting as It. col., led the Mormon battalion from Santa Fe, New Mex., to California.
22. "Head Quarters of the Army, Tampico, February 19, 1847. General Orders, no. 20. 1. It may well be apprehended that many grave offences not provided for in the act of Congress 'establishing rules and articles for the government of the armies of the United States,' approved April 10, 1806, may be again committed — by, or upon, individuals of those armies, in Mexico, pending the existing war between the two Republics. Allusion is here made to atrocities, any one of which, if committed within the United States or their organized territories, would, of course, be tried and severely punished by the ordinary or civil courts of the land. 2. Assassinations; murder; malicious stabbing or maiming; rape; malicious assault and battery; robbery; theft; the wanton desecration of churches, cemeteries or other religious edifices and fixtures, and the destruction, except by order of a superior officer, of public or private property, are such offences. 3. The good of the service, the honor of the United States and the interests of humanity, imperiously demand that every crime, enumerated above, should be severely punished. (Paragraphs 4-6 demonstrate the necessity of a code supplemental to the rules and articles of war.) 7. That unwritten code is Martial Law, as an addition to the written military code, prescribed by Congress in the rules and articles of war, and which unwritten code, all armies, in hostile countries, are forced to adopt — not only for their own safety, but for the protection of the unoffending inhabitants and their property, about the theaters of military operations, against injuries contrary to the laws of war. 8. From the same supreme necessity, martial law is hereby declared, as a supplemental code in, and about, all camps, posts and hospitals which may be occupied by any part of the forces of the United States, in Mexico, and in, and about, all columns, escorts, convoys, guards and detachments, of the said forces, while engaged in prosecuting the existing war in, and against the said republic. 9. Accordingly, every crime, enumerated in paragraph No. 2, above, whether committed — 1. By any inhabitant of Mexico, sojourner or traveller therein, upon the person or property of any individual of the United States' forces, retainer or follower of the same; 2. By any individual of the said forces, retainer or follower of the same, upon the person or property of any inhabitant of Mexico, sojourner or traveller therein, or 3. By any individual of the said forces, retainer or follower of the same, upon the person or property of any other individual of the said forces, retainer or follower of the same — shall be duly tried and punished under the said supplemental code. 10. For this purpose it is ordered, that all offenders, in the matters aforesaid, shall be promptly seized and confined, and reported, for trial, before Military Commissions to be duly appointed as follows: 11. Every military commission, under this order, will be appointed, governed and limited, as prescribed by the 65th, 66th, 67th, and 97th, of the said rules and articles of war, and the proceedings of such commissions will be duly recorded, in writing, reviewed, revised, disapproved or approved, and the sentences executed — all, as in the cases of the proceedings and sentences of courts-martial; provided, that no military commission shall try any case clearly cognizable by any court-martial, and provided also that no sentence of a military commission shall be put in execution against any individual, whatsoever, which may not be, according to the nature and degree of the offence, as established by evidence, in conformity with known punishments, in like cases, In some one of the States of the United States of America. 12. This order will be read at the head of every Company serving in Mexico." This order helps to explain the later improvement at the north which we have noted.
23. The ordinary safeguard ran thus: "By authority of . . . . . . . . . . . The person, the property, and the family of . . . . . . . . . . {or such a college, mill, etc., and the persons and things belonging to it] are placed under the safeguard of the United States. To offer any violence or injury to them is expressly forbidden; on the contrary, it is ordered that safety and protection be given to him, or them, in case of need." Safeguards were given to towns also. The following is a specimen: "Safeguard. Office of the Civil & Military Governor, Puebla, 22nd January, 1848. Whereas the Municipality of the town of San Martin, on the main road to Mexico, has presented a Solicitation to this Government with regard to certain permissions and protection this Safeguard is given to said Municipality in the following terms. — 1. The authorities and inhabitants of San Martin, their families and private property are placed under the protection of the United States forces, as long as they remain quiet, neutral and peaceable and will therefore be left unmolested and not interfered with by the troops and followers of the United States army. On the contrary their civil authorities will be respected, and protection and assistance will be given to them such as they should need or claim. — 2. All honorable and peaceable inhabitants guaranteed to be such by the Municipality have permission to carry arms for the defence of the community, their persons and their property against robbers. — 3. They are allowed to organize a neutral police force of twenty five armed and mounted men for protection of the town against robbers and for assisting the authorities in executing their duties, the criminals taken prisoners by them to be delivered over to the Governor of Puebla. — 4. Permission is likewise granted to said authorities and inhabitants to defend themselves against any one who comes to plunder, rob or attack them, may he be robber, guerrillero [i.e., "guerilla"], or an American soldier. — 5. The Municipality of San Martin has permission, to arrest and remit to their commanding officers all American soldiers, they may find within the district of San Martin, drunk dispersed or deserters. — 6. It is strictly prohibited to the troops and followers of the United States army to open the prison at San Martin and put the criminals in liberty. — 7. A copy of this Safeguard has been forwarded to the General in chief of the United States forces in order to communicate it to the commanding officers of the army, and of divisions, which have to pass by San Martin. Another copy has been remitted to the commanding officer of the military post at Rio Frio. — "'
24. Numerous large monasteries, occupied by only a few monks, were found useful, and the use of them for such a purpose gave no offence (Scott, Mems., 11, 580).
25. Scott's policy. Scott, Mems., ii, 393-6, 547-9, 580. Hitchcock in Republic, Feb. 15, 1851. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 147. 69Safeguard. 60Scott, May 26, 1846. 65Gen. orders 20, Feb. 19, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 873. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p.55. So. Qtrly. Review, Jan., 1852, p. 133.
26. Scott called upon "the 97 honorable men in every 100" to seize in the act and report the "scoundrels" committing outrages (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 914). He thus enlisted, he believed, the coöperation of "thousands of good soldiers" (60to Marcy, Apr. 5, 1847). As in civil life, it was of course impossible to apprehend all the criminals.
27. The impracticable attempt to keep liquor out of the city was not tried here. A system of license and supervision was adopted. April 1 two taverns were authorized to sell liquor (to be used on the premises).
28. Worth's successors in the governorship were Col. Henry Wilson up to about the middle of December, 1847; Gen. James Bankhead for a few days; Gen. Twiggs until Mar. 25, 1848; Col. Wilson for a day or two; Gen. S. W. Kearny. When Wilson left in December, 1847, the merchants and consuls gave him a vote of thanks (Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, 11, 585). Mar. 30, 1848, the Mexican ayuntamiento was restored.
29. Thompson, Recolls., 4. Dysentery was prevalent and dangerous. Dec. 29, 1847, a responsible writer at Vera Cruz stated that not less than 1,200 Americans had succumbed there to the climate since April.
30. The Vera Cruz district. 52Trist, May 7,1847. Bullock, Six Months (1825 ed.), i, 19, 20. 100Ayuntamiento archives. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, 1, 572-3, 584-5. Lyon, Journal, ii, 214, 221. Flag of Freedom, i, no. 4. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 112, 115, 117, 119. Niles, Sept. 25, 1847, p. 53, etc. 361Woods, recolls. 144Cassidy, recolls. 327Sutherland, letters. 322Smith, diary. 152Claiborne, mems. 270Moore, diary. Oswandel, Notes, 105-6. 86S. Anna to Soto, Apr. 14, 1847. Wash. Union, July 26, 29, 1847. Amer. Eagle, V. Cruz, Apr. 3, 13; Oct. 11, 16, 1847. 76J. Soto, July 3, 1847. 256J. Parrott to Marcy, Apr. 19, 1847. 13Giffard, Apr. 13; May 15; June 15, 1847. 221Hill, diary. 69Scott to Patterson, Mar. 30, 1847. 65Wilson, orders (1847) 20, 23, 64, 116, 128, 142. 65Bankhead, orders 167. 65Twiggs, orders 11, 14. 65Wilson, orders (1848), 130. 65Kearny, orders 172. 65Scott, gen. orders 75, 87, 101. 60Wilson to Marcy, Aug. 1, 1847. 61Worth, orders 1-7. 61Kearny, Apr. 9, 1848, and endorsement. Don Simplicio, Apr. 21, 1847. Diario, Apr. 13, 1847. Long, Lee, 68. 60Scott, Apr. 5, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 914 (Scott); 938 (Dorich). 166Pommarès to Conner, Oct. 7, 1846. Stevens, Stevens, i, 117-8. 12Pell of Sloop Daring, Nov. 30, 1847. Kenly, Md. Vol., 288-9.
31. The Córdoba district. 88Ayuntamiento archives. Moreno, Cantón, 378, 380, 382-3. London Saturday Review, 1865, p. 6. 65Bankhead, orders 11, 12, 28.
32. The Orizaba district. 94Ayuntamiento archives. Cubas, Cuadro, 54. Velasco, Geografía, iii, 179. Diccionario Universal (Orizaba). 65Bankhead, orders 38, 100. 69Collección de Itinerarios.
33. Neither at Jalapa nor elsewhere were there many complaints from women. Here the soldiers gave parties. Harlots were the only women present, but they were treated — to the great amusement of the town — as ladies (Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 247).
34. The Jalapa district. 90Ayuntamiento archives. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 62-8. Vigne, Travels, i, 14-16. Bullock, Six Months (1825 ed.), i, 55. Velasco, Geografía, iii, 28, 37, 54, 97. 257Orders and letters from G. H[ughes] to Frank [Markoe]. Oswandel, Notes, 196, 389. Semmes, Service, 205, 215. Nacional, Dec. 22, 1847; Jan. 5, 1848. 69Alcalde to gov., Nov. 25, 27, 1847. 69Orders, Dec. 3, 10, 15, 1847; Feb. 4; Apr. 25; May 7, 1848. 69Patterson to Pillow, Sept. 22, 1846; to , Nov. 24, 1847. 69Am. gov. to alecalde, Nov. 26; Dec. 13, 1847; Jan. 17; Feb. 28; Mur. 15, 1848. 69Hughes, proclam., Nov. 30, 1847. 287Parrish, diary. 332Tennery, diary. Picayune, May 28; Dec. 19, 24, 25, 1847. Kenly, Md. Volunteer, 365-8, 382. Wash. Union, May 22, 1847. 159Collins papers. Lyon, Journal, ii, 186. Ward, Mexico, ii, 193. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 58-9. Grone, Briefe, 62. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 900-2; iv, 20, 28-34. 69Hughes to prefect, May 31, 1848; to Scott, Jan. 5, 1848; to first alcalde, Mar. 27, 1848; orders, Nov. 29, 30, 1847; Jan. 10; Feb. 19; May 4, 5, 1848. 69Id. to officers, Jan. 15, 1848. 68Court of inquiry, Jalapa, May 31, 1848. Arco Iris, Dec. 1, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1029. Niles, Jan. 1, 1848, p. 276. 76Soto, proclam., Sept. 10, 1847. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 235-6, 245-7. Hartman, Journal, 13. 327Sutherland to father, undated. 13Bankhead, no. 42, 1847 (the conduct of Scott and his officers at Jalapa is "highly extolled").
35. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 272. The presence of Scott, Worth and other superior officers who, as the soldiers knew, could not be trifled with, may help to explain the mystery. (Later some outrages occurred.) The troops were kept within a large square space with sentries at each corner, and the boundaries of it could not be crossed after dark by either civilians or soldiers (Republicano, June 14). At one place on the way to Puebla, wrote a soldier in his diary, a sentry was placed at every shop, and even women selling bread on the street were guarded.
36. Personally Lane discouraged outrages. Once when some of his famished men had robbed a poor man's cornfield Lane, besides having him paid the full amount of the damages, added as much more from his own pocket (Brackett, Lane's Brig., 74-5). It was said that priests were sometimes ill-used, but this was natural enough when they were capable of coöperating with guerillas, inducing American soldiers to desert, and harboring such deserters. 37. The Puebla district. Flag of Freedom, i, nos. 1, 5. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 272. 270Moore, diary. 95Childs, proclam., Nov. 11, 1847 (placard). Oswandel, Notes, 345, 390. 95Ayuntamiento archives (proceedings, correspondence with Worth, orders of Worth, etc.). 95Fúrlong, proclam., Oct. 14, 1847. 95Childs, proclam., Oct. 25, 1847. 95The bishop to Scott, Dec. 1, 1847. 95Fúrlong to Scott, Dec. 1, 1847. 95Ayunt. to prefect, Oct. 26, 1847. 304Worth, orders, May 16, 1847. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 121, 125, 131, 136, 165, 210. 356Whitcomb, diary. Republicano, June 13, 14, 21 (El Nacional), 24, 1847. 69Fúrlong to Am. gov., Aug. 10, 1847. 69Prefect to Childs, Oct. 14; Nov. 2, 8; Dec. 20, 1847; Feb. 8, 1848. 69Childs's official papers. 61Scott, gen. orders 187, 1847. Nacional, Dec. 18, etc, 1847. 95Report of the committee appointed to confer with Scott, Jan. 4, 1848. 75Jefe político Tlaxcala to Scott, Nov. 23, 1847. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 122-3. Donnavan, Adventures, 100. Colección de Documentos (Childs, orders, Oct. 16). Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1030 (Childs).
There was special feeling about churches. The bishop of Puebla complained to Scott that our soldiers desecrated a church at Tlaxcala, and stole some priests' robes. But the soldiers had found that the church was the base of the guerillas they were pursuing, and discovered the robes on the floor. Our officers made great efforts to prevent outrages here and to restore the stolen property (Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 211; Zirckel, Tagebuch, 123; etc.). It seems to have been true that no church was desecrated by Americans that had not been desecrated by Mexicans, and used for hostile purposes.
38. The lépero dared not attack a sober American soldier. The scheme was to get the soldiers intoxicated, and, when they staggered and fell, knife them. . After a time our men invented a trick to meet it. They would pretend to be intoxicated, fall to the ground, and make ready for the would be assassin; and finally the léperos feared a drunken soldier even more than a sober one. Carrying concealed weapons was forbidden; suspected persons were searched; and any one found guilty was given twenty lashes on the bare back. This had an excellent effect.
39. A specimen case was that of private Gahagiun of the Seventh Infantry (65gen. orders 378). For breaking into a house and taking some ladies' clothing he was sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his bare back "well laid on with a rawhide," to be confined at hard labor during the rest of his term, to be then dishonorably discharged and drummed out — $250 of his pay to go to the person robbed and the rest to be confiscated. Mexicans as well as Americans were publicly flogged. In extreme cases hanging was the punishment.
Scott made the following daily details in order to ensure order and discipline (65gen. orders 298, September 24, 1847): "41. A general officer of the day to report to me; to superintend the good order and discipline of the garrison, visit the guards and outposts, organize patrols, and receive reports regarding order and discipline. 2. A field officer of the day of each division and of the cavalry brigade to superintend the troops in quarters, be present at the mounting and dismounting of the guards, have control of the in-lying pickets, etc. 3. One third of each regiment not on other duty will constitute its portion of the in-lying guard. 4. A captain or subaltern of the day of each regiment will superintend the quarters, attend the parading of regimental guards, have the roll called frequently and at unexpected times, visit company kitchens and messes, etc." The drill of the troops was kept up, and of course it was only when off duty that they could be disorderly. Doyle reported that a gentleman from Pachuca, a place at some distance from Mexico, said: "Nothing can be better than the behavior of the American troops at Pachuca" (no. 5, 1848). On the other hand Lane's men were guilty of excesses at Tulancingo. In 65gen. orders 395, December 31, 1847, Scott said: "Men free at home, must: maintain the honor of freeman when abroad. If they forget that, they will degrade themselves to the level of felons and slaves, and may be rightfully condemned and treated as such; for felons, according to the laws of God and man, are slaves"? (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1066).
40. Quitman strictly forbade (Sept. 21) "any interference with or mutiliation of the books, papers, or records contained within the Palace."
41. Matamoros, Monterey, Tampico, Jalapa and Puebla had an American newspaper; Vera Cruz and Mexico two.
42. In consequence of the incapacity of our medical men and particularly their ignorance of the effects of the climate, diseases not considered dangerous by residents often proved fatal to the American soldiers (13Thornton, no. 5, 1847).
43. The Mexico district. Davis, Autobiog., 246, 258, 261-2, 277. Henshaw narrative. Donnavan, Adventures, 93, 97. Instrucciones Otorgadas. Wise, Gringos, 260. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 314-5, 321. Jameson, Calhoun Corresp., 1163-5. Quitman, orders, Oct. 6, 1847, in Papeles Varios. Journ. Milit. Serv. Instit., xv, 627. McSherry, Puchero, 163. Vedette, ii, no. 10 (Brooks). Norton, Life, 172. 321Smith, diary. 358Williams to father, Dec. 27, 1847; Feb. 22, 1848. 152Claiborne, mems. Oswandel, Notes, 431, 433, 455, 525, 583. 92Ayuntamiento archives. 69aArchives of Federal District. 80Archives of México state. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 307. 80Gracida to Butler, Feb. 25, 1848. 13Doyle, nos. 1, 5, 27, 1848. Britannia, Sept. 28, 1847 (Daily News). Claiborne, Quitman, i, 395. Calderón, Life, i, 139-40. National, Nov. 14, 1847. 60N. C. to J. L. Miller, May 7, 1848. 62Jones to Bedinger, Mar. 11, 1848. Captain of Vols., Conquest, 27. 65Scott, gen. orders, Sept. 14, 16, 17, 24; Dec. 18, 31, 1847. London Times, Nov. 12, 13, 1847. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 205-12. Picayune, Oct. 15; Nov. 14; Dec. 19, 29, 1847. Delta, Nov. 6, 7, 12; Dec. 19, 24, 1847. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 384 (Scott). Kenly, Md. Vol., 413. México á través, iv, 703-4. 65Scott, gen. orders 190, 355. Rodrfguez, Breve Reseña, 1848, 1849, p.5. 13Bankhead, no. 86, Sept. 28, 1847. 73Lozano, no. 8, res., Sept. 17, 1847. Ramírez, México, 318. N. Y. Journ. Comm., Feb. 28, 1848. Monitor Repub., Dec. 7, 20, 1847. 277Veramendi to Quitman, Oct. 8, 1847. 366Memb. municip. council to , Nov. 14 and reply. (Mexican letter) Nacional, Nov. 14, 1847. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, 1, 260-8, 270-1. Apuntes, 362-7, 369. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1065. Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. 37. 132Nowell to mother, Oct. 21, 1847. Sedgwick, Corresp., i, 153. Stevens, Stevens, i, 219. 121Placards and Notices. Lancaster Co. Hist. Soc. Mag., Mar. 6, 1908. 214Hays and Caperton, Life of Hays. London Chronicle, Nov. 12, 1847. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 543. Lane (Adventures) shows that our officers were by no means all saints, but this is not a fact to occasion surprise.
Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 571) complains that immorality was promoted at Mexico by giving licenses to gambling places; but it would not have been possible to prevent the soldiers from gambling among themselves and in "dives," and no doubt Scott believed it would be best to have the gambling done where some control could be exercised over it, and where the men would not be in danger of the assassin's knife. Ripley admits that gambling "flourished" before licenses were given (p. 570). Ripley suggests (p. 574) that "active operations would have been the immediate and effectual remedy" for the immorality; but, as we have seen, there were not enough troops, etc., for active operations, and perhaps shooting Mexicans needlessly would have been no better business than gambling. Ripley admits (p. 577) that most of the troops were kept outside the city. Riley's brigade was at Tacubaya, Patterson's division at 8S. Angel, and a part of Butler's division at El Molino del Rey. The other part and Smith's brigade remained in town.
44. Probably fearing American interference or influence, the Mexican government at Querétaro discountenanced such elections (México á través, iv, 704). As the records are by no means complete, it is necessary in this and other cases to assume that like causes produced like effects, unless there is some evidence to the contrary. General conclusions could not otherwise be reached.
45. At Tampico Shields appointed three Mexican alcaldes and also (to act with these in cases between Americans and Mexicans) an American court of three American citizens.
46. Gaceta de Tamaulipas, July 16, 1846. 65Scott, gen. orders 238. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 314-5. Davis, Autobiog., 246. 224Letter from C. to Scott, Nov. 14, 1847. Instrucciones Otorgadas. Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i, 299. Moreno, Cantón, 378, 380, 382. Quitman, order, Oct. 6, 1847, in Papeles Varios. Defensa de Iriarte. McSherry, El Puchero, 163. 358Williams to father, Feb. 22, 1848. V. Cruz American Eagle, May 22; Apr. 3, 1847. Ayuntamiento archives, Jalapa, Córdoba, Orizaba, Puebla, Mexico, Tampico, Saltillo. 92Quitman, proclam., Oct. 6, 1847. 366Id., poster, Sept. 16. 95Worth to Puebla ayunt., May 31, 1847; to alealde, May 17, 1847; reply; proclam., May 22, 1847; to alcalde, May 22. 303Id., orders 34. Nacional, Jan. 28, 1848. 13Doyle, No. 5, 1848. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 251, 549. Diario, May 14, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1047 (Scott). 65Bankhead, orders, Feb. 16, 1848. 61Hamtramck to McDowell, Jan. 20, 1848. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 17, 39, 40, 194, 208. 63Marcy to Davenport, Aug. 6; Dec. 14, 1847. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 165. 69Gov. Jalapa to alcalde, Nov. 26; Dec. 13, 1847; Jan. 17; Mar. 15, 1848; orders 352; to ayunt., Feb. 28, 1848. 69Gates, orders 26, 35. 65Wilson, orders 116, 142, 1847. 65Twiggs, orders 11. 65Kearny, orders 172. 65Wool, orders, July 9; Dec. 14, 1847; Jan. 26, 1848. 65Butler, orders 43, 1848. 61McDowell to alcalde, Dec. 30, 1847. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 205 (Trist). Picayune, Jan. 2; Mar. 19; Dec. 19, 23, 1847. Republicano, June 14, 1847. Kenly, Md. Vol., 380. 61Worth to Bliss, Sept. 28, 1846. México á través, iv, 7038-4, 711. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 900, 902; iv, 28-34. 69Worth to commrs., Nov. 23, 1846; orders 61, 1846. 69Scott to Hughes, Jan. 28, 1848. 61Shields, Jan. 19, 1847; orders, Dec. 26, 1846; Jan. 1, 2, 6, 1847. 61Worth, orders 2, Mar. 30, 1847. 76Worth to E. Gonzalez, Nov. 23, 28, 1846. 76S. Anna, Jan. 4, 1847, with docs. 76Garay, Jan. 22, 1847, and docs. 76Worth, proclam., Nov. 30, 1846. 76Morgan to Martinez, Jan. 18, 1847. 76Aldrete to Mejía, Aug. 30, 1846. For taxes, etc., see chap. xxxil. 76Mora, Feb. 18; Mar. 8, 1848. 76Many others.
47. An English soldier in our army said with reference to the better class at Tampico: they were shy of "the strange, wild-looking, hairy-faced savages of the half-horse and half-alligator breed, who galloped about the streets and plazas mounted on mules and Mexican ponies, and armed with sabres, bowies, and revolvers, and in every uncouth variety of costume peculiar to the American backwoodsman"; adding that the Mexicans addressed them as "Gentlemen," but in their absence spoke of them with intense bitterness as "cursed volunteers" (Ballentine, Eng. Sold., i, 276-7).
48. The foreigners residing at Mexico generally received the American army well.
49. In a soldier's written vocabulary occurred these words: weaves (for huevos), chickketer (chiquita), sennereters (señoritas), irrancus (naranjas), onerpas (un peso), leavero (libro). There were cases in which women went long distances to give information to officers they had never seen. After the battle of Cerro Gordo ladies at Mexico wore their hair loose "à la Scott," and were rebuked by the press.
50. Social relations. Scott, Mems., ut, 580. Grant, Mems., i, 118. Meade, Letters, i, 86, 180, 185. 148Chamberlain, recolls. Bullock, Six Months (1825 ed.), 1,55-6. Flag of Freedom, i, no. 5. 257G. [Hughes] to Frank [Markoe], Dec. 13, 1847. 342Kingsbury to mother, Oct. 14, 1846. 8Anon. diary. Oswandel, Notes, 211, 433. Jamieson, Campaign, 48. Semmes, Service, 173, 205, 215, 263. Biog. de Alamán, 40. 221Hill, diary. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 131, 136, 138. Rivera, Jalapa, ii, 912. Picayune, May 28, 1847. Kenly, Md. Vol., 368. 69Hughes to Scott, Jan. 5, 1848. 349Pattridge to Miss W., May 22, 1848. Apuntes, 363. Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i, 4830. Sedgwick, Corresp., 1, 145. Ballentine, English Soldier, i, 276-7. Spirit of the Times, July 4, 1846. Perry, Indiana, 141. 76Document sent by Garay, Dec. 30, 1846. 335Belton to Hitchcock, Aug. 23, 1847.
51. This money had a powerful influence in keeping the people quiet.
52. Scott, Mems., 11, 396, 580. Grant, Mems., i, 102. Gutiérrez de Estrada, Méx. en 1840. 110Barbour, diary. 95Belton, proclam., July 16, 1847. 13Doyle, no. 1, 1848. Delta, Jan. 19, 1847. Rodríguez, Breve Reseña, 1848. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 24. New London Morning News, Dec. 10, 1846. Apuntes, 368. 350Weber, recolls. Cong. Globe, 45, 3, pp. 1627-8 (Shields). Picayune, Sept. 14, 1847.