Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute/Volume 11

TRANSACTIONS

AND

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE,

1878.

VOL. XI.

EDITED AND PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE INSTITUTE,

By

JAMES HECTOR, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S.

Issued May, 1879.

WELLINGTON:
LYON AND BLAIR, PRINTERS, LAMBTON QUAY

TRUBNER & CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON.

PREFACE.

The Editor acknowledges with thanks the assistance he has received from the following gentlemen in revising the proofs of their papers:—viz., Messrs. Carruthers, J. T. Thomson, Buller, T. Kirk, Buchanan, and T. W. Kirk.

For the Meteorological Statistics, and the illustrations, the thanks of the Board are due to Messrs. Gore and Buchanan respectively, and to Messrs. McColl and Earle of the lithographic department, who, by permission of the Hon. Colonial Secretary, completed the preparation of the plates.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

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Page
32,	line 12, for Island read Land.
32,	line 7 from bottom, for Peter 1st read Peter's.
32,	lines 3 and 4 from bottom, for Ballemy read Balleny.
33,	lines 13 and 15, for Kemp read Kewp.
37,	line 5 from bottom, for was read is.
38,	line 1, for They read Ships.
39,	line 18, for streets read sewers.
51,	line 14, for consume read conserve.
134,	line 20, after from insert the sum of.
136,	line 24, for the read this.
136,	lines 5 and 6 from bottom, after + insert a comma, and at end of each line add the minus sign.
137,	line 2 from bottom, omit To compute the eye and object corrections.
138,	before line 1, insert To compute the eye and object corrections.
139,	line 11 from bottom, for verticle read vertical.
229,	line 13, for bases read hairs.
229,	line 16, for leaves read hairs.
269,	bottom line, for duodesma read duodenum.
270,	line 19, for species read spines.
354,	line 13, for Cucubus read Cuculus.
354,	line 12 from bottom, for marginal read margined.
366,	In title of Art. XLIX., for September read November.
397,	In title of Art. LVI., for 30th October read 9th November.
469,	line 14 from bottom, for intro read nitro.
474,	line 8 from bottom, for suitable read notable.
536,	line 10 from bottom, for mataurienis read matauriensis.

CONTENTS.

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TRANSACTIONS.

I.—Miscellaneous.
			PAGES
Art.	I.	On some of the Terms used in Political Economy. By John Carruthers, M. Inst. C.E.	3–31
	II.	On Antarctic Exploration. By C. W. Purnell	31–38
	III.	On the Cleansing of Towns. By J. Turnbull Thomson, C.E., F.R.G.S., F.R.S.S.A., Surveyor-General of New Zealand	38–70
	IV.	The Maori Canoe. By R. C. Barstow	71–76
	V.	Contributions towards a better Knowledge of the Maori Race. By W. Colenso, F.L.S.	77–106
	VI.	On the Ignorance of the Ancient New Zealanders of the Use of Projectile Weapons. By W. Colenso	106–118
	VII.	On Temporary and Variable Stars. By Prof. A. W. Bickerton, F.C.S., Associate of the Royal School of Mines, London	118–124
	VIII.	Partial Impact: A possible Explanation of the Origin of the Solar System, Comets, and other Phenomena of the Universe. By Prof. A. W. Bickerton	125–132
	IX.	On the Calculation of Distances by means of Reciprocal Vertical Angles. By C. W. Adams	132–140
	X.	A Description of inexpensive Apparatus for measuring the Angles of Position and Distances of Double Stars, and the Method of using it. By James H. Pope	141–144
	XI.	Deflection of Shingle-bearing Currents and Protection of River Banks by Douslins's Floating Log Dams. By H. P. Macklin	144–146
	XII.	On Beach Protection. By W. D. Campbell, A.I.C.E.	146–149
	XIII.	How New Zealand may continue to grow Wheat and other Cereals. By James C. Crawford	149–153
	XIV.	On the Rock Paintings in the Weka Pass. By A. Mackenzie Cameron. Communicated by Prof. J. von Haast, Ph.D., F.R.S.	154–157
	XV.	Barat or Barata Fossil Words. By J. Turnbull Thomson, F.R.G.S., F.R.S.S.A., etc.	157–185
II.—Zoology.
	XVI.	On some Coccidæ in New Zealand. By W. M. Maskell	187–228
	XVII.	On a Hymenopterous Insect parasitic on Coccidæ. By W. M. Maskell	228–230
	XVIII.	New Zealand Crustacea, with Descriptions of new Species. By George M. Thomson	230–248
	XIX.	Description of new Crustacean from the Auckland Islands. By George M. Thomson	249–250
	XX.	Description of a new Species of Isopodous Crustacean. By George M. Thomson	250–251
	XXI.	On the New Zealand Entomostraca. By George M. Thomson	251–263
	XXII.	On Desis robsoni, a Marine Spider from Cape Campbell. By Llewellyn Powell, M.D., F.L.S.	263–268
	XXIII.	Notes on the Anatomy of Regalecus pacificus, von Haast. By Llewellyn Powell	269–270
	XXIV.	On the Brown Trout introduced into Otago. By W. Arthur, C.E.	271–290
	XXV.	On some new Fishes. By F. E. Clarke	291–295
	XXVI.	On a new Fish found at Hokitika. By F. E. Clarke	295–297
	XXVII.	On a new Fish. By W. D. Campbell, C.E., F.G.S.	297–298
	XXVIII.	Notes on the Genus Callorhynchus, with a Description of an undescribed New Zealand Species. By W. Colenso, F.L.S.	298–300
	XXIX.	Notes on the Metamorphosis of one of our largest Moths, Dasypodia selenophora. By W. Colenso	300–304
	XXX.	Further Notes on Danais berenice, in a letter from Mr. F. W. C. Sturm to the Honorary Secretary, Hawke Bay Philosophical Institute	305
	XXXI.	Notes on some New Zealand Echinodermata, with Descriptions of new Species. By Professor F. W. Hutton	305–308
	XXXII.	The Sea Anemones of New Zealand. By Professor Hutton	308–314
	XXXIII.	Catalogue of the hitherto-described Worms of New Zealand. By Professor Hutton	314–327
	XXXIV.	List of the New Zealand Cirripedia in the Otago Museum. By Professor Hutton	328–330
	XXXV.	On a new Infusorian parasitic on Patella argentea. By Professor Hutton	330
	XXXVI.	Description of some new Slugs. By Professor Hutton	331–332
	XXXVII.	On Phalacrocorax carunculatus, Gmelin. By Professor Hutton	332–337
	XXXVIII.	Notes on a Collection from the Auckland Islands and Campbell Island. By Professor Hutton	337–343
	XXXIX.	Note accompanying Specimens of the Black Rat (Mus rattus, L.). By Taylor White. Communicated by Professor Hutton	343–344
	XL.	On a new Species of Millepora. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., F.G.S., etc. Communicated by Prof. Hutton	345–347
	XLI.	Notes on the Life History of Charagia virescens. By the Rev. C. H. Gosset. Communicated by Prof. Hutton	347–348
	XLII.	Further Notes on the Habits of the Tuatara Lizard. By Walter L. Buller, C.M.G., Sc.D., F.L.S.	349–351
	XLIII.	On the specific Value of Prion banksii. By Walter L. Buller	351–352
	XLIV.	Remarks on the Long-tailed Cuckoo (Eudynamis taitensis). By Walter L. Buller	353–355
	XLV.	Remarks on a species of Lestris inhabiting our Seas. By Walter L. Buller	355–359
	XLVI.	Note on Mr. Howard Saunders' Review of the Larinæ, or Gulls. By Walter L. Buller	359–360
	XLVII.	On a further Occurrence of the Australian Tree Swallow (Hylochelidon nigricans) in New Zealand. By Walter L. Buller	360
	XLVIII.	Additions to List of Species, and Notices of Rare Occurrences, since the publication of 'The Birds of New Zealand.' By Walter L. Buller	361–366
	XLIX.	Further Contributions to the Ornithology of New Zealand. By Walter L. Buller	366–376
	L.	Memorandum of the Keá. By the Hon. Dr. Menzies, M.L.C.	376–377
	LI.	Descriptions of three new Species of Opisthobranchiate Mollusca. By T. F. Cheeseman, F.L.S.	378–380
	LII.	Our Fish Supply. By P. Thomson	380–386
	LIII.	The District of Okarita, Westland. By A. Hamilton	386–391
	LIV.	Notes on the Breeding Habits of the Katipo (Latrodectus katipo). By C. H. Robson	391–392
	LV.	On Additions to the Carcinological Fauna of New Zealand. By T. W. Kirk, Assistant in the Colonial Museum	392–397
	LVI.	On some New Zealand Aphroditæ, with Descriptions of supposed new Species. By T. W. Kirk	397–400
	LVII.	Notes on some New Zealand Crustaceans. By T. W. Kirk	401–402
III.—Botany.
	LVIII.	Further Observations upon certain Grasses and Fodder Plants. By S. M. Curl, M.D.	403–411
	LIX.	On Pituri, a new Vegetable Product that deserves further Investigation. By S. M. Curl, M.D.	411–415
	LX.	Notes on Cleistogamic Flowers of the Genus Viola. By George M. Thomson	415–417
	LXI.	On the Means of Fertilization among some New Zealand Orchids. By G. M. Thomson	418–426
	LXII.	Description of a new Species of Coprosma. By D. Petrie, M.A.	426–427
	LXIII.	Description of a new Species of Celmisia. By J. Buchanan	427–428
	LXIV.	Notice of a new Species of Pomaderris (P. tainui). By Dr. Hector	428–429
	LXV.	A Description of two New Zealand Ferns, believed to be new to Science. By W. Colenso	429–431
	LXVI.	On the Occurrence of the Australian Genus Poranthera in New Zealand. By T. F. Cheeseman, F.L.S.	432–433
	LXVII.	Notice of the Occurrence of Juncus tenuis, Willd., in New Zealand. By T. F. Cheeseman	433–434
	LXVIII.	Notice of the Occurrence of the Genus Kyllinga in New Zealand. By T. F. Cheeseman	434–435
	LXIX.	List of Plants collected in the District of Okarita, Westland. By A. Hamilton	435–438
	LXX.	Notes on Mr. Hamilton's Collection of Okarita Plants. By T. Kirk, F.L.S.	439–444
	LXXI.	Notes on the Botany of Waiheke, Rangitoto, and other Islands in the Hauraki Gulf. By T. Kirk	444–454
	LXXII.	On the Export of Fungus from New Zealand. By T. Kirk	454–456
	LXXIII.	Description of a new Species of Lycopodium. By T. Kirk	456–457
	LXXIV.	Description of a new Species of Hymenophyllum. By T. Kirk	457–458
	LXXV.	Notes and Suggestions on the Utilization of certain neglected New Zealand Timbers. By T. Kirk	453–463
	LXXVI.	Descriptions of New Plants. By T. Kirk	463–466
	LXXVII.	Notice of the Discovery of Calceolaria repens, Hook. f., and other Plants in the Wellington District. By Harry Borrer Kirk. Communicated by Mr. T. Kirk, F.L.S.	466–467
IV.—Chemistry.
	LXXVIII.	Preliminary Note on the Presence of one or more Hydrocarbons of the Benzol Series in the American Petroleum, also in our Petroleums. By William Skey, Analyst to the Geological Survey Department	469–470
	LXXIX.	On a Property possessed by Essential Oils of whitening the Precipitate produced by mixing a Solution of Mercuro-iodide with one of Mercuric-chloride. By William Skey	470–471
	LXXX.	Preliminary Note on the Production of one or more Alkaloids from Fixed Oils by the Aniline Process. By William Skey	471–473
	LXXXI.	On the Cause of the Movements of Camphor when placed upon the Surface of Water. By William Skey	473–485
	LXXXII.	On Osomose, as the Cause of the persistent Suspension of Clay in Water. By William Skey	485–490
	LXXXIII.	On the Nature and Cause of Tomlinson's Cohesion Figures. By William Skey	490–493
V.—Geology.
	LXXXIV.	On the Geological Structure of Banks Peninsula, being an Address by Prof. Julius von Haast, Ph.D., F.R.S., President of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury	495–512
	LXXXV.	Notes on a Salt Spring near Hokianga. By J. A. Pond	512–514
	LXXXVI.	Notes of a Traditional Change in the Coast-line at Manukau Heads. By S. Percy Smith	514–516
PROCEEDINGS.
WELLINGTON PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
Remarks by the President, T. Kirk, F.L.S.			520
On the Production of Platino-iodides of the Alkaloids. By W. Skey			523
On some of the Causes which operate in Shingle-bearing Rivers in the Determination of their Courses and in the Formation of Plains. By J. P. Maxwell, A.I.C.E. (abstract)			524–525
Some Notes on the D'Urville Island Copper Mine. By S. H. Cox, F.C.S., F.G.S., Assistant Geologist (abstract)			525–527
On the Existence of Hydro-carbons in Fats and Oils. By W. Skey			527
Some Remarks on Dr. Curl's "Notes on Grasses and Fodder Plants, suitable for Introduction to New Zealand." By Henry Blundell (abstract)			528–529
An Account of Improvements on Miramar Peninsula. By J. C. Crawford, F.G.S. (abstract)			530
On a Gas-lamp for equalising Temperature. By J. Kebbell			532
Note on a curious Duplication of Tusks in the common Wild Pig (Sus scrofa). By A. Hamilton			535
On the Fossil Flora of New Zealand. By Dr. Hector, Director of the Geological Survey (abstract)			536–537
On the Fossil Brachiopoda of New Zealand. By Dr. Hector (abstract)			537–539
Abstract Report of Council			539
Election of Officers for 1879			539
Anniversary Address of the President, T. Kirk, F.L.S., being on the Relationship between the Floras of New Zealand and Australia			539–546
AUCKLAND INSTITUTE.
On the Histeridæ of New Zealand. By Captain T. Broun			547
The New Zealand Anthribidæ. By Captain T. Broun			547
The British Arctic Expedition of 1875–76. By F. G. Ewington			547
Education as a Science: Part I. By C. A. Robertson			547
The Cossonidæ of New Zealand. By Captain T. Broun			547
Education as a Science: Part II. By C. A. Robertson			547
Æolus Vinctus. By J. Adams, B.A.			547–548
The New Zealand Anobiidæ. By Captain T. Broun			548
The Establishment of a School of Design			549
The Dascillidæ of New Zealand. By Captain T. Broun			549
High Schools for Girls. By J. Adams, B.A.			549
On the Telephoridæ of New Zealand. By Captain T. Broun			549
Notes on the Rising Generation. By D. C. Wilson (abstract)			549–550
Annual Report			550–552
Election of Officers for 1879			552
PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE OF CANTERBURY.
Remarks on Mr. Mackenzie Cameron's Theory respecting the Kahui Tipua. By J. W. Stack			553
Election of Officers for 1879			554
Abstract of Annual Report			554–555
OTAGO INSTITUTE.
The Science of the Weather. By D. Petrie, M.A.			556
The Fauna of New Zealand. By Prof. Hutton			556
A Plea for the Study of Politics. By the Hon. R. Stout, M.H.R.			557
Description of two new Crabs. By Prof. Hutton			557
Notes on the New Zealand Shells in the "Voyage au Pôle Sud." By Prof. Hutton			557
Domestic Æsthetics, and the Higher Education of Women. By the Rev. A. R. Fitchett			558
On Magnetic Dip. By A. H. Ross (abstract)			558–559
The Mechanism of Voice and Speech. By Prof. Scott			560
On the Scientific Form of Harbours. By W. G. Jenkins			560
Annual Report of the Council			560
Election of Officers for 1879			561
Address by the President, W. N. Blair, C.E.			561–566
HAWKE BAY PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE.
A Memorandum of my First Journey to the Ruahine Mountain Range, and of the Flora of that Region: Part I. By W. Colenso, F.L.S.			567
Election of Officers for 1878–9			567
Abstract of Annual Report			567
On the Moa (Dinornis, sp.) By W. Colenso, F.L.S.			568
On the beneficial Raising of Trees suited for Timber and Firewood. By F. W. C. Sturm			568–570
Memoranda of a Journey in which he succeeded in crossing the Ruahine Mountain Range, with Notes on the local Botany and Topography of that District: Part II. By W. Colenso, F.L.S.			570
On certain New Zealand and Australian Barks useful for Tanning Purposes. By J. A. Smith			570–571
New Specimens in Natural History, described. By W. Colenso			572
WESTLAND INSTITUTE.
Notice of a Tadpole found in a drain in Hokitika. By F. E. Clarke			573
On the Discovery of Moa Bones near Marsden. By W. D. Campbell			574
Election of Officers for 1879			574
Abstract of Annual Report			574
NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE.
Tenth Annual Report of the Board of Governors			577–578
Museum			578–581
Meteorology			582
Time-ball Observatory			582
Laboratory			582
Accounts of the New Zealand Institute, 1877–8			582
APPENDIX.
Meteorological Statistics of New Zealand for 1878			xxi–xxiii
Earthquakes reported in New Zealand during 1878			xxiii
Comparative Abstract for 1878, and previous years			xxiv
Notes on the Weather during 1878			xxv–xxvi
Record of Papers on New Zealand Natural History, 1878–9			xxvii
Honorary Members of the New Zealand Institute			xxviii
Ordinary Members			xxviii–xxxix
List of Public Institutions and Individuals to whom this Volume is presented			xl–xlii
Addenda et Corrigenda			iii
Contents			v–x
List of Plates			x
Board of Governors of the New Zealand Institute			xi
Abstracts of Rules and Statutes of the New Zealand Institute			xi–xiii
List of Incorporated Societies			xiv
Officers of Incorporated Societies, and extracts from the rules			xiv–xvii

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LIST OF PLATES.

PLATE		TO FACE PAGE.
I.	Pope.—Apparatus for measuring Position of Double Stars	142
II.	Macklin.—River Protective Works	144
III.	Campbell.—A Method of Beach Protection	148
IV.	J. T. Thomson.—Map showing Distribution of Languages used in India	160
V.	Maskell.—Coccidæ	196
VI.	{{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„	204
VII.	{{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„	216
VIII.	{{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„	224
IX.	{{{1}}}„Hymenopterous Parasite on Coccidæ	228
X.	G. M. Thomson.—Crustacea	248
XI.	{{{1}}}„Entomostraca	262
XII.	Powell.—Desis robsoni	268
XIII.	Arthur.—Salmo fario, S. trutta	280
XIV.	Clarke.—Lepidopus elongatus, Argentina decagon	296
XV.	{{{1}}}„Trypterigium robustum, T. dorsalis, T. decemdigitatus, Acanthoclinus taumaka	292
XVI.	Cheeseman.—Opisthobranchiate Mollusca	380
XVII.	Colenso.—Callorhynchus dasycaudatus	300
XVIII.	Buchanan.—Celmisia cordatifolia	428
XIX.	T. Kirk.—Hymenophyllum rufescens, Lycopodium ramulosum	456