Cassell's Illustrated History of England/Volume 3

by John Cassell

 

OLIVER CROMWELL.

Cassell's Illustrated

 

 

 

HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

 

 

 

 

 

New and Revised Edition.

CONTINUED TO THE END OF 1873.

 

 

 

 

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VOL. III.

FROM THE FROM THE ACCESSION OF JAMES I. TO THE REVOLUTION OF 1688.

 

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Cassell Petter & Galpin:

London, Paris & New York.

 

 

 

PREFACE

 

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HE volume of the History of England which we have now brought to a close, narrates the great struggle for the liberties of the nation which commenced with the accession of the Stuart dynasty, and which closed with it. The history of the reign of that family is the history of our battle for constitutional freedom, and our achievement of it. No volume of any history can be more important—none to us, as Englishmen, so important. James I. began with declaring the doctrine of royal absolutism. He represented himself as much God on earth as God is in heaven. All power of life and death—all command, not only of his subjects, but of the laws themselves, he declared to be in his hands. If he made the law-makers, he asked whether it was not plain that he made the laws too. His son, Charles I., adopted this grandiose creed of his father, and trod faithfully in his steps; but the people were not disposed to see their Magna Charta thus royally set aside, and Englishmen reduced to slaves. They fought for it. They conquered; tried the monarch for his treason against the nation, and beheaded him for it;—the first example of such a solemn act of justice by a people, on a monarch sinning against the popular rights entrusted to him. The Commonwealth succeeded, but the heaven of royalty working in the realm, Charles II. was restored, and, more successful than his father, destroyed once more the national independence. James attempting to go still further, and to restore rejected popery—thereby, if successful, subjecting this kingdom to the domination of a foreigner—the people finally expelled the Stuart dynasty, and elected William, Prince of Orange; thus cutting off for ever in this kingdom all pretensions of divine right to the throne. The Bill of Rights, which confirms this election, constitutes the modern Magna Charta of England. It is hence we date all the power of our present constitution. Such is the momentous story of this third volume of our History. It is a recital which has engaged the attention of all the great nations of the present world: has already produced great events on the continent of Europe, and is destined to produce still greater. From the republic of England equally originated the principles, and the very creation of the republic of the United States of America. The story of this time cannot, therefore, be too carefully studied by all Englishmen.

In closing this eventful narrative, we have found ourselves compelled to call in question and refute the attempt of some modern historians of distinction to smooth over the insidious despotism of Charles II., and to represent him as a monarch not at all inclined to overstep the restraints of the constitution (see the review of the Laws and Constitution). In noticing this circumstance, we deem it useful once more to draw the attention of our readers to a few of the great points of historic fact, which we alone, of all our historians, have drawn forth and established.

The first of these is that of Magna Charta being not the work of the barons, but of the people. The great delusion which all our historians, in the face of the plainest facts, have regularly perpetuated, that the barons at Runnymede won the charter, is an aristocratic delusion, which is studiously maintained by that order to sanction its assumption of claims to govern us at will, as the class which achieved our liberties. The assumption is a fiction more airy and empty than a new year's dream. Whoever will refer to any history of the period, will see that the barons who bore arms at Runnymede, in vain attempted to bring John to grant a charter till the people of Bedford and London declared for him. Then John consented to meet them at Runnymede, when he signed the charter, and again immediately repudiated it. The barons were thus in the condition of a man who has got an acceptance—good, if taken up; waste paper, if dishonoured. Their charter was dishonoured. The debt of liberty had to be fought for, and John beat them. Thus worsted, they committed a most treasonable act in calling in the son of the French king to their aid, promising him the crown. John beat both them and their French king. On his death, Hubert de Burgh, constable of Dover, with a body of English sailors, and William de Collingham, with the archers of Sussex, drove the French prince out of the kingdom, put down the barons, and obtained the confirmation of the great charter from Henry III., with a new charter, the charter of the Forests. Thus the people—not the barons—acquired the charter; and Blackstone, in his work on the Great Charter, confirms this plain fact, by saying that it is not John's charter, but the charter of Henry III. from which we date our liberties. As to these barons who, under pretence of establishing our liberties, would have reduced England to a French province, Carte says that on John's death a letter, signed by upwards of forty of them, was foxed in his pocket, offering to give up the charter on condition of a full pardon, and restoration of their estates. It is certain that the remnant left of them were only too glad to receive a pardon from Henry III., and never ceased to pursue the honest Hugh de Burgh for his share in defeating them. They never relaxed their malice till they ruined him with the king, though he was become judiciary of the kingdom—its chief minister—and made his life one miserable martyrdom for his patriotism.

The next great point which we have been able to bring out and place in complete light, is the great epoch of the revolution of our fiscal system, which took place by the bargain of Charles II. with the party which restored him (see our account in his reign, again adverted to under the head of Laws and Constitution), by which he surrendered all the feudal services for the grant of the excise for ever. The operation of this transaction, which transferred the support of his crown from the landholders to the people at large, with all its consequences of extravagant taxation and national debt, will be found first to be fully demonstrated in this present volume. The statute of 12 Car. II., which makes this transfer, has been incidentally referred to by former historians, as we have remarked, but without any clear perception of the grand revolution in our whole system of taxation which it originated; perhaps, after all, the greatest revolution, as it concerns the rights and property of the community at large, which this country has seen.

Had we only succeeded in establishing these two vital points, we should have deemed them worth all the labour of research and composition, but we think we may refer with pride to the unvarying determination displayed through the whole work, to assert and maintain the great principles of justice and popular right. Whilst adverting to the testimony of Lord Brougham, on a late occasion, to this fact, we must, as a matter of justice to individuals, modify in some degree one of his assertions. It is, that none of the modern historians to whom he alluded, had condemned the French invasion of Henry V., though they had those of Edward III. This is not strictly true as regards us. In condemning the invasion of France by Edward III., we condemned the invasion of Henry V. at the same time. We condemned those wars in toto. See Vol.I.,p.369. "The invasions of France by Edward III. raised the martial glory of England to the highest pitch. There is nothing in the miracles of bravery done at Leuctra, Marathon, or Thermopylæ, which can surpass those performed at Crecy, Poictiers, and on other occasions; but there the splendour of the parallel ends. The Greek battle-fields are sanctified by the imperishable renown of patriotism; those of England, at that period, are distinguished only by empty ambition and unwarrantable aggression. The Greeks fought and conquered for the very existence of their country and liberties—the English to crush those of an independent people. The wars commenced by Edward III. inflicted the most direful miseries on France, were continued for generations, and perpetuated a spirit of hostility between the two great neighbour countries, which has been prolific of bloodshed, and most injurious to the progress of liberty and civilisation."

After this and similar denunciations of all those wars, it was not necessary to swell our pages by fresh ones under the reign of Henry V., but we explicitly kept in the reader's view that it was an unauthorised invasion of France. Speaking of Henry V.'s message to the French king, we say, Vol.I.,p.528: "This was singular language for a man to hold who was notoriously in a foreign country with a hostile force, come avowedly to subdue it by his arms, and, therefore, necessarily himself intending to shed the blood of Christians."

There is another subject to which Lord Brougham alluded on the same occasion, that cannot, without injustice to a highly meritorious historian, be passed over without explanation. Lord Brougham, as well as some of the Reviews, have given to a living author the merit of introducing into history the admirable improvement of reviewing the state of commerce, government, and society, at different periods. That merit undoubtedly belongs to Dr. Henry; it is a merit of the highest kind, and one of which Lord Brougham would never wittingly have deprived the legitimate possessor. The merit of the historian, to whom his lordship alluded, consists in his having continued Dr. Henry's plan, and in his having continued it well. It is a plan which all modern historians have felt it necessary to follow, and one which we have ourselves adopted. We have, however, in that department introduced much new matter, together with some corrected statements; and in a spirit of fearless inquiry and justice betwixt man and man, we proceed to trace the path of events before us.

The enormous circulation to which the History of England has attained—a history confessed by the highest judges to inculcate the soundest and most enlightened opinions—renders our work one, the importance of which cannot, we think, be over estimated, in preparing a healthy and patriotic future for the people at large.

ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE THIRD VOLUME.

1. PAGE

2. King James I. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   1

3. Coronation of King James I. at Westminster ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   6

4. Favourite dog of James I. discovered with a petition round his neck ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   7

5. Great Seal of King James I ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   12

6. George Buchanan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   13

7. Prison Chamber of Sir Walter Raleigh ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   18

8. Sir Walter Raleigh in prison ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   19

9. Old House at Lambeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   24

10. King James and his Courtiers setting out for the Hunt ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    25

11. The Gunpowder Conspirators in the Vault... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    27

12. Cellars under the Parliament House ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    30

13. Arrest of Guy Fawkes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    31

14. Hendlip House ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    36

15. Arabella Stuart, from the original picture ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    37

16. Great Hall at Theobald's ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    42

17. Flight of Arabella Stuart in male attire ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    43

18. The Fifth of November, 1611 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    48

19. Ben Johnson, Poet Laureate at the Court of James I ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    49

20. Arrest of Nonconformists ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    54

21. Accident to Robert Carr, the King's favourite ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    55

22. Prince Charles, Son of James I ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    60

23. "Keeping Sunday" according to King James's Book of Sports ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    61

24. Dr. Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    66

25. Buckingham, the King:'s favourite, passing through the streets in his Sedan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    67

26. Irish Scenery. The Vale of Avoca ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    72

27. Cork River, in which Raleigh was detained by stress of weather ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    73

28. Meeting of the Assembly in the settlement of Virginia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    78

29. First interview of Prince Charles with the Princess Henrietta, at Paris ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    79

30. Balsas, or Boat of Skin, used by the Natives on the American Coast ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    82

31. Moorish Pirates of the Mediterranean attacking an English Vessel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    84

32. The English Jester and the Spanish Ladies, during the visit of Prince Charles to Madrid ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    85

33. Duke Olivarez, from the original portrait ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    90

34. Prince Charles surprising the Infanta in the orchard ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    91

35. Palace at Guadalajara, near Madrid, as it appeared in the 17th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    96

36. The Castle of Segovia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    97

37. Interview of James I. with Prince Charles and Buckingham ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    102

38. Buckingham before the Council ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    103

39. Duke of Buckingham ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    108

40. King James I. and the Spanish Ambassador ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    109

41. Charles I. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    114

42. Death of King James I ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    115

43. Landing of the Princess Henrietta ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    121

44. King Charles I. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    126

45. Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    127

46. French Soldiers of the time of Louis XIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    132

47. Queen Henrietta and Children of Charles I. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    133

48. Assassination of Buckingham ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    138

49. Felton Prison ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    139

50. Great Seal of Charles I. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    144

51. Cathedral of Nuremberg ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    145

52. Sir Peter Paul Rubens ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    150

53. Massacre at Magdeburg ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    151

54. Battle of Lutzen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    156

55. Prynne in the Pillory ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    157

56. John Hampden, from an original portrait ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    163

57. The Puritans embarking for the Colonies ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    163

58. Old Porch, at Galway ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    168

59. John Pym ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    169

60. The Afffray in the High Church, Edinburgh ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    171

61. St. Giles's, Edinburgh ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    174

62. The pursuit of the Bishop ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    175

63. Signing the Covenant ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    180

64. Sir Henry Vane, from the original portrait. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    181

65. Lambeth Palace ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    186

66. Attack on Lambeth Palace. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    187

67. Children of Charles I. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    193

68. Arrest of Lord Strafford ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    198

69. Lord Strafford going to trial ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    199

70. Cavaliers and Puritans ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    204

71. Earl of Stafford, from an authentic picture ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    205

72. Strafford, on his way to execution, receiving the blessing of Archbishop Laud ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    210

73. Rejoicings in London on account of the execution of Strafford ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    211

74. Edinburgh Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    216

75. Hugh M'Malion betraying the secret of the intended massacre to Owen O'Conolly ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    217

76. King Charles passing through the City ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    222

77. King Charles and the Commons ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    223

78. Fight for the Standard at the battle of Edge Hill ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    229

79. Prince Rupert, from an authentic portrait ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    234

80. Hampden wounded at Chalgrove Field ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    235

81. The Puritan Camp ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    241

82. Sir Thomas Fan-tax, from an authentic portrait ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    246

83. Cromwell proposing the self-denying ordinance ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    247

84. Oliver Cromwell ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    252

85. Marquis of Ormond, from a portrait by Sir Peter Lely ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    253

86. Wenceslaus Hollar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    258

87. The flight from Naseby ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    259

88. Escape of King Charles from Oxford ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    265

89. Gateway of Holmby Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    270

90. Arrest of King Charles by Joyce, at Holmby ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    271

91. Cromwell discovering the King's letter at the Blue Boar, Holborn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    277

92. Carisbrook Castle, Isle of Wight ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    282

93. Cromwell suppressing the Mutiny ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    283

94. Carisbrook, Isle of Wight ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    288

95. John Bradshaw, from an authentic portrait ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    289

96. Hurst Castle, Hampshire ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    294

97. Removal of Charles from Hurst Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    295

98. King Charles summoned to Execution ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    301

99. Oliver Cromwell ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    306

100. Cromwell and Milton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     307

101. Great Seal of the Commonwealth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     312

102. Charles II., after the defeat at Worcester, discovered in a barn, where he had taken refuge ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     313

103. Boscobel House ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     318

104. Escape of Charles II. in the disguise of a Servant ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     319

105. O'Brien and Ireton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     321

106. Charles II. hidden in the Oak ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     324

107. Admiral Blake, from an authentic portrait ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     325

108. Cromwell addressing the Parliament ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     330

109. Cromwell taking the oath as Protector ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     331

110. Cromwell dissolving the Parliament ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     336

111. Richard Baxter, from an authentic portrait ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     337

112. View in the mountains of Piedmont ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     342

113. Accident to Cromwell in Hyde Park ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     343

114. Malaga ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     348

115. Cromwell refusing to accept the Crown ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     349

116. Richard Cromwell, from an authentic portrait ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     354

117. Death of Cromwell ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     355

118. Richard Cromwell signing his Abdication ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     361

119. General Monk, from an authentic portrait ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     366

120. Landing of Charles II. at Dover ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     367

121. The Regalia of Scotland, copied from authentic sources ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     372

122. Exiled Nonconformists landing in America. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     373

123. A Friends' Meeting, from an engraving of the 17th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     375

124. Declaration of Independency at the Savoy, September 29, 1658 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     378

125. Arrest of Nonconformists ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     378

126. Rev. John Owen, D.D. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     379

127. Coin of the value of fifteen shillings of the reign of James ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     384

128. Coin of the value of thirty shillings of the reign of James I ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     384

129. Crown of Charles I. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     384

130. Shilling of the Protector ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     384

131. William Shakespeare ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     385

132. John Bunyan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     390

133. Chateau de Steen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     391

134. Anthony Vandyck ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     396

135. The Crucifixion, by Vandyck ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     396

136. Tomb of Sir Thomas Lucy at Charlecote ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     397

137. West Front of Old St. Paul's ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     397

138. Old Hardwick Hall ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     398

139. Castle Ashby ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     398

140. An Inn Yard ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     398

141. Old House in London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     399

142. Tradesmen's Signs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     400

143. A Sedan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     400

144. Old London Lamp ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     400

145. A Coach of the time of Charles I. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     400

146. A Room in Shakespeare's House at Stratford ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     401

147. A State Bed ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     401

148. Rubens' Chair ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     401

149. Baronial Hall, Charlecote ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     402

150. Ancient Kitchen, with Dogwheel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     402

151. Old English Merry-making ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     403

152. Costumes of the Stuart Period, ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     404, 405, 406, 407

153. An Armourer's Shop ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     407

154. Great Seal of Charles II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     408

155. Rejoicings on the Restoration of Charles II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     409

156. Charles II ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     414

157. King Charles II. entering London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     415

158. Savoy Palace ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     421

159. Charles II. introducing Lady Castlemaine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     426

160. Ejection of Nonconformists on St. Bartholomew's Day ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     427

161. Clock Tower in Dunkirk ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     432

162. The Great Plague. 1665. The Enthusiast denouncing London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     433

163. The Pest House and Plague Pit at Finsbury ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     435

164. Highgate Fields during the Great Fire ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     438

165. The Burning of Old St. Paul's, 1666 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     439

166. Hunting the Moth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     445

167. Louis XIV. of France ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     450

168. Attack on the Duke of Ormond ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     451

169. Attack on Sir John Coventry ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     457

170. Kirby warning Charles II ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     462

171. Amsterdam flooded ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     463

172. Disturbances in connection with the Popish Plot ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     469

173. The Duke of Monmouth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     474

174. Charles II. and the Duchess of Portsmouth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     475

175. Lord William Russell ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     481

176. Charles II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     486

177. Death of Cameron ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     487

178. The Duke of Monmouth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     493

179. Plan of Rye House ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     495

180. Lady Rachel Russell ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     498

181. Trial of Lord William Russell ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     499

182. James II ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     505

183. Great Seal of James II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     110

184. James receiving the French Bribe ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     517

185. Monmouth advancing on Taunton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     511

186. Flight of Monmouth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     522

187. Reception of Monmouth at Taunton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     523

188. Burning of Elizabeth Gaunt ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     529

189. William of Orange ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     534

190. Monmouth exchanging Clothes with a Shepherd ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     535

191. The Earl of Shrewsbury, and other Nobles, dispatching their Proposals to the Prince of Orange ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     541

192. The Vessel which brought over the Prince of Orange to England ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     546

193. The Seven Bishops ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     547

194. William of Orange entering Exeter ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     553

195. Queen of James II concealed at Gravesend ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     558

196. The Flight of the Queen of James II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     559

197. Attack on James II. at the Isle of Shepppey. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     565

198. Princess Anne ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     570

199. William of Orange and his Consort Mary invited by Parliament to accept the Crown ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     571

200. John Bunyan and his Blind Child ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     577

201. Roger Williams' Departure for Salem ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     578

202. Birthplace and Burial place of John Milton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     582

203. John Milton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     583

204. Scene from the Hudibras ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     588

205. Allegorical Figure of a Commonwealth, from Hobbes' "Leviathan" ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     589

206. Sir Isaac Newton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     594

207. John Bunyan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     595

208. Zoar Chapel, Southwark ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     595

209. Elstow Church ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     595

210. Bunyan's Tomb ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     595

211. Coins ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     599

212. Dr. William Harvey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     600

213. Thomas Brition, Musical Small-coul Man ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     601

214. Furniture of the time of Charles II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     603

215. Costumes of the times of Charles II. and James II ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     604, 605

216. St. Stephen's, Walbrook ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     606

217. Chelsea Hospital ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     607

218. Nell Gwynne's Looking-glass ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     607

219. Theatrical Representation in an Inn yard ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     609

220. Old London Water Carriers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     612

221. Commemorative Medal ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     613

222. Calcutta in the 17th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     615

223. Old forms of Punishment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     617

224. Gog and Magog ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     618

225. Old game of Pall Mall ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     618

226. The Hall of an old English Squire ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     619

227. The Folly on the Thames ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     621

228. Sir Christopher Wren's Plan for Rebuilding London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     623

Chapters (not listed in original)

• Chapter 1
• Chapter 2
• Chapter 3
• Chapter 4
• Chapter 5
• Chapter 6
• Chapter 7
• Chapter 8
• Chapter 9
• Chapter 10
• Chapter 11
• Chapter 12
• Chapter 13
• Chapter 14
• Chapter 15
• Index