Latin for beginners (1911)/Special vocabularies

by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge

SPECIAL VOCABULARIES

The words in heavy type are used in Cæsar's "Gallic War."

LESSON IV, §39

Nouns

dea, goddess (deity)

Diā´na, Diana

fera, a wild beast (fierce)

Lātō´na, Latona

sagit´ta, arrow

Verbs

est, he (she, it) is;

sunt, they are

necat, he (she, it) kills, is killing, does kill

Conjunction^[1]

et, and

Pronouns

quis, interrog. pronoun, nom. sing., who?

cuius (pronounced co͝oi´yo͝os, two syllables), interrog. pronoun, gen. sing., whose?

LESSON V, §47

Nouns

corō´na, wreath, garland, crown

fā´bula, story (fable)

pecū´nia, money (pecuniary)

pugna, battle (pugnacious)

victō´ria, victory

Verbs

dat, he (she, it) gives

nārrat, he (she, it) tells (narrate)

Conjunction^[1]

quia or quod, because

cui (pronounced co͝oi, one syllable), interrog. pronoun, dat. sing., to whom? for whom?

LESSON VI, §56

Adjectives

bona, good

grāta, pleasing

magna, large, great

mala, bad, wicked

parva, small, little

pulchra, beautiful, pretty

sōla, alone

Nouns

ancil'la, maidservant

Iūlia, Julia

Adverbs^[2]

cūr, why

nōn, not

Pronouns

mea, my

tua, thy, your (possessives)

quid, interrog. pronoun, nom. and acc. sing., what?

-ne, the question sign, an enclitic (§ 16) added to the first word, which, in a question, is usually the verb, as amat, he loves, but amat'ne? does he love? est, he is; estne? is he? Of course -ne is not used when the sentence contains quis, cūr, or some other interrogative word.

LESSON VII, §62

Nouns

casa, -ae, f., cottage

cēna, -ae, f., dinner

gallī'na, -ae, f., hen, chicken

īn'sula, -ae, f., island (pen-insula)

Adverbs

dein'de, then, in the next place

ubi, where

Preposition

ad, to, with acc. to express motion toward

Verbs

ha'bitat, he (she, it) lives, is living, does live (inhabit)

laudat, he (she, it) praises, is praising, does praise (laud)

parat, he (she, it) prepares, is preparing, does prepare

vocat, he (she, it) calls, is calling, does call; invites, is inviting, does invite (vocation)

Pronoun

quem, interrog. pronoun, acc. sing., whom?

LESSON VIII, §69

Nouns

Italia, -ae, f., Italy

Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily

tuba, -ae, f., trumpet (tube)

via, -ae, f., way, road, street (viaduct)

Adjectives

alta, high, deep (altitude)

clāra, clear, bright; famous

lāta, wide (latitude)

longa, long (longitude)

nova, new (novelty)

LESSON IX, §77

Nouns

bellum, -ī, n., war (re-bel)

cōnstantia, -ae, f., firmness, constancy, steadiness

dominus, -ī, m., master, lord (dominate)

equus, -ī, m., horse (equine)

frūmentum, -ī, n., grain

lēgātus, -ī, m., lieutenant, ambassador (legate)

Mārcus, -ī, m., Marcus, Mark

mūrus, -ī, m., wall (mural)

oppidānus, -ī, m., townsman

oppidum, -ī, n., town

pīlum, -ī, n., spear (pile driver)

servus, -ī, m., slave, servant

Sextus, -ī, m., Sextus

Verbs

cūrat, he (she, it) cares for, with acc.

properat, he (she, it) hastens

LESSON X, §82

Nouns

amīcus, -ī, m., friend (amicable)

Germānia, -ae, f., Germany

patria, -ae, f., fatherland

populus, -ī, m., people

Rhēnus, -ī, m., the Rhine

vīcus, -ī, m., village

LESSON XI, §86

Nouns

arma, armōrum, n., plur., arms, especially defensive weapons

fāma, -ae, f., rumor; reputation, fame

galea, -ae, f., helmet

praeda, -ae, f., booty, spoils (predatory)

tēlum, -ī, n., weapon of offense, spear

Adjectives

dūrus, -a, -um, hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome (durable)

Rōmānus, -a, -um, Roman. As a noun, Rōmānus, -ī, m., a Roman

LESSON XII, §90

Nouns

fīlius, fīlī, m., son (filial)

fluvius, fluvī, m., river (fluent)

gladius, gladī, m., sword (gladiator)

praesidium, praesi'dī, n., garrison, guard, protection

proelium, proelī, n., battle

Adjectives

fīnitimus, -a, -um, bordering upon, neighboring, near to. As a noun, fīnitimī, -ōrum, m., plur., neighbors

Germānus, -a, -um, German. As a noun, Germānus, -ī, m., a German

multus, -a, -um, much; plur., many

Adverb

saepe, often

LESSON XIII, §95

Nouns

ager, agrī, m., field (acre)

cōpia, -ae, f., plenty, abundance (copious); plur., troops, forces

Cornēlius, Cornē'lī, m., Cornelius

lōrī'ca, -ae, f., coat of mail, corselet

praemium, praemī, n., reward, prize (premium)

puer, puerī, m., boy (puerile)

Rōma, -ae, f., Rome

scūtum, -ī, n., shield (escutcheon)

vir, virī, m., man, hero (virile)

Adjectives

legiōnārius, -a, -um,^[3] legionary, belonging to the legion. As a noun, legiōnāriī, -ōrum, m., plur., legionary soldiers

līber, lībera, līberum, free (liberty). As a noun, līberī, -ōrum, m., plur., children (lit. the freeborn)

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, pretty, beautiful

Preposition

apud, among, with acc.

Conjunction

sed, but

LESSON XIV, §99

Nouns

auxilium, auxi'lī, n., help, aid (auxiliary)

castrum, -ī, n., fort (castle); plur., camp (lit. forts)

cibus, -ī, m., food

cōnsilium, cōnsi'lī, n., plan (counsel)

dīligentia, -ae, f., diligence, industry

magister, magistrī, m., master, teacher^[4]

Adjectives

aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick

crēber, crēbra, crēbrum, frequent

miser, misera, miserum, wretched, unfortunate (miser)

LESSON XV, §107

Nouns

carrus, -ī, m., cart, wagon

inopia, -ae, f., want, lack; the opposite of cōpia

studium, studī, n., zeal, eagerness (study)

Adjectives

armātus, -a, -um, armed

īnfīrmus, -a, -um, weak, feeble (infirm)

validus, -a, -um, strong, sturdy

Verb

mātūrat, he (she, it) hastens. Cf. properat

Adverb

iam, already, now

-que, conjunction, and; an enclitic (cf. §16) and always added to the second of two words to be connected, as arma tēla'que, arms and weapons.

LESSON XVII, §117

Nouns

agrī cultūra, -ae, f., agriculture

domicilium, domici'lī, n., abode, dwelling place (domicile)

fēmina, -ae, f., woman (female)

Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul

Gallus, -ī, m., a Gaul

lacrima, -ae, f., tear

numerus, -ī, m., number (numeral)

Adjective

mātūrus, -a, -um, ripe, mature

Verbs

arat, he (she, it) plows (arable)

dēsīderat, he (she, it) misses, longs for (desire), with acc.

Adverb

quō, whither

Conjunction

an, or, introducing the second half of a double question, as Is he a Roman or a Gaul, Estne Rōmānus an Gallus?

LESSON XVIII, §124

Nouns

lūdus, -ī, m., school

socius, socī, m., companion, ally (social)

Adjectives

īrātus, -a, -um, angry, furious (irate)

laetus, -a, -um, happy, glad

Adverbs

hodiē, to-day

ibi, there, in that place

mox, presently, soon, of the immediate future

nunc, now, the present moment

nūper, lately, recently, of the immediate past

LESSON XX, §136

Nouns

fōrma, -ae, f., form, beauty

poena, -ae, f., punishment, penalty

potentia, -ae, f., power (potent)

rēgīna, -ae, f., queen (regal)

superbia, -ae, f., pride, haughtiness

trīstitia, -ae, f., sadness, sorrow

Adjectives

septem, indeclinable, seven

superbus, -a, -um, proud, haughty (superb)

Conjunctions

nōn sōlum . . . sed etiam, not only . . . but also

LESSON XXI, §140

Nouns

sacrum, -ī, n., sacrifice, offering, rite

verbum, -ī, n., word (verb)

Verbs

sedeō, -ēre, sit (sediment)

volō, -āre, fly (volatile)

Adjectives

interfectus, -a, -um, slain

molestus, -a, -um, troublesome, annoying (molest)

perpetuus, -a, -um, perpetual, continuous

ego, personal pronoun, I (egotism). Always emphatic in the nominative.

LESSON XXII, §146

Nouns

disciplīna, -ae, f., training, culture, discipline

ōrnāmentum, -ī, n., ornament, jewel

Gāius, Gāī, m., Caius, a Roman first name

Tiberius, Tibe'rī, m., Tiberius, a Roman first name

Verb

doceō, -ēre, teach (doctrine)

Adverb

maximē, most of all, especially

Adjective

antīquus, -qua, -quum, old, ancient (antique)

LESSON XXVII, §168

Nouns

āla, -ae, f., wing

deus, -ī, m., god (deity)^[5]

mōnstrum, -ī, n., omen, prodigy; monster

ōrāculum, -ī, n., oracle

Verb

vāstō, -āre, lay waste, devastate

Adjectives

commōtus, -a, -um, moved, excited

maximus, -a, -um, greatest (maximum)

saevus, -a, -um, fierce, savage

Adverbs

ita, thus, in this way, as follows

tum, then, at that time

LESSON XXVIII, §171

Verbs

respondeō, -ēre, respond, reply

servō, -āre, save, preserve

Adjective

cārus, -a, -um, dear (cherish)

Conjunction

autem, but, moreover, now. Usually stands second, never first

Noun

vīta, -ae, f., life (vital)

LESSON XXIX, §176

Verb

superō, -āre, conquer, overcome (insuperable)

Nouns

cūra, -ae, f., care, trouble

locus, -ī, m., place, spot (location). Locus is neuter in the plural and is declined loca, -ōrum, etc.

perīculum, -ī, n., danger, peril

Adverbs

semper, always

tamen, yet, nevertheless

Prepositions

dē, with abl., down from; concerning

per, with acc., through

Conjunction

sī, if

LESSON XXX, §182

Verbs

absum, abesse, irreg., be away, be absent, be distant, with separative abl.

adpropinquō, -āre, draw near, approach (propinquity), with dative^[6]

contineō, -ēre, hold together, hem in, keep (contain)

discēdō, -ere, depart, go away, leave, with separative abl.

egeō, -ēre, lack, need, be without, with separative abl.

interficiō, -ere, kill

prohibeō, -ēre, restrain, keep from (prohibit)

vulnerō, -āre, wound (vulnerable)

Nouns

prōvincia, -ae, f., province

vīnum, -ī, n., wine

Adjective

dēfessus, -a, -um, weary, worn out

Adverb

longē, far, by far, far away

LESSON XXXI, §188

Nouns

aurum, -ī, n., gold (oriole)

mora, -ae, f., delay

nāvigium, nāvi'gī, n., boat, ship

ventus, -ī, m., wind (ventilate)

Verb

nāvigō, -āre, sail (navigate)

Adjectives

attentus, -a, -um, attentive, careful

dubius, -a, -um, doubtful (dubious)

perfidus, -a, -um, faithless, treacherous (perfidy)

Adverb

anteā, before, previously

Preposition

sine, with abl., without

LESSON XXXII, §193

Nouns

animus, -ī, m., mind, heart; spirit, feeling (animate)

bracchium, bracchī, n., forearm, arm

porta, -ae, f., gate (portal)

Preposition

prō, with abl., before; in behalf of; instead of

Adjectives

adversus, -a, -um, opposite; adverse, contrary

plēnus, -a, -um, full (plenty)

Adverb

diū, for a long time, long

LESSON XXXIV, §200

Adverbs

celeriter, quickly (celerity)

dēnique, finally

graviter, heavily, severely (gravity)

subitō, suddenly

Verb

reportō, -āre, -āvī, bring back, restore; win, gain (report)

LESSON XXXVI, §211

dexter, dextra, dextrum, right (dextrous)

sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left

frūstrā, adv., in vain (frustrate)

gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus, bear, carry on; wear; bellum gerere, to wage war

occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātus, seize, take possession of (occupy)

postulō, postulāre, postulāvī, postulātus, demand (ex-postulate)

recūsō, recūsāre, recūsāvī, recūsātus, refuse

stō, stāre, stetī, status, stand

temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātus, try, tempt, test; attempt

teneō, tenēre, tenuī, ———, keep, hold (tenacious)

The word ubi, which we have used so much in the sense of where in asking a question, has two other uses equally important:

1. ubi = when, as a relative conjunction denoting time; as, Ubi mōnstrum audīvērunt, fūgērunt, when they heard the monster, they fled

2. ubi = where, as a relative conjunction denoting place; as, Videō oppidum ubi Galba habitat, I see the town where Galba lives

Ubi is called a relative conjunction because it is equivalent to a relative pronoun. When in the first sentence is equivalent to at the time at which; and in the second, where is equivalent to the place in which.

LESSON XXXVII, §217

neque or nec, conj., neither, nor, and … not; neque … neque, neither … nor

castellum, -ī, n., redoubt, fort (castle)

cotīdiē, adv., daily

cessō, cessāre, cessāvī, cessātus, cease, with the infin.

incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptus, begin (incipient), with the infin.

oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus, storm, assail

petō, petere, petīvī or petiī, petītus, aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask (petition)

pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus, place, put (position); castra pōnere, to pitch camp

possum, posse, potuī, ———, be able, can (potent), with the infin.

vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus, forbid (veto), with the infin.; opposite of iubeō, command

vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus, conquer (in-vincible)

vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, ———, live, be alive (re-vive)

LESSON XXXIX, §234

barbarus, -a, -um, strange, foreign, barbarous. As a noun, barbarī, -ōrum, m., plur., savages, barbarians

dux, ducis, m., leader (duke). Cf. the verb dūcō

eques, equitis, m., horseman, cavalryman (equestrian)

iūdex, iūdicis, m., judge

lapis, lapidis, m., stone (lapidary)

mīles, mīlitis, m., soldier (militia)

pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier (pedestrian)

pēs, pedis,^[7] m., foot (pedal)

prīnceps, prīncipis, m., chief (principal)

rēx, rēgis, m., king (regal)

summus, -a, -um, highest, greatest (summit)

virtūs, virtūtis, f., manliness, courage (virtue)

LESSON XL, §237

Caesar, -aris, m., Cæsar

captīvus, -ī, m., captive, prisoner

cōnsul, -is, m., consul

frāter, frātris, m., brother (fraternity)

homō, hominis, m., man, human being

impedīmentum, -ī, n., hindrance (impediment); plur. impedīmenta, -ōrum, baggage

imperātor, imperātōris, m., commander in chief, general (emperor)

legiō, legiōnis, f., legion

māter, mātris, f., mother (maternal)

ōrdō, ōrdinis, m., row, rank (order)

pater, patris, m., father (paternal)

salūs, salūtis, f., safety (salutary)

soror, sorōris, f., sister (sorority)

LESSON XLI, §239

calamitās, calamitātis, f., loss, disaster, defeat (calamity)

caput, capitis, n., head (capital)

flūmen, flūminis, n., river (flume)

labor, labōris, m., labor, toil

opus, operis, n., work, task

ōrātor, ōrātōris, m., orator

rīpa, -ae, f., bank (of a stream)

tempus, temporis, n., time (temporal)

terror, terrōris, m., terror, fear

victor, victōris, m., victor

accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus, receive, accept

cōnfīrmō, cōnfīrmāre, cōnfīrmāvī, cōnfīrmātus, strengthen, establish, encourage (confirm)

LESSON XLIII, §245

animal, animālis (-ium^[8]), n., animal

avis, avis (-ium), f., bird (aviation)

caedēs, caedis (-ium), f., slaughter

calcar, calcāris (-ium), n., spur

cīvis, cīvis (-ium), m. and f., citizen (civic)

cliēns, clientis (-ium), m., retainer, dependent (client)

fīnis, fīnis (-ium), m., end, limit (final); plur., country, territory

hostis, hostis (-ium), m. and f., enemy in war (hostile). Distinguish from inimīcus, which means a personal enemy

ignis, ignis (-ium), m., fire (ignite)

īnsigne, īnsignis (-ium), n., decoration, badge (ensign)

mare, maris (-ium^[9]), n., sea (marine)

nāvis, nāvis (-ium), f., ship (naval); nāvis longa, man-of-war

turris, turris (-ium), f., tower (turret)

urbs, urbis (-ium), f., city (suburb). An urbs is larger than an oppidum

LESSON XLIV, §249

arbor, arboris, f., tree (arbor)

collis, collis (-ium), m., hill

dēns, dentis (-ium), m., tooth (dentist)

fōns, fontis (-ium), m., fountain, spring; source

iter, itineris, n., march, journey, route (itinerary)

mēnsis, mēnsis (-ium), m., month

moenia, -ium, n., plur., walls, fortifications. Cf. mūrus

mōns, montis (-ium), m., mountain; summus mōns, top of the mountain

numquam, adv., never

pōns, pontis, m., bridge (pontoon)

sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood (sanguinary)

summus, -a, -um, highest, greatest (summit)

trāns, prep. with acc., across (transatlantic)

vīs (vīs), gen. plur. vīrium, f., strength, force, violence (vim)

LESSON XLV, §258

ācer, ācris, ācre, sharp, keen, eager (acrid)

brevis, breve, short, brief

difficilis, difficile, difficult

facilis, facile, facile, easy

fortis, forte, brave (fortitude)

gravis, grave, heavy, severe, serious (grave)

omnis, omne, every, all (omnibus)

pār, gen. paris, equal (par)

paucī, -ae, -a, few, only a few (paucity)

secundus, -a, -um, second; favorable, opposite of adversus

signum, -ī, n., signal, sign, standard

vēlōx, gen. vēlōcis, swift (velocity)

conlocō, conlocāre, conlocāvī, conlocātus, arrange, station, place (collocation)

dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī, dēmōnstrātus, point out, explain (demonstrate)

mandō, mandāre, mandāvī, mandātus, commit, intrust (mandate)

LESSON XLVI, §261

adventus, -ūs, m., approach, arrival (advent)

ante, prep. with acc., before (antedate)

cornū, -ūs, n., horn, wing of an army (cornucopia); ā dextrō cornū, on the right wing; ā sinistrō cornū, on the left wing

equitātus, -ūs, m., cavalry

exercitus, -ūs, m., army

impetus, -ūs, m., attack (impetus); impetum facere in, with acc., to make an attack on

lacus, -ūs, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus, m., lake

manus, -ūs, f., hand; band, force (manual)

portus, -ūs, m., harbor (port)

post, prep. with acc., behind, after (post-mortem)

cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātus, burn (cremate)

exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitus, practice, drill, train (exercise)

LESSON XLVII, §270

Athēnae, -ārum, f., plur., Athens

Corinthus, -ī, f., Corinth

domus, -ūs, locative domī, f., house, home (dome). Cf. domicilium

Genāva, -ae, f., Geneva

Pompēiī, -ōrum, m., plur., Pompeii, a city in Campania. See map

propter, prep. with acc., on account of, because of

rūs, rūris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. rūra, n., country (rustic)

tergum, tergī, n., back; ā tergō, behind, in the rear

vulnus, vulneris, n., wound (vulnerable)

committō, committere, commīsī, commissus, intrust, commit; proelium committere, join battle

convocō, convocāre, convocāvī, convocātus, call together, summon (convoke)

timeō, timēre, timuī, ——, fear; be afraid (timid)

vertō, vertere, vertī, versus, turn, change (convert); terga vertere, to turn the backs, hence to retreat

LESSON XLVIII, §276

aciēs, -ēī, f., line of battle

aestās, aestātis, f., summer

annus, -ī, m., year (annual)

diēs, diēī, m., day (diary)

fidēs, fideī, no plur., f., faith, trust; promise, word; protection; in fidem venīre, to come under the protection

fluctus, -ūs, m., wave, billow (fluctuate)

hiems, hiemis, f., winter

hōra, -ae, f., hour

lūx, lūcis, f., light (lucid); prīma lūx, daybreak

merīdiēs, acc. -em, abl. -ē, no plur., m., midday (meridian)

nox, noctis (-ium), f., night (nocturnal)

prīmus, -a, -um, first (prime)

rēs, reī, f., thing, matter (real); rēs gestae, deeds, exploits (lit. things performed); rēs adversae, adversity; rēs secundae, prosperity

spēs, speī, f., hope

LESSON XLIX, §283

amīcitia, -ae, f., friendship (amicable)

itaque, conj., and so, therefore, accordingly

littera, -ae,f., a letter of the alphabet; plur., a letter, an epistle

metus, metūs, m.,fear

nihil, indeclinable, n., nothing (nihilist)

nūntius, nūntī, m., messenger. Cf. nūntiō

pāx, pācis, f., peace (pacify)

rēgnum, -ī, n., reign, sovereignty, kingdom

supplicium, suppli´cī, n., punishment; supplicium sūmere dē, with abl., inflict punishment on; supplicium dare, suffer punishment. Cf. poena

placeō, placēre, placuī, placitus, be pleasing to, please, with dative. Cf. §154

sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus, take up, assume

sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus, sustain

LESSON L, §288

corpus, corporis, n., body (corporal)

dēnsus, -a, -um, dense

īdem, e'adem, idem, demonstrative pronoun, the same (identity)

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pronoun, self; even, very

mīrus, -a, -um, wonderful, marvelous (miracle)

ōlim, adv., formerly, once upon a time

pars, partis (-ium), f., part, region, direction

quoque, adv., also. Stands after the word which it emphasizes

sōl, sōlis, m., sun (solar)

vērus, -a, -um, true, real (verity)

dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus, owe, ought (debt)

ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptus, snatch from

LESSON LI, §294

hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative pronoun, this (of mine); he, she, it

ille, illa, illud, demonstrative pronoun, that (yonder); he, she, it

invīsus, -a, -um, hateful, detested, with dative Cf. §143

iste, ista, istud, demonstrative pronoun, that (of yours); he, she, it

lībertās, -ātis, f., liberty

modus, -ī, m., measure; manner, way, mode

nōmen, nōminis, n., name (nominate)

oculus, -ī, m., eye (oculist)

prīstinus, -a, -um, former, old-time (pristine)

pūblicus, -a, -um, public, belonging to the state; rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae, f., the commonwealth, the state, the republic

vestīgium, vestī'gī, n., footprint, track; trace, vestige

vōx, vōcis, f., voice

LESSON LII, §298

incolumis, -e, unharmed

nē … quidem, adv., not even. The emphatic word stands between nē and quidem

nisi, conj., unless, if … not

paene, adv., almost (pen-insula)

satis, adv., enough, sufficiently (satisfaction)

tantus, -a, -um, so great

vērō, adv., truly, indeed, in fact. As a conj. but, however, usually stands second, never first.

dēcidō, dēcidere, dēcidī, ——, fall down (deciduous)

dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī, dēsultus, leap down, dismount

maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsūrus, remain

trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductus, lead across

LESSON LIII, §306

aquila, -ae, f., eagle (aquiline)

audāx, gen. audācis, adj., bold, audacious

celer, celeris, celere, swift, quick (celerity). Cf. vēlōx

explōrātor, -ōris, m., scout, spy (explorer)

ingēns, gen. ingentis, adj., huge, vast

medius, -a, -um, middle, middle part of (medium)

mēns, mentis (-ium), f., mind (mental). Cf. animus

opportūnus, -a, -um, opportune

quam, adv., than. With the superlative quam gives the force of as possible, as quam audācissimī virī, men as bold as possible

recēns, gen. recentis, adj., recent

tam, adv., so. Always with an adjective or adverb, while ita is generally used with a verb

quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus, ask, inquire, seek (question). Cf. petō

LESSON LIV, §310

alacer, alacris, alacre, eager, spirited, excited (alacrity)

celeritās, -ātis, f., speed (celerity)

clāmor, clāmōris, m., shout, clamor

lēnis, lēne, mild, gentle (lenient)

mulier, muli'eris, f., woman

multitūdō, multitūdinis, f., multitude

nēmō, dat. nēminī, acc. nēminem (gen. nūllīus, abl. nūllō, from nūllus), no plur., m. and f., no one

nōbilis, nōbile, well known, noble

noctū, adv. (an old abl.), by night (nocturnal)

statim, adv., immediately, at once

subitō, adv., suddenly

tardus, -a, -um, slow (tardy)

cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus, desire, wish (cupidity)

LESSON LV, §314

aedificium, aedifi'cī, n., building, dwelling (edifice)

imperium, impe'rī, n., command, chief power; empire

mors, mortis (-ium), f., death (mortal)

reliquus, -a, -um, remaining, rest of. As a noun, m. and n. plur., the rest (relic)

scelus, sceleris, n., crime

servitūs, -ūtis, f., slavery (servitude)

vallēs, vallis (-ium), f., valley

abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus, hide

contendō, contendere, contendī, contentus, strain, struggle; hasten (contend)

occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus, cut down, kill. Cf. necō, interficiō

perterreō, perterrēre, perterruī, perterritus, terrify, frighten

recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptus, receive, recover; sē recipere, betake one's self, withdraw, retreat

trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus, give over, surrender, deliver (traitor)

LESSON LVI, §318

aditus, -ūs, m., approach, access; entrance

cīvitās, cīvitātis, f., citizenship; body of citizens, state (city)

inter, prep. with acc., between; among (interstate commerce)

nam, conj., for

obses, obsidis, m. and f., hostage

paulō, adv. (abl. n. of paulus), by a little, somewhat

incolō, incolere, incoluī, ——, transitive, inhabit; intransitive, dwell. Cf. habitō, vīvō

relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictus, leave, abandon (relinquish)

statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtus, fix, decide (statute), usually with infin.

LESSON LVII, §326

aequus, -a, -um, even, level; equal

cohors, cohortis (-ium), f., cohort, a tenth part of a legion, about 360 men

currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus, run (course)

difficultās, -ātis, f., difficulty

fossa, -ae, f., ditch (fosse)

gēns, gentis (-ium), f., race, tribe, nation (Gentile)

negōtium, negōtī, n., business, affair, matter (negotiate)

regiō, -ōnis, f., region, district

rūmor, rūmōris, m., rumor, report. Cf. fāma

simul atque, conj., as soon as

suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptus, undertake

trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctus, drag, draw (ex-tract)

valeō, valēre, valuī, valitūrus, be strong; plūrimum valēre, to be most powerful, have great influence (value). Cf. validus

LESSON LVIII, §332

commeātus, -ūs, m., provisions

lātitūdō, -inis, f., width (latitude)

longitūdō, -inis, f., length (longitude)

magnitūdō, -inis, f., size, magnitude

mercātor, mercātōris, m., trader, merchant

mūnītiō, -ōnis, f., fortification (munition)

spatium, spatī, n., room, space, distance; time

cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus, learn; in the perfect tenses, know (re-cognize)

cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus, collect; compel (cogent)

dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus, defend

incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsus, set fire to, burn (incendiary). Cf. cremō

obtineō, obtinēre, obtinuī, obtentus, possess, occupy, hold (obtain)

perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventus, come through, arrive

LESSON LIX, §337

agmen, agminis, n., line of march, column; prīmum agmen, the van; novissimum agmen, the rear

atque, ac, conj., and; atque is used before vowels and consonants, ac before consonants only. Cf. et and -que

concilium, conci'lī, n., council, assembly

Helvētiī, -ōrum, m., the Helvetii, a Gallic tribe

passus, passūs, m., a pace, five Roman feet; mīlle passuum, a thousand (of) paces, a Roman mile

quā dē causā, for this reason, for what reason

vāllum, -ī, n., earthworks, rampart

cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrus, fall (decadence)

dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditus, surrender, give up; with a reflexive pronoun, surrender one's self, submit, with the dative of the indirect object

premō, premere, pressī, pressus, press hard, harass

vexō, vexāre, vexāvī, vexātus, annoy, ravage (vex)

LESSON LX, §341

aut, conj., or; aut … aut, either … or

causā, abl. of causa, for the sake of, because of. Always stands after the gen. which modifies it

ferē, adv., nearly, almost

opīniō, -ōnis, f., opinion, supposition, expectation

rēs frūmentāria, reī frūmentāriae, f. (lit. the grain affair), grain supply

timor, -ōris, m., fear. Cf. timeō

undique, adv., from all sides

cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum, attempt, try

ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum, move out, disembark; prōgredior, move forward, advance (egress, progress)

moror, morārī, morātus sum, delay

orior, orīrī, ortus sum, arise, spring; begin; be born (from) (origin)

proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum, set out

revertor, revertī, reversus sum, return (revert). The forms of this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect system. Perf. act., revertī

sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow (sequence). Note the following compounds of sequor and the force of the different prefixes: cōnsequor (follow with), overtake; īnsequor (follow against), pursue; subsequor (follow under), follow close after

1. A conjunction is a word which connects words, parts of sentences, or sentences.
2. An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; as, She sings sweetly; she is very talented; she began to sing very early.
3. The genitive singular masculine of adjectives in -ius ends in -iī and the vocative in -ie; not in -ī, as in nouns.
4. Observe that dominus, as distinguished from magister, means master in the sense of owner.
5. For the declension of deus, see §468
6. This verb governs the dative because the idea of nearness to is stronger than that of motion to. If the latter idea were the stronger, the word would be used with ad and the accusative.
7. Observe that e is long in the nom. sing. and short in the other cases.
8. The genitive plural ending -ium is written to mark the i-stems.
9. The genitive plural of mare is not in use.