Medicina de Quadrupedibus/Introduction

by unknown author

Introduction.

---

A. General remarks.

§ 1. Object and method of the work.
§ 2. Description of the ms.
§ 3. A brief comparison with the other mss.
§ 4. Spelling.
§ 5. Dialect.

§ 1.–The present publication is intended as a complement to those made by previous editors of the text of ms. Harl. 6258 (Brit. Mus.). The third part of this ms., entitled Περὶ διδάξεων, was published by Mr. Löweneck in the Erlanger Beiträge (1896) and the first, entitled Herbarium Apuleii, by Mr. Hugo Berberich in this series (Heidelberg 1902). It was at the kind suggestion of Prof. Napier that I undertook to copy out the second and shortest, namely the Medicina de quadrupedibus, which I bring out to-day with introduction, notes, translation and glossary, as a supplementary «thèse» for a doctor’s degree in the University of Paris. My copy includes the whole text of the Medicina as given in the ms. without, however, the § De beta which belongs to it, but which was rightly taken in by Mr. Berberich. The two lines immediately before, viz.: Wið cafodece pollege…, omitted by him, are given here.

Of the two publications just referred to, the first only claims to supply students with a correct text, to which it prefixes a few remarks on the mss. in which the said text is found. The second, besides establishing the text with great care, gives a general description of the ms., followed by observations on its relation to the older English copies of the Herbarimn, on its spelling, date, and dialect, and by a full account of its sounds and forms. My edition of the Medicina being intended exclusively for a contribution to the study of early ME. grammar, I have of course adopted the latter plan and considered it my duty to write an introduction similar to that of Mr. Berberich. I have, however, deviated from the model his work offered me in a few points where improvement seemed possible. In doing so I have paid special attention to the observations made on the matter by Prof. Forster in his able review of the Herbarium.^[1] The main changes thus introduced are the separation, in the Phonetics, of the weakly accented and unaccented syllables from the others; the use of spaced italics in the Phonetics and in the Accidence to denote the spellings which seem characteristic of ME.^[2], and the addition of a glossary where all the words of the text are recorded with the forms under which they occur and numerous references to pages and lines.

The following points are to be noticed by those who use the present publication:

1⁰. The text has been copied out with the greatest accuracy possible. However it has been thought useless to reproduce all its features and principally its obvious mistakes where they offer no linguistic interest. Thus wriꝥ 6₁₅ has been mormalized into wriþ and lœcecrœftef 2₉, where the two œs evidently represent æ and where the second f can only stand for s has been replaced by læcecræftes. Yet, with the exception of the sign œ which has been silently normalized into æ wherever it occurs^[3], I have never ventured to correct a word without mentioning it in its incorrect form in the footnotes, the form substituted being always that of ms. V, unless otherwise noted.^[4] Besides those necessary substitutions, which are regularly indicated by an asterisk, I have had recourse to ms. V wherever the obscurity of ms. O made it desirable. In such cases I have inserted the reading of ms. V within brackets in the text (with no asterisk) and quoted that of ms. O in the notes. Parentheses have been used only when a letter was faint or had altogether disappeared from the text, f. i. scínla(c) 16₅. I have allowed myself a free hand with regard to the separation of words, often uniting what is separated and separating what is united: thus I have written wif-þingun 10₁₆ 10₁₇ instead of wifþingun which is the reading of the ms.; my principle in that respect has been to write as two words united by a hyphen the compounds which bear an accent upon the first element, f. i. setl-gange 6₂, heafod-ece 10₂, and as one word those in which the first element, accented or not, is merely a prefix.^[5] The glosses and also the peculiarities of writing have been reproduced as they are in the ms., f. i. on (in) linnenon (lineo) hræȝele (panno) 2₁₄, y (_u)lcan 10₂ and no special notice has been taken of them in the notes. Finally the use of dots over is and ys has been normalized and the accents of the text have been retained.

2⁰. The translation is copied from Cockayne’s Leechdoms–at least where ms. O agrees with ms. V, but some alterations have been introduced to render the text with greater precision. Latin has been preferred to English where the previous editor chose to adopt it rather than offend decency, but his unnecessary archaisms have not been retained. Explanatory words are added within parentheses f. i. (a berry) 7₇ and those which correspond to words taken from ms. V, or are otherwise required by the text, are supplied within brackets, f. i. [aware… of thy virtues… 3₄].

3⁰. In the Phonetics and Accidence I have limited myself to comparatively few examples, except where some particular point required to be insisted upon, and I have excluded from each the forms which show a peculiarity only from the point of view of the other. In the Accidence I have chosen the same word to exemplify the various cases of a noun or the various tenses of a verb wherever it was possible. When a word written in spaced italics in one of the two sections also occurs in the other, I have abstained from using that type where it was no longer justified. Of course when a word had had to be corrected in the text, it has nevertheless been quoted as it is in ms. O.

4⁰. In the glossary the order of words is strictly alphabetical, æ being placed between ad and af; but initial þ follows t. All words are mentioned under their initials, except compounds in ȝe which will be found under the simple words. All forms, either correct or not, and all variant spellings are entered, the starting-point, however, being only the OE. form which is quoted in spaced type.^[6] When there is no difference between that form and that referred to, it is not repeated, even if the latter represents a case or person which makes it different from the former: thus after opt. 3d. pl. wexan (from 14₁) is not quoted because wexan, being also the form of the infinitive, is written in the margin. Contractions are expanded, and it has been thought useless to reproduce the accents of the text. The gender of nouns is designated except when it is unknown to Sweet and BT; if it is doubtful it is written within parentheses.^[7] Numerals indicate the six classes of ablaut verbs (after Sievers’s classification); w. 1, w. 2, w. 3 the three classes of weak verbs; pret.-p. the preterite-present verbs; anv. the anomalous verbs; rd. the reduplicative verbs. The case governed by the verb is mentioned if it is not the accusative. The parts of the verb are quoted in the following order: inf., pr. p., ger., ind. pres., opt. pres., imp., ind. pret., opt. pret., pp., no designation being used in the case of ind. and of pres.^[8] Here again parentheses show that what they include has been entered with some hesitation: thus þicȝan which, although partly belonging to the fifth ablaut series in OE., only shows weak forms in our text, is followed by (5). Minor distinctions are omitted; f. i. under sē̆, sē̆o, þ(ð)æ(a)t, it has been thought sufficient to make it clear that the vowel of the neuter nominative or accusative may be æ or a and no distinction is made between the places which have þ(ð)æt and those which have þ(ð)at.

In conclusion of tliese preliminary remarks, I wish to express my deep gratitude to Prof. Napier who, besides setting me on the track of the Medicina, gave me a lesson in editing when I submitted him my copy of it and has since read through my introduction with great profit to the present publication.^[9] I shall be glad to hear of any suggestion tending to the improvement of my work which may have escaped the attention of that eminent scholar.

§ 2.–The description of ms. given by Mr. Berberich in his introduction^[10] applies to our portion of it (pp. 44a–51) in so far as it refers to the sections of the Herbarium which were left undamaged by the fire of 1731. As far as I can judge the text is written in the same hand from end to end, the hand belonging to a scribe who was not very particular about the exactness and correctness of what he wrote. The titles, isolated from the context, and a large number of the first letters of sections are written in red; such additional titles as occur in the margin are also in red, with one exception^[11], the places where red colour was to be used for the first letter of Wiþ(ð) being sometimes marked by a (W) sign. The few glosses, either in Latin or in English, scattered in the margins or above the lines, are more generally in black. Both titles and glosses are occasionally framed in red. As to the dates to which those various additions are to be ascribed and to the hands from which they originate I can state nothing precise.

A few minor peculiarities are pointed out in the footnotes.

§ 3.–As pointed out above, a full comparison of the text of ms. O with that given by other mss. lies outside the scope of the present work.^[12] It may be of interest, however, to those acquainted with the Medicina as it is printed in Cockayne’s Saxon Leechdoms^[13], to have an idea of the chief differences between ms. O and ms. V on the one hand, and mss. B and H on the other.

Unlike the Herbarium, the Medicina is transcribed in ms. in the same order as in the other mss. If we leave out of consideration a few titles and two portions of lines which do not belong to the text^[14], it may be said that it differs from ms. V in the following respects.

l⁰. It is considerably shorter, a number of paragraphs which occur in V not being found in O. Among the more important omissions are the following: p. 6₁₀ the Greek words are replaced by: Ic níme þe ⁊ Cet’a, followed by ^{plura nerba};
p. 8₁₄ a paragraph (also containing Greek words) is omitted;
p. 8₂₄ six paragraphs are omitted;
p. 10₁₈ two lines are omitted, the omission being obviously due to the fact that meneg, or a similar word, occurs both in the portion kept and in the portion left out;
p. 12₁₅ after ȝedríȝede, owing to the omission of two lines two recipes are mixed up;
p. 20₂₆ more than one page is omitted.^[15]

2⁰. Some passages offer readings different from those of V. I limit myself to a few striking instances:

V	B	H	O
we nemnað			man nemned 210
feranne	farenne		ȝefarenne 415
ham to cyrrenne			hale to cumende 415
beheald			loca 612
⁊ næniȝ man ær mid cemde	⁊ næniȝ man ær mid cæmde	⁊ mæniȝ man ær mid cæmde	⁊ na mare ær mid cemde 617
her bufan	her bufon	her bufon	her before 103
wanting			ním þat y (u)lcan ⁊ 103
eft ȝelice þon þe her bufan ȝecweden is ȝenim þa ylcan			eft ním þa ylcan 105
ȝesoden	ȝesodone		ȝebræde 107
ȝemylted drype			ȝedrupe ⁊ ȝemylted 1022
fyreȝate			wude-gete 1427
onb’rȝe			bruca 166	hyt byþ ȝehæled	wanting		⁊ shuca hyt byð ȝehæled 166
oþ ꝥ			fort 1620
hraðe by fleoð onweȝ fram him			raðe se flewsa from hym ȝewiteð 202
oþ ꝥ			fort 209
se wifman se þe			se wifman þat 2024.

It will be noticed that there are but few differences between V and BH. The latter texts having, as far as they go, none of the omissions pointed out above, it would be tempting to infer that while there is no necessary connection between VBH and O, there is to say the least a possible one between V and BH. This, however, is a mere hypothesis.

With regard to the dates to which the mss. may be ascribed, the date about 1050 given by Cockayne^[16] for V seems fairly correct and there is apparently no reason either to dispute the other dates given by him^[17], viz. about the same date for B and a little later for H. Ms. 0, on the other hand, though preserving many characteristics of OE.^[18], can safely be ascribed to about a century later. This is supported by the following considerations:

1⁰. There are frequent cases of weakening and confusion of the unaccented syllables, cf. p. XXVI;

2⁰. OE. y, whether «fast» or «unfast», is often represented by u: fot-swulan 12₅, blod-rune 14₆ 14₁₁, hure 8₂₆, cuse 16₁₃ 16₁₅ 16₁₆–also y (u)lcan 10₃;

3⁰. OE. æ is often preserved, but a is also frequently substituted. The phonetics shows examples þas, habbe etc.;

4⁰. The vocalism of leuiende 2₂₁ is ME.; also that of hermen 10₁₇, ferres 22₈ 22₁₂;

5⁰. We perhaps see a proof of Norman influence in the use of u in leuiende^[19] 2₂₁;

6⁰. oþþer, oððer (= mod. or) the first examples of which known to NED. appear in the Περὶ διδάξεων^[20] and in the OE. Chronicle under the date 1127 is very frequent in our text. Two other examples of comparatively recent words are before in her-before 10₃ of which NED. has no example without the termination in n before 1200^[21] and fort (= till) the first example of which to my knowledge occurs in the Ancren Riwle^[22] (about the beginning of the 13^th century).

§ 4.–The chief points to be examined in connection with spelling are 1⁰. the cases of confusion of letters, the additions and omissions; 2⁰. the abbreviations; 3⁰. the accents, doss etc.

1⁰. Confusion of letters; additions and omissions.

As in the Herbarium, the cases of confusion of letters are numerous; they can be divided under three heads: a) those in which the confusion is merely graphic; b) those which can be explained by some association; c) those in which a pure scribal error has to be admitted. It need hardly be added that several reasons may have contributed to the confusion.

a) The confusion seems to be merely graphic, viz. to be due to the resemblance of letters when we meet:

æ for a: hæle 10₁₃, bæres 20₂.
æ for e: fuþer-fæte 4₄ 4₁₈.
œ for æ: dœl 4₈, wambe-wyœce 14₂, etc. (As pointed out p. XI all the œs due to that confusion have been silently normalized into æs.)
u for a: æscolupio 2₇, pannum 12₂₀.
u (u’) for o: teu’rse 18₂₄.
ū for en: lungū 12₅.
y for r: wambe-wyœce 14₂.
l for ð: linra 4₁₃.
r for w: areȝ 4₁₆.
r for n: toðreomera 22₂₂.
n for m: laecedon 6₁₃, nin 14₃.
f for s: læcecræftef 2₉, gyft (for gytst) 22₂₀.
f for w: nife 18₂₅, fif-þingūd 22₁₃.
þ for h: teoþ 16₅, þurþ 16₅, þeoþ-wrace 18₂.
sw for þ: swa 18₁₃.
h for þ: hara 4₁₉, he 12₉, awirph 16₂₅.

b) It seems natural to explain by association a certain number of other confusions. I understand them to be

α) letter associations.–Either a letter is anticipated: lelome for ȝelonie 14₁, fulfes for wulfes 20₁₇ 20₂₀ 20₂₁, fulfune for wulfune (i. e. wylfene) 20₂₅, merurh for mearh–the a being moreover written u–22₃ deolfolseocnesse for deofolseocnesse 20₁₇, nærdran for nædran 8₂–notice the curious neardran 22₇ where the erroneous insertion of r causes breaking (also due perhaps to eardien which immediately follows?). Add to these some cases of metathesis: swȳrðanan for swyðran 2₂₀, and nosþrul 16₁₂;

β) grammatical associations.–receles for recelses 12₈ may imply a tendency to understand recels as a gs.; in hring-fingrum 6₅ the scribe must have erroneously understood the plural to be meant; in spiwan 20₈ we have a case of substitution of the verb to the substantive; in sceþþes (3^d pers. sing.) 2₁₆ 4₁₇ the s may be due to that of the 2^d person.

c) There is a considerable number of pure scribal errors: thus ofslean 2₁₃ stands for ofslea, hale 4₁₅ for ham etc. See the notes.

2⁰. Abbreviations.

a) and is always written ⁊.

b) The sign ◌̄ is always meant to represent an m or an n: ȝefrēmenne 20₄–þane 2₂₀, nyhtū 4₉–also ne: þon̄ 22₂₀. Curiously enough we find it in swȳrðanan 2₂₀. Except in the case just mentioned the contractions thus marked by ◌̄ are expanded all through the present publication, thus ȝefremmenne.

c) ꝥ represents either cj. þæt or þæt nns. and ans. of the dem. pron. 2₉ 2₁₀ etc, once þa the afs. of the same pron. 18₁₁, or cj. þonne 2₈.

d) Other abbreviations, such as oþꝥ 2₁₄ 2₂₂, æft^s 4₉ need no special explanation.

3⁰. Accents, dots etc.

With the exceptions of egyp^etâ 2₃ and aȝ′e 10₁₀, the latter an obvious mistake, the accents and dots occur only over an i or an y. Ex.: ẏfel 2₁₇, sẏ 4₂–biwínd 2₁₄, ðínum 4₁₃, ðrowíon 2₁. It is clear from the examples quoted that they cannot be taken to mark length. They may be intended to distinguish an i or an y from a letter of the same height on the line.

A dot or several dots under a word or part of a word show a mistake; the word is generally re-written in its correct form or the correction is otherwise marked; cf. f. i. ạf̣ỵ | (a) flyȝennysse 22₆ and smẹ (y)re 12₂₀. In one case we find the sign // used twice to show inversion of order: //fexe //feallendum 12₁₉. The same sign also occurs sometimes in the text either in black or in red, to refer to a word added in the margin, f. i. above egyp^etâ 2₃, king and rex being written in the margin (the latter twice), and after wriþ 6₁₅, on being written in the margin.

The glosses and minor pecularities will be found either in the text or in the notes.

§ 5.–If we leave out of consideration onfeahþ 16₃, possibly an isolated Northern form^[23], and sceppes 2₁₆ 4₁₇ which has been explained otherwise, we may ascribe to our ms. a West-Saxon origin. The use of u for y, already noticed, the frequent occurrence of ea, eo, ēa, ēo due to breaking (cf. Phonetics), the no less frequent occurrence of æ̂ (cf. ibid.) the monophthongization of ea into e in ȝellen 14₂₇, ȝellan 22₈ and scellan 22₁₂, of ēa into ē in sced 22₁₁^[24] are, in fact, clearly West-Saxon. However some pecularities which are not characteristic of WS. but which cannot be considered as belonging exclusively to other dialects make the borderland between the West-Saxon (WS.) and Anglian (A.)–or Kentish (K.)–territories a more probable place of origin.

1⁰. The addition of h initially before a vowel is not uncommon in all Southern texts.^[25]

2⁰. The vocalism of sylf 20₁₁ and that of smere 12₂₀, ȝesmered 14₁₃–in the last two of which, it is true, the accented e is corrected into i (y),–are found in WS., A. and K.^[26]; ȝereced 18₁₂ is A. and K.^[27] No special importance is to be attached to the non WS. ȝecnucad^[28] 8₈, in which the a is sufficiently accounted for by the want of accent.

3⁰. embe 6₂₁ 18₁₅ and embehwyrft 4₂₂ (also ymbhwyrftum 4₁₃) are K^[29], etest^[30] 4₂₃, byon^[31] 6₂₄ and ȝeberned(e)^[32] 8₁₁ 22₂₂ are A.^[33] The vocalism of ærfodum^[34] 6₁₅ seems to be properly Mercian and the same may be said of hæfeð^[35] 8₂, driȝ 8₂₁, ȝedriȝede 12₁₅ and forþricceð^[36] 18₁₃. It is, in fact, well-known that the Saxon patois are rich in Mercian forms.^[37]

B. Phonetics.
I. The vowels in accented syllables.
Short Vowels.
§ 1. a.

OE. a in an open syllable before a guttural vowel remains a in hafast 2₂₄, hafað 20₆.

§ 2. a (ǫ) before nasals.

Germanic a is more generally represented by a: man 2₁₀, nama 2₁₂, þanne 2₁₃ etc, ȝewanaþ 20₂₃. However we meet with on 2₁₂, ðone 2₂₀, comb 6₁₇, ȝesomne 6₂₀, wom 14₂₂.

§ 3. æ.

OE. æ in close syllables or in open syllables before palatal vowels is represented

1⁰. by æ: þæs 2₁₂ 2₁₉ etc, ælmihtiȝon 2₁₂, æfter 4₅ 18₁₁, heafod-wræce 4₉, fæstende 4₂₆, wæteres 8₅, wætere 12₁₂ 20₇, ȝebærnede 8₁₄ etc, bræȝen 14₁, wlæc 14₂₄, hrædlice 16₁₄.

2⁰. by a: besides nappunge 20₈ and þeoþ-wrace 18₂ which occur in OE. we notice þas 2₂₁, baðe 4₉, habbe 6₁₁, after 6₁₈ 12₁₁ 18₂₀, ȝe barned 8₇ and ȝebarnedne 22₇, hradlice 8₂₀, fastende 12₁₂, watere 10₁₁, braȝen 12₂ 16₅ 18₂₃ 18₂₅.

Note.–Besides a alternating with æ in the verb bærnan we meet twice with the Anglian e: ȝebernede 8₁₁, ȝeberned 22₂₂.

§ 4. e.

1⁰. OE. e (original or mutation e) is preserved: cweð 2₁₂, cned 18₂, feld-beona 22₉–nemned 2₁₀, eles 4₇, ahefe 6₆.

Note.–The e of feld appears as feald in feald-beona 14₁₃.

2⁰. It appears as æ in ælcor 22₁₂.

3⁰. It appears as y in sylf 20₁.

§ 5. i.

1⁰. OE. «fast» i, viz. the sound originally represented by i in Germanic or i due to mutation is represented

α) by i: linnenon 2₁₃, ȝeflite 2₂₂, þriwa 14₁₇;

β) by y: hyt 4₈–tobrycþ 10₁₀.

Notes.–a) u in wul 20₁, (wulle 24₃ is due to the w and corresponds to the y in late WS. wyle. Notice also y (u)lcan 10₃ and cy (u)ld 12₂₇.

b) toþ-rima appears with the two vocalisms eo, ea: toðreomera (for reomena) 22₂₂, teþ (for toþ)-reaman 14₂. Prof. Napier suggests to me that while the former represents an o mutation of i (Bülbr. § 235 & 237), the latter is to be compared to seripteáro as against téoru (Siev. § 43, 2), bearing a secondary accent. Another hypothesis proposed by the same authority is that reaman is perhaps due to confusion with rēoma, rēama = membrane.

2⁰. OE. «unfast» i, viz. the sound resulting from older ie which regularly alternates with y is represented

α) by i: scille 16₈, smire 8₁₉ etc. (also ȝesme (i)red 14₂₃);

β) by y: smyre 4₉, syle 12₈ etc, mylt 22₃;

γ) by u: smure 2₂₄ 8₁₇ 18₅₁, smura 12₂ 18₁, herþbuliȝes 14₂₆, hure 8₂₆.

Note.–The ill-defined i of fiþerfēte is also represented by u: fuþer-fæte 4₄ 4₁₈.

§6. o.

1⁰. OE. is preserved: bodede 2₄, hors 2₂₄.

2⁰. We find e inserted before o, as regularly in OE., after a palatal consonant: ȝeond 4₂₂.

§ 7. u.

OE. u is preserved: þus 2₄, cumende 4₁₅ etc.

Note.–æscolupio 2₇ and willa 18₂₀ are mistakes for Æsculapio, wulla.

§8. y.

1⁰. OE. «fast» y, representing the i mutation of u, is preserved, being expressed

α) by y: ȝelynde 2₂₄, ymbhwyrftum 4₁₃, blod-ryne 14₉, cyrnlu 16₂₅, swylas 18₃ 18₄;

β) by i: blod-rine 16₁₁, forþricceð 18₁₃, brine 22₁₀;

γ) by u: drupe 10₅, ȝedrupe 10₂₂, druppe^[38] 18₅, curnlu 10₁₂, fot-swulan 12₅, swulas 18₁₀, grutta– a compromise between the vocalism of grūt and that of grytt^[39]–16₂₂, pule 20₂₀, fulfune 20₂₅. The spelling in u after w in wurmas 8₁₂ is regular in late WS.^[40]

2⁰. For OE. «umfast» y cf. under i.

Long vowels.
§ 9. ā.

OE. ā is preserved whether it represents

α) Germ. ai: hatan 2₃, adle 4₁, bares 18₂₃ etc.

Note.–On. hæte 10₆, hæle 10₁₃ etc., hæres 20₈ 20₁₄ cf. Spelling p. XVII.

β) WGerm. ā: ȝelacnað 14₁₉. We meet also with læcned 4₁₂.

§ 10. ǣ.

OE. ǣ representing i mutation of Germ. ai is preserved as ǣ: æniȝe 4₁, æniȝun 4₄ 6₁₄, ȝehæled 4₁₀, ær 6₂, dæle 6₁₆, clænsunge 12₂₆. However by-forms in ā are not rare: ar 8₂₀, haled 10₁₂, alcen 4₄, clane 6₂₁ and ȝeclansod 6₂₃ show the vocalism of the adverb clāne.

Notes.–a) The a in hamede 16₄ is somewhat surprising as the grammars and dictionaries have only æ; still as the vowel rests on Germ. ai, ǣ being due to the verb hæman, a by-form in ā is quite admissible.

b) ealtewa 12₁₈ is no doubt a scribal error for eálteaw. For examples of ealteaw cf. BT s. v.

§ 11. æ̂.

OE. WS. æ̂ (corresponding to A. and K. ë) remains unchanged: fætelsa 4₈, nærdran 8₂, wætan 8₃, ȝewæȝe 8₁₄, oferslæpe 12₂, þær-to 12₄, þær-on 22₁₁, blædranll 12₁₅, wæpned 12₂₂, eaȝe-bræwas 16₁₄, læcedom 20₁₁. Here again by-forms in ā occur here and there: lacedome 2₂₂, þare 6₂₂, þarmid 10₉ 20₂₃.

§ 12. ē.

OE. ē representing i mutation of ō, or a lengthened Germ. e, or the K. and A. mutation of ēa, is retained: swetan 10₁₁–stred 8₁₃–sced 22₁₁–receles 12₈.

Notes.–a) On fuþer-fæte 4₄ 4₁₈ cf. Spelling p. XVII.

b) onfeahþ 16₃ is probably a mistake, but it might also be an isolated Northern form (cf. above p. XIX).

§ 13. ī.

1⁰. OE. «fast» ī, viz. the original Germ. ī and the lengthened Germ. i are expressed

α) by i. æthrinan 2₁₅;

β) by y: tyd 4₁, wysa 4₁₁, swyrþre 20₂₂.

2⁰. OE. «unfast» ī, viz. the sound resulting from older īe, which regularly alternates with y, is expressed

α) by i: ȝediȝest 2₂₃, alisede 4₁₅, ætiwdan 20₁₉;

β) by y: alysed 16₁₉, þystru 22₈;

γ) by u: frunde 2₄, hure 8₁₃, cuse 16₁₃ 16₁₅ 16₁₆.

Note.–The difficult ȳ vocalism of the numerals from 13 to 19 occurs in seofontyne 6₂.

§ 14. ō.

OE. ō is regularly preserved: wol-berende 2₁₇.

Note.–The e before o in ȝedeon 22₂₂ is an obvious mistake.

§ 15. ū.

OE. ū is preserved: þu 2₂₃, mule 4₃, brucan 4₂₅, butu 12₂₄.

§ 16. ȳ.

1⁰. OE. «fast» ȳ representing the i mutation of ū is preserved and is represented

α) by y: fyre 4₁₇;

β) by i: driȝ 8₂₁, ȝedriȝede 12₁₅, etc., fires 22₁₀;

γ) by u: nosþurlo 14₁₀, nosþrul 16₁₂.

2⁰. For OE. «unfast» ȳ cf. under ī.

Diphthongs.
§ 17. ea.

OE. ea due to the influence of a preceding palatal or to the regular breaking of a appears as:

1⁰. ea: sceallen 8₂₁, earfodnyssa 8₂₆, weartan 10₉, geallan 10₁₈, wa (e)rme 12₁₂, ȝesceawen (for ȝesceafen) 12₂₃, ealtewa 12₁₈, fearres 22₆.

Note.–wirtan 10₈ can but be a scibal error for weartan.

2⁰. monophthong æ: ærfodum 6₁₅.

3⁰. monophthong e:

α) before x in fex: 6₁₉, wexeð 12₂₂;

β) after palatal ȝ, sc: ȝellan 22₈, ȝellen 14₂₇, scellan 22₁₂.

γ) in hermen 10₁₇, ferres 22₈ 22₁₂.

§ 18. eo.

OE. eo due to breaking of e or to a u mutation of e appears as:

1⁰. eo: seolfre 2₁₄, ȝefeohte 2₂₂, heortes 8₉, seofan 12₉.

2⁰. ea: tears 20₅.

3⁰. u in the group weor as in late WS.: wurde 2₈. The later spelling (with y) occurs in dwyreȝe-dwosle 24₂.

4⁰. e: leuiende 2₂₁, smeru 8₂₇, terþ (for teors) 16₂, herþena 18₂₃.

§ 19. ēa.

OE. ēa appears as:

1⁰. ea: neate 4₄, readige 6₆. nead-þearf 6₁₃ for niedþearf seems to be due to the analogy of nēadian.

2⁰. e after a palatal consonant: sced 22₁₁.

{{sm|Note.–I am unable to understand how OE sēawe which occurs in its normal form in the other mss. appears in ours as siwe 14₂₃.

§ 20. ēo.

OE. ēo remains: deor 2₁₁, ðreo 4₆. The analogical com is preserved 2₅.

Note.–The io shown by byon 6₂₄ also occurs in OE.

II. The vowels in weakly accented and unaccented syllables.
§21.

Although the OE. weakly accented and unaccented vowels are in the majority of cases retained unaltered, instances of confusion are numerous. Thus we meet with:

1⁰. e for a: land-ȝemare 4₁₃, peniȝe 8₄, sceallen 8₂₁ 10₉ 10₁₃, gomane 10₁₄.

2⁰. a for e: waȝunga 8₇, acwellaþ 8₁₂, lungane 10₆ 10₁₁ 12₃ 18₁₇, sworetunga 10₁₀, also bruca 10₁₉, shuca (for suca) 16₆.

3⁰. æ for e: ȝestjllæð 14₇, habbæ 20₂₄.

4⁰. u for e: fulfune (for wylfune) 20₂₅. Of course this may be a pure scribal error.

5⁰. y for ea: eah-sylfe 8³.

6⁰. a for o: heafad 6¹⁷.

7⁰. (e for o: inneþes 18₂₅).

8⁰. a for u: mæneȝa 2₅, horsa 4₃, burh-staþela 4₁₃, fingran 6₅, wifam 12₇.

9⁰. e for u: læcecræftef (for læcecræftes) 2⁹, worde 2₂₁, hermen 10₁₇.

10⁰. (o for u: eaȝon 20₂₂).

III. Consonants.
§ 22. The semi-vowel w.

OE. w remains unchanged, both initially and medially: wol-berende 2₁₇, wexeð 12₂₂, flewsan 6₁, smeruwe 16₂₂.

Notes.–a) On the substitution of f for w cf. Spelling XVII.

b) The omission of w in æȝhylce 8₆, flesan 8₉ is an obvious mistake.

Liquids.
§ 23. l.

1⁰. OE. l is preserved: hælo 2₄, læcecræftef (for læcecræftes) 2₉.

2⁰. We sometimes find ll written for l: till 4₂₄, wulle 24₃.

§ 24. r.

OE. r remains unchanged: rammes 18₁₀, earane 10₄.

Note.–On the substitution of y for r cf. Spelling p. XVII.

Nasals.
§ 25. m.

1⁰. OE. m generally remains unchanged: man 2₁₇, fremeð 4₂₁.

2⁰. m and mm are used indifferently in the same word: wommas 22₁₆, womas 22₁₈.

Note.–Besides the cases in which m with inflexional value is represented by n (alcen, niwen etc., cf. Accidence), final n also occurs sometimes for m. cf. Spelling p. XIX.

§ 26. n.

1⁰. OE. n remains unchanged: nebbe 14₉, netelan 16₂. It is dropped in the unaccented ending -ing when immediately preceded by an n: penige 8₄.

2⁰. n occurs for nn in þane 6₁₀, done 20₂₁, ȝewin 4₂₀. Inversely nn occurs for n in linnenon 2₁₃.

3⁰. Inflexional n is sometimes dropped: gs. sunna 6², mona 6₂, ds. nama 2₁₂ 2₂₁.

Notes.–a) On a case of r for n cf. Spelling p. XVII.

b) do (for donne) 8₁₈ is probably a scribal error.

Labials.
§27. p.

OE. p remains unchanged: peniȝe 8₄, dropfaȝum 14₁₈, apuldure 20₁, æppel 6₄, upp 6₇.

§ 28. b.

OE. b remains unchanged: bodede 2₄, comb 6₁₇, habbe 6₁₁, nebbe 14₉. The loss of b in cemde 6₁₇ is OE.

§ 29. f and v (u).

1⁰. OE. f remains unchanged: furþur 16₂₀, hafe 2₁₅, næfre 6₂₃, gif 4₈.

2⁰. It is once replaced by u medially before a vowel: leuiende 2²¹.

Dentals.
§ 30. t.

1°. OE. t is generally preserved: tyd 4₁, ȝebrited 14₁₀, butere 24₃.

2⁰. It is dropped in ongyft (for ongyst = ongytest) 22₂₀.

3⁰. OE. tt appears as t in sworetunga 10₁₀, w (l)æten 12₁₉, w (l)ætan 20₈. In ȝesetted 12₄ the tt seems due to the contamination of ȝesett with ȝeseted, both of which are regular in OE.

§ 31. d.

1⁰. OE, d is preserved: wyldeora 2₉, tyd 4₁, ȝyrdels 2₁₉, nædran 8₁₂; þriddan 12₈.

2⁰. It is dropped in anwlitan 6₁₅ 8₁₈ 14₂₀, unhalwenlicre 4₁₁.

3⁰. In ȝesedet 16₁₄ we no doubt have the regular change of d into t in unaccented syllables. It might also, of course, be a pure scribal error for ȝeseted.

§ 32. þ (ð).

1⁰. þ and ð are used indifferently to denote the open dental, either voiced or unvoiced, initially, medially and finally:

þ: þan 2₃, þinum 4₁₃, fuþer-fæte 4₄, teþ 2₁₁; siþþan 2₁₃.

ð: ðone 2₂₀, raðe 4₂, hafað 20₆; cyððe 2₈, siððan 18₁₁.

2⁰. þ (ð) occasionally interchanges with d: cweð 2₁₂, cwed 2₂₁–also wriþ 6₁₅, ȝewryd 16₂₂. Notice also the occurrence of d for original þ: ærfodum 6₁₅, bruced 8₃. As will be seen under the Accidence, the latter substitution is frequent in the 3^d persons, both singular and plural, of the present indicative.

3⁰. d occurs for ðn in wurde 2⁸.

Notes.–a) On sw for þ cf. Spelling p. XVII.

b) odðer 12₁₃ 22₁₂ and 24₃ is no doubt miswritten for oððer.

Sibilants.
§ 33. s.

1⁰. OE. s is preserved: sar 8₇, ȝeclansod 6₂₃, ȝyrdels 2₁₉; þissun 2₂₀.

2⁰. þis occurs for þissum 2₄.

Note.–sh is obviously for s in shuca 16₆.

§ 34. x.

OE. x remains unchanged: wexeð 12₂₂, fex 6₁₉ etc., tux 22₂₁. Notice axan 8₄ etc., the metathetic form of æsca (also æsca 10₇).

Gutturals and palatals.
§ 35. c.

1⁰. c occurs both before front and back vowels: cembe 6₁₇, abrice 4₁₈; aweccenne 8₂₁–casere 2₄, loca 6₁₂; wudebucca 14₉. Also finally: wyrc 6₂₄, and before consonants: ȝecniden 12₂₃.

There is no instance of k.

2⁰. It appears once as cȝ: drencȝe 12₁₂.

3⁰. Palatal sc occurs in flæsc 4₂₃, scenc 8₆, æsca 10₇ ȝesceawen (for ȝesceafen) 12₂₃, scurfum 18₁₉.

Note.–englis 2₁₁ 24₂ seems to be a scribal error.

§ 36. ȝ–g.

Initially.

1⁰. Before vowels OE. initial ȝ is generally represented

α) by ȝ before originally palatal vowels: ȝefoh^[41] 2₁₁, ȝearra 22₁₃, ȝit 22₂₀;

β) by g before back vowels and the mutated vowels corresponding to them: godes 2₁₃, gangas 12₆–gyldene 16₅. Exceptions are: geallan 10₁₈ etc. (We find g used five times in this word against ȝ used six times); ȝoma 14₁₅–ȝyrdels 2₁₉. The capital used is G: Gif 4₈ 4₂₄ (6₁₅) 16₂₅ 20₂, Gate 18₆.

2⁰. Before consonants we find g in grutta 16₂₂.

Note.–On a case of l for ȝ cf. Spelling p. XVII.

Medially.

1⁰. Between vowels.–g and ȝ are used indifferently, but the latter symbol occurs in the majority of cases: egyp (e)tâ 2₃, witigan 2₂₀, bur-gatun 4₁₄, ȝeliþegaþ 18₂₄, wude-gete 14₂₇; hræȝele 2₁₄–ælmihtiȝon 2₁₂, haȝol 2₁₆, æniȝun 4₄, miȝað 20₁₂, eaȝon 20₂₂ etc. Of the two classical words in the text, one has g, the other ȝ: androȝinem 12₂₄, pollege 24₂.

Note.–Notice the use of e in eaȝean 22₉ showing the palatal pronunciation of ȝ.

2⁰. After l we find ȝ: swelȝan 16₆.

3⁰. Palatal ȝ is regularly dropped before d: stred 8₁₃, onȝestreded 14₇, ȝeled 16₆ 18₁₈, aled 18₁₁.

4⁰. In the combination ng we find g: strang 2₁₆, hring-fingrum 6₅ etc., also cg: mencg 10₁₈ and gc: ȝemengc 14₁₄, mengc 16₁₇.

5⁰. As in OE. the double sound is regularly represented by cȝ in þicȝe 4₂₆ 8₁₅, ðicȝean 12₁₇. We find gg once before a guttural: migga 16₂₄.

Finally.

Only ȝ occurs at the end of words: areȝ (for aweȝ) 4₁₆, driȝ 8₂₁, huniȝ 18₂₄. It is dropped in twi 6₂₁, huni 12₁₃.

Note.–fire-gate 16₅ (BT has firgen-gāt, firgin-gāt) seems to be a scribal error. Other scribal errors are aȝe for aweȝ 10₁₀ and sylefæst for syȝefæst 22₃.

§ 37. h.

A. Initially.

h occurs regularly, as in OE.:

1⁰. before vowels: hatan 2₃, hælo 2₄, horn 8₇. awyrfþ 8₁₂ and oman 16₇ 20₁₃ are not exceptions as both weorfan and hweorfan, ōman and hōman are recorded, but eafodece 24₂ deserves notice. There are, on the other hand, cases in which h occurs without being justified: hifeles 4₂₄, hyrnende 4₂₅, hermen 10₁₇, hys 12₁₈.

2⁰. before consonants: hræȝele 2₁₄, hlutre 10₅, hring 16₅. It is, however, dropped in raðe 4₂ etc., nappunge 20₈.

B. Medially and finally.

1⁰. There is no special remark to be made here. Examples are: ȝefeohte 2₂₂, lichaman 6₉, eahhræc 20₂₁–ȝefoh 2₁₁, ðurh 4₅.

2⁰. h is lost in bur-gatun 4₁₄.

Note.–On þ for h cf. Spelling p. XVII.

C. Accidence.
I. Substantives.
Observations.

1⁰. A well-known peculiarity of ME. is to be noticed here. The forms of the substantives and adjectives show some confusion when compared to the OE. declensions. By the side of the full inflexions, which are generally preserved, we meet not infrequently with reduced ones and they are sometimes dropped altogether. The cases in which a full ending is used where no such ending occurs in OE. are rare.

2⁰. As in other e ME. mss. the distinction between the dative and the accusative singular is particularly difficult after the prepositions which govern both cases, as wið and mid. The one may be admitted as well as the other when there is no difference of form between the two, viz. in the ā stems, in the i stems with an originally short root-syllable, or in the weak declensions. However as in the majority of cases where the distinction is possible the dative is certainly used, I admit it wherever a clear accusative form does not occur. In one case, viz. Wið earena sar ⁊ sweȝe 14₂₂ I am tempted to understand the uninflected sar as a dative, for sweȝe cannot possibly be an accusative. Cf. the note.

§ 38. o stems.

[Here and in the following §§ (38–44) it has been thought useless to separate, when necessary, the nouns with originally long from those with originally short root-syllable otherwise than by the sign ;].

1⁰. Masculine nouns.

Singular–N. haȝol 2₁₆, ȝyrdels 2₁₉, wol 4₁₆, horn 8₇.

G. godes 2₁₃, morbeames 6₂₁, sceos 10₂₃, innoþes 16₁₇.

D. wole 4₄ (which might also be considered as an a stem), muþe 4₅, hed-claðe 14₃. hring-fingmm 6₅ is obviously a case of confusion with the plural.

A. dæȝ 8₆, lust 8₂₃, swefel 20₁₄.

Plural.–N. gangas 12₆.

G. wif-lusta 4₂₅–peniȝe 8₄, dæȝe 12₁₀.

D. hundun 4₁₈, seon 4₂₀–fingran 6₅–hermen 10₇–burþ-staþela 4₁₃–mule 4₃–læcecræftef (for læcecræftes) 2₉, clænsung-dæȝes 4₂₂.

A. dæȝes 4₂₆, wearres 18₁₃.

2⁰. Neuter nouns.

Singular.–N. nyten 2₁₀, tungol 2₁₆, frecne 4₁₇, wyldeor 4₂₁.

G. yfeles 2₁₈; deores 4₅, receles (for recelses) 12₈.

D. yfele 4₅, ȝenipe 22₈; lice 2₁₅, golde 2₁₄, ȝewinne 4₁₉. Also with a: wille-wætera 4₂₆, hunia 22₈.

A. twi 6₂₁, ȝewin 4₂₀. recels 16₂, heafed 16₁₀, scinlac 22₂.

Plural.–N. scinlac 20₁₉.

G. wyldeora 2₉; wifa 8₂₆–land-ȝemare 4₁₃, liþe 22₂.

D. bur-gatun 4₁₄, ærfodum 6₁₅, wordum 2₄, nitennum 4₁₈–wifam 12₇–horsa 4₃–worde 2₂₁.

A. word 6₁₁, earfeðu 8₂₇, sar 18₂₃, seinlac 22₁.

§ 39. jo stems.

Masculine nouns.

Singular.–N. casere 4₂₀, cuse 16₁₃ etc.

D. casere 2₄.

Neuter nouns.

Singular.–D. gode-webbe 6₁₂, nebbe 14₉.

I. ȝewæȝe 8₄.

Plural.–A. cyrnlu 16₂₅, curnlu 10₁₂, fel-sacceo (? for fel-sticceo) 4₁₉.

§ 40. wo stems.

Neuter nouns.

Singular.–D. treowe 6₃, siwe (for seawe) 14₂₃, smeruwe 16₂₈.

A. smeru 8₂₇.

Plural.–G. cneowa 22₂.

§ 41. ā stems.

Singular.–N. lifer 10₈, bot 8₁₇, sealf 18₂–adle 4₂, lungane 10₆, sealfe 12₂₁, wambe 16₁₉, bote^[42] 16₁₄. On lungum 12₅ cf. Spelling p. XVII.

G. wambe 8₆.

D. cyððe 2₈, adle 4₁, sealfe 10₁, clænsunge 12₂₆–waȝunga 8₇.

A. lifre 4₁₂; wambe 6₁₆, sealfe 10₅–sworetunga 10₁₀–wamba 12₂₀.

Plural–D. sceþþum 12₅.

§ 42. jā stems.

Singular.–N. beornysse (for beortnysse) 14₁₃.

G. fulfune (for wylfune) 20₂₅.

D. ȝelynde 2₂₄, dimnesse 12₁₃, dimnysse 14₁₆, beorhnesse (for beorhtnesse) 14₁₂, heardnysse 16₁₇ 16₁₈, deolfolseocnesse (for deofol-seocnesse) 20₁₇, | (a) flyȝennysse 22₆.

A. ȝelinde 10₂₂ 20₉.

Plural.–A. earfodnyssa^[43] 8₂₆, scille 16₈, grutta 16₂₂.

§ 43. wā stems.

Singular.–A. stowe 18₁₁.

Plural.–G. syna 18₅. D. stowum 8₂₆.

A. sina 10₁₄, stowe 10₁.

§ 44. i stems.

Masculine nouns.

a) with originally short root-syllable. Singular.–N. onhrine 2₁₈.

G. eles 4₇.

D. ele 8₂₇, toþ-ece 14₂₄, blod-ryne 14₉ etc., stice 16₃, brine 22₁₀.

A. blod-rune 14₁₁, pule 20₂₀.

Plural.–D. fot-swulan 12₅.

A. swylas 18₃, swulas 18₁₀.

b) with originally long root-syllable. Singular.–N. dæl 4₈, drenc 20₇.

G. herþ-buliȝes 14₂₆.

D. dæle 6₇, drencȝe 12₁₂, sweȝe 14₂₂.

A. embehwyrft 4₂₂, dæl 8₂₂, drinc 8₂₄, sæd 16₂.

Plural.–D. ymbhwyrftum 4₁₃.

A. wyrmas 810 wurmas 812, eaȝe-bræwas 16₁₄.

Neuter nouns.

a) with originally short root-syllable–fails.

b) with originally long root-syllable. Singular.–A. flæsc 4₂₃.

Feminine nouns.

a) with originally short root-syllable–fails.

b) with originally long root-syllable. Singular.–N. tyd 4₁, hid 4₁₇.

G. hyde 4₁₉.

D. mihte 4₅, gesihþe 20₁₇.

Plural.–D. bysnum 2₅.

§ 45. u stems.

Masculine nouns.

æppel follows the declension of the o stems. Cf. Glossary.

sumor occurs in the dative singular: sumera 22₁₉.

Feminine nouns.

Singular.–D. handa 6₄; nose 16₁₁.

Plural.–D. handum 18₁₄.

§ 46. n stems.

Masculine nouns.

Singular.–N. mona 6₁–ȝealle 14₁₂ etc.

G. witigan 2₂₀, monan 6₂, lichaman 6₉, haran 12₇–wif-ȝemanon 8₂₂–hara 12₂, wudu-bucca 14₁₈–dore 10₂₀–lichamas 6₁₄–lichames 22₄, leones 22₁ (also leon 22₃).

D. þuman 6₅, anwlitan 8₁₈–croccen 4₇ (which might also be considered as feminine)–nama 2₁₂, lichama 22₁₆–gealle 14₂₀.

A. anwlitan 6₁₅, wið-ȝemanan (for wif-ȝemanan) 8₂₀, geallan 10₁₈–geallen 14₂₅, wið-gemanen (for wif-ȝemanen) 22₁₁–migga 16₂₄. helpna 22₂₀ is an obvious mistake for hwelpan.

Plural.–G. ȝomena 14₁₄, toð-reomera (for toð-reomena) 22₂₂–gomane 10₁₄.

A. ȝoman 10₁₅, teþ-reaman (for toþ-reaman) 14₂, helan 14₃.

Neuter nouns.

Singular.–D. eaȝon 20₂₂.

A. eare 10₅, eaȝe 20₂₂.

Plural.–N. earan 20₂, eaȝene 12₁₄.

G. eaȝena 12₃, earena 14₂₂–eara 10₁₈, earane 10₄–eaȝene 14₄.

A. earan 14₂₄–eaȝen 14₅–eaȝean 22₉–eare 10₂₂.

Feminine nouns.

Singular.–G. eorþan 4₂₂, nærdran (for nædran) 8₂, sunnan 8₂₀, netelan 16₂–sunna 6₂–apuldure 20₁.

D. tyrwan 10₁ (which might also be considered as masculine)–asca 10₇–hæte 16₁₃, butere 24₃. Notice þystru 22₈, indeclinable in the singular. On pannum 12₂₀ cf. Spelling p. XVII.

A. heortan 4₁₄, dwyrcȝe-dwosle 24₂, pollege 24₂. hælo 2₄ and unhæle 20₁₃ belong to the indeclinable series.

Plural.–G. feld-beona 22₉.

A. axan 8₄, weartan 10₉.

§ 47. Other consonantal declensions.

[The reader is referred to the Glossary for references.]

(Isolated) masculine nouns.

Singular.–G. manes.

D. men.

A. fot.

Plural.–N. teþ.

G. fota, toþa.

D. fotun.

A. fet, teþ.

(Isolated) feminine nouns.

N. gat.

G. (wudu-)gate, meoluc–wude-gete.

A. meoluc.

Plural.–D. nyhtum.

A. niht.

nd stems.

Singular.–D. frunde.

os, es stems.

Singular.–D. hamede.

[The foregoing list omits, besides words with no special interest which are all recorded in the glossary, besmer 10₁₇, an as. (of the o declension) given by Sweet as mn., wurm (for wyrms) 20₃ (of the o declension?) which has the same two genders, and sceallan 12₂₆, sceallan 4₂₅, sceallen 8₂₁ 10₉ 10₁₃, all of which are ap. belonging to the n stems, but the gender of which cannot be determined as they occur only in the plural.]

II. Adjectives.
The strong adjective.
§ 48. o stems.

Singular.

N. Masc. yfel 2₁₇, eal 4₁₆, hæl 20₁₁, oþer 20₁₁. Fem. god 10₂₂, blac 18₁₀, smæl 18₁₇. Neuter cuþ 41₇, god 4₂₃, hal 22₄.

D. Masc. dropfaȝum 14₁₈–scearpun 16₉–alcen 4₄, ealden 8₂₇, swete 8₁₅, gode 12₂₀, forewearde 22₁₉. Fem. unȝewendedlicre (for unȝewendendlicre) 4₁₁, unhalwenlicre (for unhalwendlicre) 4₁₁. Neuter oþrum 18₁₄, scirum 12₉–cwicun 2₁₁–wearme 12₁₂.

A. Masc. hwitne 6₆, fulne 8₆, gyldene 16₅–wurde 2₈. Fem. hlutre 10₅. Neuter wæpned 12₂₂, dead 20₂₄.

Plural.

N. Masc. hale 4₁₅, hæle 10₁₃. Fem. gode 12₁₉, hæl 16₁₀. Neuter hæle 4₆–hal 18₃–sara 20₃.

D. Fem. inwerdlicum 8₂₆–mæneȝa 2₅. Neuter eallum 4₁₈.

A. Fem. berena 16₂₂. Neuter sare 10₁₂, ealle 14₂₁ 18₂₄.

§ 49. jo stems.

Singular.

N. Masc. bryce 6₇, behefe 6₈, niwe 16₁₃. Fem. brice 4₁₈, clane 6₂₁. Neuter wol-berende 2₁₇.

G. Fem. swetre 20₁.

D. Masc. niwum 14₂₃–niwen 4₇ (which may also be considered as feminine)–swetan 10₁₁–swete 8₁₅.

A. Fem. nife (for niwe) 18₂₅. Neuter niwe 16₈.

Plural.

A. Masc. (?) driȝe 22₁₁.

§ 50. wo stems.

Singular.

N. Neuter ealtewa (for ealteaw) 12₁₈.

A. Fem. nearwe 10₁₀.

Plural.

A. Fem. hreawe 12₁₈.

The weak adjective.
§51.

As the article is not of frequent occurrence before adjectives, the latter seldom occur with weak forms. Only the following are to be mentioned:

Singular.

N. Masc. unhala 20₂₀. Neuter ylca 14₁₄.

G. Masc. ælmihtiȝon 2₁₂.

D. Neuter fuþer-fæte 4₄.

A. Fem. ylcan 10₃, sara 18₁₁.

Neuter ylce 8₂₃, y (u)lcan 10₃.

Degrees of comparison.
§ 52. Comparatives.

Singular.

N. Masc. ȝearra 22₁₈, h (r)ædra 22₁₃. Neuter liþere 18₂₁.

D. Masc. nyþeran 6₉. Fem. wynstran 6₄.

A. Masc. furþran 2₂₀, swyrðanan (for swyðran) 2₂₀.

Add to these the irregular adverb þi læs 16₄.

§ 53. Superlatives.

Singular.

N. Masc. halgusta 4₂₀ and the irregular ytemesta 10₁₆.

Plural.

A. Masc. mæste 2₁₂.

III. Numerals.
[Cf. the Glossary for references.]

Cardinals.

ān.–N. Fem. ane. A. Masc. ane.

twēȝen.–D. Masc. twam. A. Masc. tweȝen. butu N. Neuter butu.

þrīe.–D. Masc. and Fem. þry(i)m. A. Masc. þri. Fem. ðreo.

fif, seofan, seofontyne, þritiȝ.

Ordinals.

Singular.

N. Masc. þryddan, þrindan (for þridda).

A. Masc. þriddan.

Numeral adverbs.

þriwa.

IV. Pronouns.
[See the Glossary for references.]
§ 54.

Personal.

1. Sing.–N. ic.

Plur.–N. we.

2. Sing.–N. þu. D. þe. A. þe.

3. Masculine.

Sing–N. he. G. hi(y)s. D. hi(y)m. A. hi(y)ne.

Plur.–NA. hi(y). D. hi(y)m.

Feminine.

Sing.–N. heo. GD. hyre.

Plur.–N. hy. G. hure.

Neuter.

Sing. — NA. hi(y)t. G. hi(y)s. D. hjm.

Plur.–N. hi(y). G. hyra. D. hym.

Reflexive. 3. Masculine.

Sing.–N. he sylf.

Possessive.

2. Masculine.

Sing.–D. þine.

Plur.–N. þine. D. ðinum, þine. A. þine.

Feminine.

Sing.–D. þinre.

Neuter.

Sing.–D. þine.

Plur.–G. linra (for þinra).

3. hi(y)s, hyra already mentioned with the personal pronouns.

Demonstrative s, sēo, þæt.

Masculine.

Sing.–N. se, þe. G. þ(ð)æ(a)s. D. þam, þ(ð)an. A. þane, þ(ð)one, þana.

Feminine.

Sing.–N. seo. G. hara (for þara). D. þare. A. þa, þe, ꝥ.

Neuter.

Sing.–N. þ(ð)æ(a)t, ꝥ. G. þas. D. þam, þan. A. þat, ꝥ, þa. I. þi.

Plural–N. þa. D. þam, þan. A. þ(ð)a.

þs, þēos, þis.

Masculine.

Sing.–N. þes. A. þisne.

Neuter.

Sing.–NA. þis.

Plur.–D. þissun, þis. A. þas.

i(y)lca.

Feminine.

Sing.–A. ylcan.

Neuter.

Sing.–N. ylca. A. ylcan, y (u)can, ylce.

Relative s, sēo, þæt.

Sing.–N. þat, ꝥ.

The indeclinable þe occurs as:

Masculine.

Sing.–N. D. A. In this case þa occurs for þe.

Plural.–N. D. A.

Feminine.

Plural–N. D.

Neuter.

Sing.–N.

Indefinite ǣlc.

Neuter.

Sing.–D. alcen. A. ælc.

ǣ(ā)niȝ.

Feminine.

Sing.–D. æniȝe.

Neuter.

Sing.–. aniȝes. D. æniȝun. A. aeniȝ.

āwiht.

Sing.—N. awyt.

hwa, hwæt.

Masculine.

Sing.–N. hwa. D. hwam.

Neuter.

Sing.–N. hwæt. A. in swa hwæt swa.

hwylc-ȝehwylc-æȝhtvylc.

Masculine.

Sing.–A. hwylce, æȝhylce (for æȝhwylce).

Plur.–A. ȝehwilce.

Feminine.

Sing.–D. hwylcere.

Neuter.

Sing.–D. ȝewylce.

man.

Sing.–N. man.

V. Verbs.
[As will be seen immediately OE. final þ is frequently replaced by d in the 3^d persons singular and plural of the present indicative. On h for þ cf. Spelling p. XVII.]
1⁰. Strong verbs.
§ 55.–1^st class (ī–ā, i–i).

Inf.–æthrinan 2₁₅.

Pr. ind. Sing. 3 ȝewyteþ 4₃–todrifd 18₄. Plur. 3 arisaþ 18₅, miȝað 20₁₂.

Opt. hrine 6₁₃, ȝegnide 20₁₄.

Imp. Sing. aris 6₇, wriþ 6₁₅, ȝecnid 10₉, hrin 14₁₅.

Pp. Sing. N. masc. ȝegnidon 22₂₂;–fem. ȝegniden 14₆.

Plur. A. fem. toslitena 18₁₃.

§ 56–2^d class (ēo or ū–ēa, u–o).

Inf. brucan 4₂₅.–Pr. p. Sing. N. neuter hreosende 16₄.

Pr. ind. Sing. 3 bruced 8₃, brucad 8₃. Plur. 3 fleoþ 8₁₄.

Opt. Sing. 3 seoðe 4₂₅; bruca 16₆, shuca (for suca) 16₆.

Imp. Sing. 2 seoð 20₉; onlut 6₈.

Pp. Sing. N. fem. ȝesoden 10₁₁ 14₄, toȝene 16₁₉. D. fem. healfe-sodene (for healf-sodene) 18₁₆. A. neuter ȝesoden 4₂₃–ȝesodan 14₁.–Plur. N. fem. ȝesodene 12₁₉.

§ 57.–3^d class (e, i–a, u–u, o).

Inf. swelȝan 16₆. Ger. drincanne 14₅. Pr. p. Sing. D. neuter hyrnende 4₂₅.

Pr. ind. Sing. 3 swelȝeð 12₁₈, awyrfþ 8₁₂, drinceð 12₂₄, awirph (for awirpþ) 12₂–drinced 20₂₅.

Opt. Sing. 3 ȝeswince 6₁₅, byrne 16₈, þinde 16₂₁, drince 20₂ 20₁₀ 20₁₂. Plur. 3 drincen 12₂₃–winnon 4₁₄, swincon 12₁₁.

Imp. Sing. 2 bedelf 4₁₂, drinc 8₅ 8₁₁. On drince 8₆ cf. the note.

Pp. Sing. N. masc. ȝedruncen 18₇;–fem. ȝestungen 14₁₁–tocorfan 18₁₈.

§ 58.–4^th class (e, i–a, ǣ–o').

Ger. cumende 4₁₅, nimen 22₁₆.

Pr. ind. Sing. 1 nime 6₁₀. 3 ofȝenimeþ 22₁₈, tobrycþ 10₁₀, cymð 10₂₂–cymed 8₁₇.

Opt. Sing. 2 nyme 6₁₀.

Imp. Sing. 2 ber 14₃, nim 4₁₂, cume 6₃.

§ 59.–5^th class (e, i–a, ǣ–e).

Inf. etan 20₁₈ (ðicȝean 12₁₇). Ger. etanne 20₁₃. Pr. p. Sing. N. masc. cweþende 2₄.

Pr. ind. Sing. 2 etest 4₂₃ (þiȝest 4₂₃).

Opt. Sing. 3 (þicȝe 4₂₆)–eta 16₁₇. Plur. ete 22₁.

Imp. Sing. 2 dweð 2₁₂ cwed 2₂₁, cned 8₂ (þicȝe 8₁₅). Pp. ȝecweden 6₁₁.

§ 60.–6^th class (a–ō, ō–a).

Ger. ȝefarenne 3₅. Pr. p. Sing. A. neuter standende 6₂₁.

Pr. ind. 1 ofslean (for ofslea) 2₁₃. 2 farst 4₂₂. 3 wið-standeþ 16₁₂–sceþþes 2₁₆ 4₁₇.

Imp. Sing. 2 ahefe 6₆.

Pp. Sing. A. neuter ȝesceawen (for ȝesceafen) 12₂₃.

§ 61.–7^th class. (Reduplicative verbs.)

Pr. p. Sing. D. neuter feallendum 12₁₉.

Pr. ind. Sing. 1 abe (a)te 2₁₃. 3 wexeð 12₂₂, onfeahþ 16₃ (cf. p. XIX)–slæped 20₂₁. On hætað 6₃ cf. Spelling p. XVII. Plur. 3 wexaþ 14₂₀.

Opt. Sing. 3 aho 6₂₀, ȝehealde 6₂₂. Plur. 3 wexan 14₁–wexon 22₂₁.

Imp. Sing. 2 heald 4₈.

Pp. Sing. N. masc. hatan 2₃, ȝebeaten 8₉, ahangen 10₁₇.

2⁰. Weak verbs.
§ 62.–1^st class.

Pr. p. Sing. N. masc. fæstende 4₂₆. Plur. D. neuter fastende 12₁₂. Ger. aweccenne 8₂₁, beþienne 14₆, ȝefremmenne 20₄, acwellanne 8₁₂–acwellen 8₁₁.

Pr. ind. Sing. 2 lifest 10₁₇, ȝefelest 4₂₀. 3 fremeð 4₂₁; ȝestilleð 14₁₁, ȝecyrreð 16₁₁–ȝestyllæð 14₇–cenþ 12₂₄–nemned 2₁₀; ahyldeþ 4₁, hæleð 4₂, ȝehæleð 10₈, beteð 12₃–hælþ 10₂₁, ȝehælþ 18₈–adriȝed 8₁₅, hæled 8₂₀, ȝehæled 18₄; acwellaþ 8₁₂.

Plur. 3 ȝebeorhtiȝed 12₁₄–ȝeunstillaþ 20₁₉.

Opt. Sing. 2 ȝelife 4₂₁. 3 cembe 6₁₇, cenne 22₂₂, mete 16₅, druppe 18₁₅.

Imp. Sing. 2 behele 4₁₄; menȝ 4₃, driȝ 8₂₁, ȝewæt 10₁₄, bærn 22₁₀, also stred 8₁₃–adriȝe 12₇, smyre 4₉, syle 12₈, wulle 24₃–bewyrc 2₁₅, wyrc 6₂₄, wul 20₁–smyra 14₁₇ and smura 18₁.

Pret. Sing. 3 cemde 6₁₇, cembde 6₁₈. Plur. 1 ferdon 2₈. 3 ætiwdan 20₁₉.

Pp. Sing. N. masc. ȝehæled 4₁₀, ȝebeted 6₁, ȝebarned 8₇, ȝemenged 12₁₄; ȝesmired 12₁₄, ȝeled 16₁₆;–fem. alysed 16₁₉, ȝebræded 20₁₂, also onȝestreded 14₇;–neuter ȝereced 18₁₂; ȝesmyred 20₂₃. A. masc. ȝebærnedne 8₁₈–ȝebernede 8₁₁–ȝebærned 8₁₆;–fem. ȝemenged 20₂₅;–neuter ȝedriȝed 12₂₃; toȝeled 22₁₇. Plur. N. masc. alisede 4₁₅, ȝehælede 12₆. A. fem. ȝedriȝede 12₁₅–ȝemenged 20₁.

§ 63.–2^d class.

Pr. ind. Sing. 3 ȝelacnað 14₁₉, aclænsað 14₂₁, ȝeliþeȝaþ 16₁₆, wundraþ 20₁₁–clænsad 16₂₀, ȝeliþegad 16₂₄–læcned 4₁₂. Plur. 3 þrowiaþ 8₂₇–ðrowiad 22₁.

Opt. Sing. 3 readiȝe 6₆, ȝesomne 6₂₀, ȝeþoliȝe 6₂₀, losie 12₇. Plur. ðrowion 22₁, eardien 22₇.

Imp. Sing. 2 fætelsa 4₈, loca 6₁₂.

Pret. Sing. 3 bodede 2₄.

Pp. Sing. N. masc. ȝecnucad 8₂₃;–fem. ȝecnucod 10₇;–neuter ȝeclansod 6₂₃, clansod 6₂₄, bedruwod 8₁₉. A. neuter getawod 20₁₈.

§ 64.–3^d class.

[In this and in the following §§ see the Glossary for references.]

Pr. p. Sing. G. masc. leuiende.

Pr. ind. Sing. 2 hafast. 3 hæfeð, hafað. Plur. habbað.

Opt. Sing. 2 habbe. 3 habbæ and habban (both for habba).

Imp. Sing. 2. hafa, hafe.

3⁰. Preterite-present verbs.
§ 65.

1^st class: wāt.–Ger. ȝewitene.

5^th class: mæȝ. Pr. ind. Sing. 3 mæȝ.

Opt. Sing. 3 maȝe. Plur. 3 mæȝen.

Pret. Sing. 4 mihte.

4⁰. Verbs in mi.
§ 66.

a) bēon.–Inf. byon.

Pr. ind. Sing. 1 eom. 2 byst. 3 bjð–byd, is, ys, hys (for ys).

Plur. beoð–sinde.

Opt. Sing. 1 si, sy. Plur. 3 sin.

b) willan.–Pr. ind. Sing. 1 wylle.

Opt. Sing. 2 wylle.

c) (ȝe, ā) dōn.–Ger. done, donne, do.

Pr. ind. 3 deþ.

Imp. Sing. 2 do.

Pp. Sing. N. neuter. ȝedon.

---

1. cf. the list of books referred to p. VI.
2. In determining those spellings I have been guided principally by Bülbring’s and Sievers’s works.
3. This holds good of the Introduction and the Notes except in the case of 8₆ where the correction made by the scribe would be unintelligible without the œ. The spelling of the ms. is also mentioned in the case of *lœcedom 6₁₃ where it is not læcedon but laecedon.
4. cf. p. XIII for a comparison between the ms. printed here (ms. O) and ms. V prined by Cockayne in his Saxon Leechdoms. My corrections are taken from Cockayne’s prined text which has been collated with the original and I follow his spelling whether it agrees with my principles or not. Words quoted from the ms. only in the notes are transcribed unchanged.
5. However words in which the compound is less felt are written as one word: thus ladedome 2₂₂ *morbeames 6₂₁.
6. The entries placed within brackets refer to words not belonging to ms. O. Those within parentheses are hypothetical forms: thus (āhyldan, fel-stycce).
7. Parentheses are also used for explanatory words (cf. leoht) and with the word Idpartus, my knowledge of which does not go beyond the word itself.
8. This and a certain number of the other principles adopted in the glossary are borrowed from the glossary contributed by Prof. L. M. Harris to The gospel of St. John in WS.; cf. the list of books reffered to. One of the said principles is to add «etc.» after references wherever at least two more examples might be adduced.
9. I need not add that I am alone responsible for its contents.
10. p. 1–4.
11. The titles written in red in the ms. are reproduced fat spaced type in the present edition. In the margins, however, the distinction has not been preserved.
12. My object being not to make critical a text of the Medicina, but to being out the characteristic point of its early ME. form, I abstain from including here the lists of readings from mss. V, B, and H which I have drawn up.
13. Vol. I, p. 326 ff. I refer the reader to the preface of that work for particulars about the Latin source and the English mss. older than O, as also about our knowledge of the remedies, charms, and superstitions used among the ancients. I may add here that in that preface Cockayne expressed the opinion that ms. O, which he had not thought it fit to collate through, might some day be printed in full as a contribution to the history of the English language.
14. cf. note to p. 84.
15. See p. 22₂₁ for a case in which, on the contrary, a few lines are erroneously omitted by V.
16. l. c. p. LXXIX.
17. l. c. p. LXXXIV.
18. See under § 5 p. XIX.
19. It is true that spellings in u occur in the word even as early as the 11^th century (HES. § 589).
20. cf. s. v. under a). The Περὶ διδάξεων is here dated 1200–25.
21. cf. s. v. 3 b. biforr (Orm).
22. cf. Morris’s Specimens of early English IX, 311 etc. Of course the A. R. writes uort.
23. cf. Siev. 1. c. § 150 anm. 1. A few other forms might have been considered as Northumbrian; cf. under the a stems p. XXXIV.
24. Bülbr. l. c. § 314 & 315.
25. Sweet HES. § 726; cf. also the references of Sievers § 217 anm. 1.
26. Bülbr. § 304 and § 186 anm. 1.
27. ib. § 184.
28. Siev. § 414.
29. Siev. § 154; the vocalism in e can also be explained by the weak accent (Bülbr. § 454).
30. Siev. § 371 anm. 6, 7.
31. Bülbr. § 118.
32. ib. § 180 anm. 1.
33. The use of mid with the accusative 16₁₄ is another peculiarity of the same group of dialects (Sweet, Dict. s. v.).
34. Siev. § 158, 1.
35. ib. § 416 anm. 1, e.
36. HES. § 688. The change of y, ȳ to i, ī in the Midland dialects seems to have begun before the end of the OE. period (Kluge 1. c. § 100 and 101).
37. Förster 1. c.
38. In these words, it is true, the u may be due to the influence of ON. drūpa.
39. Cf. Siev. § 284 anm. 4.
40. Bülbr. §280.
41. not maintained in the text, the punctuation having been corrected here.
42. I hesitate to admit that these forms have anything to do with the Northumbrian confusions mentioned by Sievers § 252 anm. 5.
43. perhaps a dative with final a for um (?).