Niger Delta Ecosystems: the ERA Handbook/Subject index A-L

by Nick Ashton-Jones, with Oronto Douglas and Susi Arnott

INDEX

1. A

2. Aba ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   245, 246, 247, 257, 258

3. Acrosticum aureum ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   91

4. Adventitious ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   91

5. Adverse environmental impacts of projects ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   164

6. Aerial Roots ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   70

7. Afara ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   84

8. African Charter of Human and People's Rights ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   30

9. African Rice ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   135

10. Afzelia africana ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    74

11. Age of tropical rainforest trees ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    75

12. Agenda 21 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    31

13. Agip ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    157, 160, 222, 223, 224, 233, 236,

14. 240

15. Agroforestry ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    138, 140

16. Agroforestry, traditional ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    138

17. Agro-industry ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    144

18. Akassa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    40, 41, 54, 62, 146, 147, 148,

19. 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224,

20. 225, 226, 228, 229

21. Akassa, modern society ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    222

22. Akassa, natural ecosystem ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    219

23. Akassa, soils ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    218

24. Akassa, topography ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    217

25. Akintola weed ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    136

26. Akwa Ibom ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    175, 178, 193, 250

27. Albizzia zygia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    74

28. Algae ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    103

29. Alley cropping ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    140

30. Alstonia boonei ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    74, 84, 228

31. Amphibians ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    95

32. Amphimas pterocarpoides ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    74

33. Anaerobic ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    53

34. Animal communities ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    38

35. Anomalurus beecrofti ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    77

36. Anomalurus derbianus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    77

37. Anthocleista nobilis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    84

38. Anthocleista spp ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    136

39. Anthocleista vogelli ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    74

40. Anyama District ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    211

41. Anyama District, economy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    215

42. Anyama District, modern society ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    214

43. Anyama District, soils ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    212

44. Anyama District, topography ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    211

45. Aonyx capensis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    76

46. Aonyx spp ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    95

47. Aquatic animals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    43

48. Aquatic ecosystems ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    120

49. Arable crops ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    134

50. Arable farming ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    148

51. Artherurus africanus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    77

52. Arthropods ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    57, 58, 75

53. Artiodactyla ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    77

54. Associated Gas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    152, 158

55. Atoms ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    106

56. Autotrophs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    43

57. Avicennia germinans ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    91

58. Avicennia nitida ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    91

59. Avicennia spp ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    92, 96

60. Awolowa Weed ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    136, 232

61. B

62. Back-swamps ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    228, 229

63. Balance ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    46

64. Bamboo ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    83, 85, 91

65. Bananas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    135

66. Bassambiri ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    117, 225

67. Bats ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    95

68. Bauchi State ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    156

69. Bayelsa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    170, 211, 216

70. Beach Strand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    100

71. Beecroft’s flying squirrel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    77

72. Bekekiri ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    147

73. Benin Estuary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    89, 222

74. Benue Basin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    49

75. Bight of Benin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    36, 50

76. Bight of Biafra ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    50

77. Bight of Guinea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    94, 110, 113, 115

78. Bilharzia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    119

79. Bioactivity ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    46, 57, 73, 83, 103, 139

80. Biodiversity ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    41, 72, 120, 127

81. Biogeographical Regions ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    40

82. Biomass ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    45, 83, 140

83. Biomes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    40

84. Biosphere ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    31, 40, 44, 46, 47, 107, 110,

85. 112, 185

86. Birds ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    87, 88, 95, 101, 105

87. Bitumen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    153

88. Black duiker ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    77

89. Black fly ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    118

90. Black-bellied pangolin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    77

91. Black-water ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    51, 86

92. Blue duiker ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    77

93. Bonga ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    104

94. Bonny ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    173, 194, 245, 247

95. Bonny Island ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    173

96. Bonny river ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    49, 50, 90, 129, 146, 147,

97. 151, 188, 200, 202, 203, 220, 222,

98. 229, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 256

99. Bosman's potto ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    76

100. Botam ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     200, 208

101. Brachystegia eurycoma ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     82

102. Brackish water ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     51

103. Brackish-water ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     89

104. Brass island ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     50, 62, 99, 117, 147, 161,

105. 194, 217, 219, 222, 224, 225, 229,

106. 236

107. Brass river ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     49, 51, 146, 217, 220, 222,

108. 225

109. Brush-tailed porcupine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

110. Buffalo ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

111. Bulinus truncatus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     119

112. Bush Mango ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     82, 127, 142

113. see also Irvingia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     206

114. Bush Meat ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     126

115. Bushbuck ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

116. Bushcow ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

117. Bushpig ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

118. Butane ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     152

119. C

120. Cadmium ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     188, 254

121. Calabar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     194

122. Calamus deerratus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     82

123. Cameroon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     89

124. Camwood ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     74

125. Canals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     120

126. see also Slots ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     175

127. Canals, environmental impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     176

128. Canoes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     84

129. Capillary Moisture ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     67

130. Carbohydrates ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     135

131. Carbon cycle, the ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     108

132. Carbon dioxide ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     53, 108, 111, 158, 185,

133. 186, 253

134. Carnivores ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     43, 76

135. Cassava ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     134

136. Casuarina trees ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     42, 221

137. Catfish ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     104, 121

138. Cauliflory ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     71

139. Ceiba pendantra ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     71, 73, 84

140. Ceiba pentandra ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     202, 213

141. see also Silk Cotton Tree ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     213

142. Celtis zenkeri ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     74

143. Cephalophus jentinki ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

144. Cephalophus maxwelli ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

145. Cephalophus niger ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

146. Cephalophus rufitatus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

147. Cephalophus sylvicultor ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

148. Cercocebus spp. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

149. Cercopithecidae ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

150. Cercopithecoidae ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

151. Cercopithecus erythrogaster ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

152. Cercopithecus mona ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76, 95

153. Cercopithecus nictitans ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

154. CFCs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     112

155. Chevron ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     157, 160, 231

156. Chewing sticks ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     84

157. Chicoco ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     55, 90, 93, 95, 117, 145

158. Chimpanzee ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76, 87

159. Chloroflurocarbons ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     112

160. Chlorophora excelsa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     74, 84, 130

161. Cholera ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     118

162. Chromalaena odorata ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     204, 232

163. Chromalina ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     136

164. Chromalina ordorata ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     136

165. Chromium ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     188

166. Civets ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

167. Clay ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     161

168. Cleistopholis patens ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     84

169. Cleitopholis patens ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     82

170. Climate ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     36, 50, 54, 62

171. Climate change ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     186

172. Climatic Stability ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     56

173. Cocoa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     140, 171, 194, 206, 232

174. Cocoyams ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     135

175. Cola acuminata ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     127

176. Cola laurifolia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     82

177. Colacasia spp ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     135

178. Colobus monkeys ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

179. Colobus Monkeys ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

180. Colobus spp. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

181. Coloidae ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

182. Colonisation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     42

183. Combretodendron africana ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     74

184. Communities communities ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     85

185. Communities, animal ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     57, 58, 94, 96

186. Communities, animals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     86, 101

187. Communities, plant ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     61, 83, 92

188. Community Resource Centres ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     32

189. Compound farming ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     139

190. Condensation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     66

191. Conocarpus erectus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     100

192. Conservation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     42

193. Continental Shelf ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     97

194. Copper ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     188

195. Cost Benefit Analyses ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     131

196. Crabs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     95, 96, 100

197. Crassostrea gasar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     94

198. Crested porcupine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

199. Cricetomys ugambianus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

200. Croaker ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     104

201. Cross river ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     50, 57, 90, 129, 194, 202, 229

202. Cross River State ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

203. Crossarchus obscurus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

204. Crustaceans ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     95, 103

205. Cusimanse ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

206. Cyclicodiscus gabunensis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     74

207. Cynometra hankei ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     74

208. Cynometra vogelli ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     82

209. Cyperus spp. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     85

210. D

211. Dahomey Gap ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     48, 57, 63

212. Dams ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     172

213. Decomposers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     43

214. Dendrohyrax dorsalis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

215. Dependency ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     45

216. Depobelts ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     151

217. Derrick ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     154

218. Desertifcation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     109

219. Detritus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     43, 44, 94

220. Diarrhoea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     118, 178

221. Dicotyledons ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     81

222. Diesel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     153

223. Diobu ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     245, 247, 248, 258

224. Dioscorea spp. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     135

225. Diospyros mespiliformis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     74

226. Distemonathus benthamianus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     74

227. Disturbed forest ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     62

228. diversity ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     41, 57, 69, 104, 212,

229. 213, 219, 220, 228

230. Diversity ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     37, 38, 42, 56, 61, 73,

231. 87, 94, 101, 127, 214

232. Dolphins ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     105

233. Dracunculatus dedinesis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     118

234. Dragonflies ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     85

235. Dredging,environmental impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     176

236. Drilling ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     172

237. Drilling Bit ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     154

238. Drilling fluids ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     154

239. Drilling for oil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     154

240. Drilling for oil, Directional ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     155

241. Drilling Line ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     154

242. Drilling string ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     154

243. Drill monkeys ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

244. Drypetes gossweileri ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     74

245. Dysentery ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     118

246. E

247. Earthworm Ridges ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     84

248. Ebubu ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     177

249. Ecological history ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     170

250. Economic Activity, local ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     206

251. Economic Impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     192

252. Economic trees ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     142

253. Economy, local ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     215, 223, 231

254. Economy, the global ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     110

255. Ecosystem ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     60

256. ecosystems ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     64

257. Ecosystems ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     35, 39, 40, 42, 43,

258. 44, 45, 47, 48, 51

259. Ecotone ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     41

260. Ecozone ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     41

261. Ecozones of the Niger Delta, Natural ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     59

262. EIA ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     163, 164, 165

263. EIA - what is it? ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     162

264. EIA, Macro-EIA ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     166

265. Ekole Creek ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     211, 213, 214

266. Elaeis guineensis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     81

267. Electric eel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     86

268. Elements ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     107

269. Elephants ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77, 139

270. Elephants of Ogoni ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

271. Elf Oil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     157, 160

272. Empowerment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     33

273. Endemic ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     81

274. Energy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     44, 45, 53, 141, 153, 196, 198

275. Entandophragma macrophylum ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     74

276. Entandrophragma angolensis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     75

277. Entandrophragma utile ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     75

278. Environmental Impact Assessment (also see EIA) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     162

279. Epiphytes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     61

280. Epixerus spp. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     95

281. ERA ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 56, 58, 79, 89,

282. 111, 114, 139, 159, 162, 171, 176,

283. 178, 179, 183, 198, 199, 200, 209,

284. 215, 216, 225, 234, 236, 238, 239,

285. 240, 242, 243, 248, 249

286. Eremospatha laurentii ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     82

287. Eremospatha wendlandiana ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     82

288. Erosion by rivers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     98

289. Erosion in estuaries ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     99

290. Estuaries ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     102

291. Euphobic Layer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     65

292. Euphotic ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     85

293. Evaporation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     66

294. Evapotranspiration ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     66

295. Evolution ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     42, 56, 72

296. Extinction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     109

297. F

298. Faeces ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     94

299. Fagara ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     74

300. Fair Trade ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     32

301. Farmers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     86

302. Farming ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     134, 136, 142, 143, 145, 146,

303. 148, 187, 203, 204, 205, 206, 214,

304. 215, 221, 222, 229, 232, 239, 240,

305. 249

306. Farming, small farmer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     144

307. Ferns ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     85, 91

308. Fertiliser ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     141

309. Fish ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     57, 95, 104, 120, 121

310. Fish catch, marine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     123

311. Fishing ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     95, 121, 122, 123, 148, 195,

312. 222, 223

313. Flaring (see gas) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     155

314. Floating grass ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     85

315. Flow lines ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     155

316. Flow station ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     155

317. Food Chains ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     93

318. Forcados river ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     49, 90, 99

319. Forcardos estuary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     222

320. Forcardos river ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     86

321. Forest classification ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     125

322. Forest clearance ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     98

323. Forest elephant ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

324. Forest resources ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     125, 126

325. Forest sponge effect ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     98

326. Freshwater ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     50, 51

327. Frogs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     85

328. Fufu ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     135

329. Fulani ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     109

330. Futuma elastica ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     74

331. G

332. Galago demidovii ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

333. Gamete ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     72

334. Garcinia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     84

335. Garri ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     134

336. Gas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     152, 157, 158

337. see Natural Gas also ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     157

338. Gas flaring ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     159, 160, 168, 183

339. Gas flaring - legislation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     167

340. Gas flaring,environmental impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     185

341. Gas liquefaction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     173

342. Gas processing ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     159, 160

343. Gas Processing ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     155, 173

344. Gas production ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     159

345. Gas Re-injection ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     155

346. Gas reserves ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     159

347. Gas, associated ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     152

348. Gas, economic importance ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     159

349. Gas, re-injecting ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     155

350. Gas, trace elements in ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     158

351. Gashua ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     109

352. Gathering ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     95, 195

353. GDP ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     171

354. Genes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     72

355. Genet ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     87

356. Genetic Mutation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     72

357. Genets ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

358. Genetta spp. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

359. Geology ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     36, 49

360. Geology of Oil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     151

361. Geology of the Niger Delta ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     151

362. Geophone ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     153

363. Giant forest squirrel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

364. Giant pangolin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

365. Giant rat ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

366. Gills ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     120

367. Gin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     126, 128, 142, 147, 194, 204, 206,

368. 215, 221, 223, 232

369. Global warming ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     111,186

370. Gorillas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

371. Grass-cutter ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

372. Greenhouse Effect ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     185

373. Green-House Effect ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     111

374. Greenhouse gases ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     186

375. Greenpeace ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     177

376. Grewia coriacea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     84

377. Gross Domestic Product ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

378. see GDP ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     171

379. Grouper ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     104

380. Guara cedrata ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     75

381. Guara thomsonii ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     75

382. Guenons ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76, 87

383. Guinea Abyssal Plain ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     151

384. Guinea Worm ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     118

385. H

386. Habitat ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     42, 56

387. Habitats ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     38

388. Hargrove Agreement ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     244

389. Harrier hawk ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     87

390. Hausa, the ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     109

391. Heliophilic plants ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     65

392. Herbivores ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     43

393. Herpestes spp. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

394. Herring or Bonga ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     104

395. Heterotrophs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     43

396. Hevea; see Rubber ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     232

397. Hibiscus tiliaceus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     91, 100

398. Hippopotamus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77, 87, 105

399. Hippopotamus amphibius ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

400. Homestead farming ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     139

401. Hominidae ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

402. Hominoidea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

403. Housing in Port Harcourt ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     252

404. Housing in Urban Areas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     179

405. Human Activity ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     165

406. Human society ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     46

407. Hunting ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     58, 95, 195, 202, 206

408. Hydrocoidea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

409. Hydrology ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     36, 50, 54

410. Hypodaphnis zenkeri ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     74

411. Hystrix cristata ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

412. I

413. Ibibio ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     202, 215

414. Imo river ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     51, 77, 90, 97, 200,

415. 202, 203, 208, 246, 247, 259

416. Inceptisol aquept soils ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     133

417. Income ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     178

418. Inheritance ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     72

419. Insects ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     58, 85

420. Inshore Waters ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     102

421. Interested Parties ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     165

422. Invertebrates ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     103

423. Ipomea pes-carpea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     100

424. Iroko ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     74, 84, 130

425. Iron Pyrites ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     145

426. Ironwood ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     71,73,84, 219, 229

427. see also Lophora procera ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     229

428. Irvingia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     127

429. Irvingia gabonensis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     142, 206, 229

430. Irvingia grandifolia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     82

431. Irvingia smithii ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     82

432. J

433. Jaja, King ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     194

434. Jentink's duiker ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

435. Jungle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     62

436. K

437. Kai-kai ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     142, 147, 221

438. Kainji dam ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     192

439. Kainji Dam ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     222

440. Kaolinite ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     54, 55, 161

441. Kerosene ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     152

442. Khaya grandiflora ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     82

443. Khaya grandifolia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     74

444. Khaya ivorensis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     75

445. Kingdoms of Life ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     38

446. Kola Nut ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     127, 139, 142, 206

447. Korokoro ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     208

448. L

449. Lagoon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     93

450. Lake Chad Basin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     156

451. Lakes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     85

452. Land ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     116

453. Land tenure ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     140

454. Landscape ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 49, 63,

455. 93, 99, 136, 137, 138, 179, 191, 192,

456. 193, 199, 200, 203, 205, 207, 211, 212,

457. 213, 216, 225, 226, 227, 233

458. Language ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     200, 202, 211, 217, 220, 229

459. Larvae ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     85

460. Lead ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     188, 254

461. Legumes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     42,67

462. Leopards ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

463. Lepidoptera ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     85

464. Lesser Bush Baby ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     76

465. Levees ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     212, 214, 225, 226, 229, 230

466. Lianas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     84

467. Light ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     120

468. Liquefied Natural Gas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     160

469. Liquefied Natural Gas project ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     158

470. Liquid Petroleum Gases ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     158

471. Littoral ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     101, 147

472. Littoral Forest ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     101

473. Liver fluke ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     119

474. Lizards ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     87

475. Local people ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     165, 166, 167, 170, 174,

476. 175, 177, 178, 182, 183, 189, 190,

477. 197, 201, 203, 207, 209, 210, 214,

478. 215, 218, 222, 223, 230, 231, 232,

479. 234, 239, 240, 242, 244, 249, 254, 257

480. Local People ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     34, 207, 216, 234

481. Long-shore Drift ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     97

482. Lophira procera ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     71, 73, 84

483. Lophora procera, see also Ironwood ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     229

484. Lovoa trichiliodes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     74

485. Loxodonta africana ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     77

486. Lugard, Lord ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     244