Niger Delta Ecosystems: the ERA Handbook/Subject index M-Z
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Niger Delta Ecosystems: the ERA Handbook (1998)
Nick Ashton-Jones, with Oronto Douglas and Susi Arnott
Nick Ashton-Jones, with Oronto Douglas and Susi Arnott
Subject index M-Z
2337568Niger Delta Ecosystems: the ERA Handbook — Subject index M-Z1998Nick Ashton-Jones, with Oronto Douglas and Susi Arnott
M
N
O
P
Q
R
Red Mangrove
RNR
S
SPDC
T
U
United Africa Company
V
W
Y
Z
Mackerel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 104 |
Mahogany ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74, 75, 82 |
Malaya ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 91 |
Malaysia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 91 |
mammals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 87, 180, 182, 202, 205, 220 |
Mammals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 57, 76, 87, 95, 101, 105 |
Manatee ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 87, 95, 105 |
Mangabeys ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 76 |
Mangrove forests ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 89, 90 |
Mangroves ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 89, 92, 180, 181, 221, |
| 222, 226, 227, 228, 229, 232 |
Manihot esculenta ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 134 |
Manis gigantea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Manis tetradactyla ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Manis tricuspis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Market Impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 193 |
Maxwell's duiker ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Mbe Mountains ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 76 |
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 72 |
Mendel’s Law of Segregation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 72 |
Methane ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 152, 158, 185, 186 |
Mimusops djave ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
Mining ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 149 |
Mining companies ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 150 |
Mitragyna ciliata ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 84 |
Mitragyna stipulosa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 84, 219, 228 |
Mobil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 157, 160 |
Modern society ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 47 |
Molecules ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 107 |
Molluscs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 94, 103 |
Mona monkey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 95 |
Mongooses ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 76 |
Monocotyledons ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 81 |
Morals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 150 |
Mosquitoes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 85 |
Mudskipper ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 95, 104 |
Mullet ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 104 |
Murders ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 198 |
Musa spp ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 135 |
Musanga cecropioides ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
Mutual Coexistence ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 45 |
Myrianthus arborus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
Myrianthus grandifolia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 82 |
Natural ecosystems, Akassa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 219 |
Natural ecosystems, Anyama ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 212 |
Natural ecosystems, Ogoni ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 201 |
Natural ecosystems, Okoroba ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 227 |
Natural Ecozones ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 192 |
Natural gas , see gas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 157 |
Natural Gas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 157 |
Natural gas formation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 157 |
Natural society ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 47 |
Nauclea diderrichii ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 84 |
Nauclea pobeguinii ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 84 |
Nematodes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 94 |
Nembe ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 50, 55, 93, 117, 145, |
| 187, 211, 217, 219, 220, 225, 226, 227, 228, |
| 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 258 |
Nephrolepis biserrata ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 85 |
New Calabar river ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 49, 51, 118, 129, 222 |
Niche ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 42 |
Nickel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 188 |
Niger Coast Protectorate ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 194 |
Niger/Benue river system ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 36, 40, |
| 48, 49, 50, 51, 97, 99, 117, 151, 172 |
Nigerian National Oil Company ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 157 |
Nipa palm ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 247 |
Nipa Palm ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 91 |
Nitrogen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 42 |
NNPC ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 157 |
Noise ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 183 |
Non-associated Gas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 158 |
Non-renewable resources ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 115, 149 |
Non-timber Forest Products ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 126 |
NTFPs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 126 |
Nun river ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 86 |
Nutmeg ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
Nutrient cycle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 44 |
Nutrients ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 44 |
Nymphaea lotus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 85 |
Nymphaea micranthus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 85 |
Nypha fructicans ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 91 |
Ogbia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 117, 211, 213, 225, 226, 228, 258 |
Ogbolumabiri ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 117, 225 |
Ogoni ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 139, 187, 199, 200, 201, |
| 202, 203, 204, 209, 210, 228 |
Ogoni and Shell ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 209 |
Ogoni elephants ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Ogoni Plain ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 56, 200, 201, 202, 203, 228 |
Ogoni, economy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 204 |
Ogoni, modern society ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 203 |
Ogoni, natural ecosystem ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 201 |
Ogoni, soils ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 201 |
Ogoni, topography ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 200 |
Oil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 151 |
Oil - environmental impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 166, 168 |
Oil Blowouts ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 177 |
Oil companies ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 157 |
Oil drilling, noise ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 83 |
OIl flowlines, environmental impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 187 |
Oil formation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 152 |
Oil industry, social impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 178 |
Oil market ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 157 |
Oil palm ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 81, 143 |
Oil Palm ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 141, 195 |
Oil pipelines, environmental impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 187 |
Oil price ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 157 |
Oil Processing ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 155 |
Oil Production ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 155, 173 |
Oil production, environmental impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 184 |
Oil refineries, environmental impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 188 |
Oil reserves ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 156 |
Oil revenues ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 171 |
Oil Rivers Protectorate ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 194 |
Oil spills ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 177, 178 |
Oil Spills ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 177 |
Oil terminals, environmental impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 188 |
Oil well ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 154 |
Oil, abandoned wells ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 156 |
Oil, drilling, environmental impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 181 |
Oil, economic costs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 188 |
Oil, economic costs and benefits ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 189 |
Oil, economic importance ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 156 |
Oil, environmental impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 173, 179, 204 |
Oil, international importance ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 156 |
Oil, Nigerian Light ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 156 |
Oil, seismic prospecting, environmental impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 179 |
Okoroba ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 176, 211, 212, 219, 225, |
| 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, |
| 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240 |
Okoroba, soils ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 226 |
Okoroba, topography ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 225 |
Okrika ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 187, 244, 246, 250 |
Oligophootic layer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 65 |
Oligophotic ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 86 |
Omnivores ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 43 |
Onchocerciasis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 118 |
Opobo ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 194, 200, 203 |
Orashi river ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 51 |
Orysa glaberrima ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 135 |
Orysa sativa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 135 |
Osse ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 51, 97 |
Otter ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 95 |
Otters ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 76 |
Ovia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 51, 97 |
Oxidation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 53 |
Oxygen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 53, 120 |
Oysters ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 94 |
Pachymelania aurita ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 94 |
Palms ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 81, 83 |
Palm-wine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 91, 232 |
Pan troglodytes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 76 |
Pandanus candalabrum ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 82 |
Pandanus palm ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 82 |
Pangolin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Panthera pardus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 76 |
Parasites ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 71 |
Parkia bicolor ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
Participation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 165, 166 |
Participation in urban management ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 254 |
Participatory research ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 32, 33 |
Participatory Rural Appraisal ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 33 |
Paspalum ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 85 |
Paspalum vaginatum ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 96 |
Peat ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 83 |
Pembrokeshire ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 178 |
Penaeus notali ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 104 |
Pepper, "European" ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 140 |
Percolation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 67 |
Periophthalmus spp ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 95 |
Periwinkle shells ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 161 |
Periwinkles ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 94 |
Perodicticus potto ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 76 |
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 152 |
pH ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 103 |
Pholidota ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Photosynthesis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 53 |
Phytoplankton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 103 |
Pigmy Hippopotamus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 87 |
Pink Shrimp ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 103 |
Pioneer communities ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 90 |
Piper nigra ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 140 |
Piptadena africana ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 84 |
Piptadenia africana ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 73 |
Plankton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 103 |
Plantains ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 135 |
Plantations, mixed ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 139 |
Pneumataphores ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 81 |
Pneumatophores ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 70, 84, 92 |
Pneumorrhizae ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 202, 213, 228 |
see also peg roots ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 213 |
Polychaete worms ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 94 |
Pongidae ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 76 |
Population ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 213 |
Population, human ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 39, 46, 110, 112, |
| 113, 114, 117, 135, 136, 137, 138, |
| 146, 147, 163, 169, 170, 171, 191, |
| 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, |
| 200, 201, 203, 205, 214, 221, 222, |
| 229, 231, 240, 245, 246, 247, 248, |
| 249, 252, 253, 256 |
Population, rural ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 138, 140 |
Populations ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 106 |
Port Harcourt ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 49, 50, 55, 62, 90, 117, |
| 118, 151, 159, 179, 188, 189, 196, |
| 198, 199, 200, 207, 209, 211, 217, |
| 222, 225, 229, 231, 232, 236, 237, |
| 238, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, |
| 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, |
| 256, 258, 259 |
Port Harcourt, ecology ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 247 |
Potamochoerus porcus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Poverty ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 31, 138, 171, 197, 198, 249, |
| 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255 |
Prawns ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 95 |
Primates ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 76, 87 |
Proboscidea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Productivity ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 45 |
Propagule ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 92 |
Protectorate of Southern Nigeria ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 194 |
Protein ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 122 |
Protoxerus stangeri ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Protozoa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 94 |
Pterocarpus santaniloides ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 82, 84 |
Pterocarpus soyauxii ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
Pterygota macrocarpa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
Putty-nosed monkey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 76 |
Pycnanthus angolensis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
Quaternary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 49, 50, 151 |
Raffia palm ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 81, 91, 142,195 |
Raphia gigantia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 81 |
Raphia hookei ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 81 |
Raphia vinifera ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 81, 91 |
Rattan palms ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 82, 84 |
Reclamation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 117 |
see Rhizophora racemosa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 220, 227 |
Red River hog ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Red-flanked duiker ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Reduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 53 |
Relief ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 49 |
Renewable Natural Resource Sector ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 171 |
Renewable resources ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 115 |
Reptiles ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 87, 95 |
Resource cycles ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 45, 106, 46, 108, 109, |
| 115 |
Resource Demand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 170 |
Resource management ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 115 |
Rhizophora harrisonii ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 90 |
Rhizophora mangle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 91 |
Rhizophora racemosa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 90, 91, 92, 93, |
| 161, 227 |
Rhizophora spp ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 94 |
Ribbon fish ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 104 |
Rice ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 135, 142, 143, 145 |
Risonpalm ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 143, 214, 215, 216 |
River Blindness ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 118 |
River Deltas - other ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 48 |
Rivers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 86 |
see Renewable Natural Resources ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 171 |
Roads, environmental impact ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 175 |
Rodents ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Roots ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 69, 83 |
Royal Niger Company ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 221 |
Rubber ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74, 194, 206, 232 |
Sahel, the ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 109 |
Salt ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 161 |
Saltiness ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 89 |
Salvina ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 85 |
Sanaga Estuary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 89 |
Sand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 160 |
Sand Bars ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 97 |
Sand-barrier Islands ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 97 |
Sanga river ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 50 |
Sangana ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 217 |
Sardine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 104 |
Saro-Wiwa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 198, 208, 209 |
Satin Wood ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
Sawfish ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 105 |
Schistosoma haematobium ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 119 |
Schistosomiasis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 119 |
Sciophile plants ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 65 |
Sclater's guenon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 229 |
Sea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 93 |
Sea Empress oil spill ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 178 |
Sea levels, rising ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 172 |
Seawater ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 89 |
Seaweed ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 103 |
Secondary Forest ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
Sedges ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 85 |
Seismic prospecting for oil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 153, 172 |
Seismogelite ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 153 |
Settlement ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 195, 214, 248 |
Sewage ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 119 |
Shell Oil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 124, 153, 157, 160, 176, 187, |
| 208, 209, 210, 230, 232, 233, 234, |
| 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, |
| 245, 246 |
Shifting agriculture ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 138, 195 |
Shiny-nose ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 105 |
Shot-holes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 153 |
Shrimps ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 95 |
Silk Cotton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 73 |
Silk Cotton tree ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 71 |
Silk Cotton Tree ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 84, 202, 213 |
see also Ceiba ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 213 |
Siluriformes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 121 |
Slave trade ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 146, 147, 194, 203, 213, |
| 214, 220, 221, 229 |
Slots ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 120, 175 |
Snails ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 119 |
Snakes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 87 |
Snapper ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 104 |
Social Discontent ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 179 |
Society ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 38, 39, 46, 47, 74, 110, 133, |
| 138, 146, 147, 150, 162, 164, 166, |
| 174, 179, 191, 194, 195, 196, 202, |
| 208, 209, 213, 214, 215, 216, 220, |
| 221, 224, 228, 234, 251, 254 |
Soil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 37, 38, 51, 52, 53, 56, 63, 133 |
Soil catenas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 54 |
Soil horizons ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 52 |
Soil profiles ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 52 |
Soil, as a resource ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 133 |
Soil, common types ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 54 |
Soils of Ogoni ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 201 |
Soils, ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 83 |
Soils, ‘Hydromorphic’ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 55 |
Soils, Acid Sulphate ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 55 |
Soils, Akassa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 218 |
Soils, and human activity ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 56 |
Soils, Anyama district ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 212 |
Soils, Cat-clays ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 55, 92 |
Soils, Chicoco ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 55, 90, 92, 93, 95, 145 |
Soils, colluvial ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 54 |
Soils, eluvial ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 54 |
Soils, Higher levee ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 56 |
Soils, hydromorphic ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 82 |
Soils, illuvial ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 54 |
Soils, Inceptisol Aquept Gley ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 82 |
Soils, Inceptisol Aquepts ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 54 |
Soils, Okoroba ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 226 |
Soils, Saline Sandy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 55 |
Soils, Sulphaquepts ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 55 |
Soils, Udic Oxisols ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 55 |
Soils,'Gley' ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 55 |
Sombreiro ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 49, 50, 51, 55 |
Spathodea campanulata ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
see Shell ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 187 |
Species ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 41 |
Spit ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 93 |
Sprat ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 104 |
Squirrels ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 87, 95 |
St. Nicholas river ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 217 |
Starch ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 135 |
Sterculia oblonga ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
Stomata ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 66 |
Strand vegetation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 42 |
Strategic Environmental Assessment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 113, 166 |
Stress in urban areas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 254 |
Strombosia postulata ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 75 |
Sulphaquept soils ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 133 |
Sunfleck ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 65 |
Sustainable development ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 33 |
Swamp vine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 84 |
Swamps ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 82 |
Symbiosis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 68 |
Symphonia gabonensis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 84 |
Syncerus caffer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Terminalia superba ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 71, 84 |
Termites ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 106 |
Terrestrial Animals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 43 |
Tertiary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 49, 151 |
Texaco ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 147, 157, 221, 222 |
Threadfin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 104 |
Thryonomys swinderianus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Tidal step ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 93 |
Timber ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 126 |
Toads ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 85 |
Topography ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 36 |
Trade ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 32, 140, 146, 147, 193, 194, 203, |
| 213, 216, 220, 221, 223, 229, 231 |
Tragedy of the Commons ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 194 |
Tragelaphus scriptus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Transpiration ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 66 |
Tree crops ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 139 |
Tree hyrax ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Trichechus senegalensis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 95 |
Trichilia heudelotica ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 82 |
Triplochiton scleroxylon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
Tropical Rainforest ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 60, 83 |
Tropical rainforest, LEM ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 68 |
Tropical rainforest, Light ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 62, 65 |
Tropical Rainforest, Montane ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 61 |
Tropical rainforest, Soil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 62 |
Tropical Rainforest, Temperature ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 62,65 |
Tropical rainforest, Water ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 66 |
Tropical rainforests, Nutrients ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 67 |
Tubers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 135 |
Typhoid ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 118 |
U.A.C. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 147, 221 |
Uapaca guineensis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 84 |
Uapaca spp ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 82 |
Udic-oxisol soils ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 134 |
Umbrella Tree ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
Ungulates ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
see UAC ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 221 |
Urban environment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 253 |
all Chapter 20 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 243 |
Vegetation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 37, 38, 53, 54, 56, 84 |
Vegetation, climax ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 57 |
Vertebrates ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 57, 58, 75, 95 |
Viability ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 43, 46 |
Viable society ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 47 |
Vivera civetta ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 76 |
Volta ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 200, 202, 211, 217, 220, 229 |
Vossia cuspidata ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 85 |
Walnut ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
Warri river ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 50, 51, 55 |
Warri town ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 50, 51, 90, 117, 135, 147, |
| 188, 189, 220, 238, 247 |
Water ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 108, 117 |
Water hyacinth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 53 |
Water In Plants ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 66 |
Water lilies ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 85 |
Water pollution ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 118, 172 |
Water Pollution ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 118, 119 |
Water Processing ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 155 |
Water-cabbage ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 85 |
Whales ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 105 |
White Afara ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 71 |
White-bellied pangolin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
White-throated monkey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 76 |
White-water ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 50, 86 |
Whitewood ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
With and Without Scenarios ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 163 |
World Bank ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 117, 168, 172, 175, 176, |
| 177, 183, 185, 188, 196, 198, 246 |
Yams ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 135 |
Yellow-backed duiker ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 77 |
Yoruba uplands ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 64 |
Yoruba Uplands ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 51 |
Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 74 |
Zooplankton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 94 |
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