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from Pers. and Turk. schakal; through the medium of Fr. chacal?.

schäkern, vb., ‘to jest, joke, play,’ late ModHG. (last cent.), from Jew.-Hebr. scheker, ‘lie.’

schal, adj., ‘hollow, stale, flat,’ from MidHG. (rare) schal, adj., ‘turbid,’ to which MidHG. verschaln and schaln, ‘to become dim’; comp. Du. verschalen, ‘to get flat or stale,’ E. shallow. The term, the origin of which is obscure, is wanting in the UpG. dials.

Schale, f., ‘shell, peel, scale, dish,’ from MidHG. schū̆l, schū̆le, OHG. scū̆la, f., ‘husk of fruit, egg-shell, &c., drinking cup’ (hence Fr. écale, ‘egg-shell, nut-shell’). It is questionable whether the two different senses are evolved from the same word. It is at all events probable that one of the meanings was connected with a form containing ă (in the sense of ‘husk’), the other with a form containing â, just as North Fris. distinguishes skal (orig. ă), ‘‘scale of animals,’ &c., from skeel (orig. â, ê), ‘bowl.’ Comp. OSax. scâla, f., ‘drinking cup,’ AS. sčeălu, ‘husk,’ E. shale and (under OIc. influence?) scale, OIc. skál, f., ‘drinking cup, scale (of a balance).’ Akin to Goth. skalja, f., ‘tile’ (lit. perhaps ‘shingle, similar to a scale’), OIc. skel, f., AS. sčyll, f., E. shell, Du. schel, f., ‘shell, husk.’ The Goth. and Teut. form skalja passed into Rom.; comp. Ital. scalgia, Fr. écaille, ‘scale, shell, crust.’ The Teut. cognates are usually connected with an Aryan root skel, ‘to split’; comp. Schelle, as well as Lith. skélti, ‘to split,’ OSlov. skolĭka, ‘mussel, shell-fish,’ Russ. skala, ‘crust.’—

schälen, ‘to shell, scale, peel,’ MidHG. scheln, OHG. schellen, ‘to strip off, peel off’; allied to Schale.

Schalk, m., ‘rogue, knave,’ from MidHG. schalc, m., ‘servant, serf; person of servile character, espec. cunning person,’ OHG. scalch, m., ‘servant’; corresponding to Goth. skalks, OIc. skálkr, AS. sčealc, m., ‘retainer, man’ (so too the corresponding fem. sčylčen, ‘‘maid-servant’). The evolution in meaning is similar to that of AS. čyfes and wealh; see Kebse and welsch. Schalk passed at an early period into Ital., in which scalco signifies ‘head-cook.’ It is worthy of note that the meaning of the word is lifted into a higher plane in its transition from MidHG. to ModHG.; it is thus defined by Goethe, ‘one who plays a good-humoured practical joke.’

Schall, m., ‘loud sound, noise,’ from

the equiv. MidHG. schal (gen. schalles), OHG. scal (ll), m.; from this is derived MidHG. and ModHG. schallen, akin to OHG. scëllan, MidHG. schëllen, ‘to sound loudly, resound,’ OIc. skjalla, ‘to rattle.’ From the Teut. verb is derived the Rom. term Ital. squillare, ‘to ring, resound.’ See Schelle and Schilling.

Schalmei, f., ‘reed pipe, shepherd’s pipe,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schalemîe, f., which is again derived from the equiv. Fr. chalumeau, or rather Burg. and Wall. chalemie, MidLat. scalmeia (akin to Lat. calamus).

Schalotte, f., ‘shallot,’ formed from the equiv. Fr. échalotte, from MidLat. ascalonium, ‘onion from Ascalon (in Palestine),’ whence also ModHG. Aschlauch.

schalten, vb., ‘to go or push against the stream, direct, regulate,’ from MidHG. schalten, ‘to push, impel (espec. a ship), set a-going, drive.’ Just as Lat. gubernare came to mean ‘to direct, rule,’ so schalten acquired in ModHG. the sense of ‘to direct,’ OHG. scaltan,‘to push,’ OSax. skaldan, ‘to impel a ship’; a corresponding term is wanting in the other Teut. dials. Origin obscure. For derivatives see schelten. In ModHG. Schalter, ‘sash window,’ MidHG. schalter, schelter, ‘bolt,’ the prim. meaning of schalten gleams through; so too in Schaltjahr, MidHG. and OHG. schalt-jâr, n., ‘intercalary year,’ so named because a day is inserted.

Schaluppe, f£., ‘sloop,’ ModHG. only, from the equiv. Fr. chaloupe, which is derived from Du. sloep, whence also the equiv. E. sloop; the E. variant shallop comes from Fr.

Scham, f., ‘shame, disgrace, bashfulness, pudenda,’ f., from MidHG. scham, OHG. scama, f., ‘sense of shame, confusion, infamy, disgrace (MidHG.), pudibunda.’ Comp. OSax. skama, f., ‘confusion,’ Du. schaam- (in compounds), AS. sčeǫmu, f., ‘shame, infamy, disgrace,’ E. shame; Goth. *skama, f., may be inferred from skaman, ‘to be ashamed’ (OHG. scamên). The Aryan root skam, which also appears in ModHG. Schande, is connected with the Aryan root kam, ‘to cover oneself,’ preserved in Hemd (which see, as well as Leichnam) and in Goth. hamôn, so that Goth. sik skaman, ‘to be ashamed,’ would signify lit. ‘to cover oneself.’

Schande, f., ‘disgrace, infamy,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schande, OHG. scanta,